Earticle

본 연구는 디지털 사이니지와 스마트 기술이 융합되면서 디지털 사이니지의 상호작용성(고/저)와 인게이지먼트(고/저)에 따라 기억 효과와 브랜드 태도 효과의 차이가 어떻게 나타나는지를 살펴보았다. 2X2 피험자간 요인설계를 통해 실증적으로 분석하였으며, SPSS 18을 이용하여 Two Way MANOVA분석을 통해 검증하였다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 디지털 사이니지의 상호작용성과 인게이지먼트 수준이 낮으면 ‘종합적 기억정보’가 많이 회상되나 두 조건이 모두 높으면 ‘속성기억정보’가 회상되는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 디지털 사이니지의 상호작용성이 낮고 인게이지먼트 수준이 높으면 제품의 제품에 대한 전반적인 태도를 형성하는 기억 정보가 많이 회상되었다. 또한 상호작용성 수준이 높고 인게이지먼트가 낮아도 속성 정보보다는 전반적인 평가를 통한 태도적인 인지 반응이 높게 형성되었다. 셋째, 브랜드 태도는 상호작용성 수준이 나자고 인게이지먼트 수준이 높을 때 긍정적이었다. 이는 디지털 사이니지를 통해 제품에 대한 태도를 긍정적으로 형성시키기 위해서는 상호작용을 최소화하는 대신 디지털 사이니지 미디어 자체에 대한 몰입을 극대화하는 방안이 브랜드에 대한 경험을 통해 태도 형성에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다.

This study examined how the memory effect and the brand attitude effect differ according to the interaction (high / low) and the involvement (high / low) of digital signage. The two-way MANOVA analysis using SPSS 18 was used for the empirical analysis. The results of this study are as follows: First, GRM is recalled if the level of interactivity and inffence of digital signage is low, but if both conditions are high, ARM recalls. Second, if the interaction of digital signage is low and the level of engagement is high, a lot of memory information is formed that forms the overall attitude of the product. In addition, even though the interaction level is high and the engagement is low, the attitude cognitive response through the overall evaluation is formed rather than the attribute information. Third, brand attitude was positive when interactivity level was high and engagement level was high.

This study examined the effects of simultaneous misinformation on eyewitness memory. Two hundred forty five college students participated. In one condition (Simultaneous condition), participants viewed a video of a simulated crime simultaneously presented with accurate, misinforming, or neutral audio narrations. In the other condition (Post-event condition), participants read accurate, misinforming, or or neutral narratives after viewing the video. One week later, participants had a recognition memory test. The results showed memory about misinforming information was significantly less accurate and less confident than the accurate or neutral information categories, for both conditions. Overall memory accuracy and confidence rate were lower for the simultaneous condition than the post-event condition, although the accuracy for the misinforming information were not different between two conditions. There was no difference on memory accuracy between perpetrator related and environment related items. The results indicated the negative effect of simultaneous misinformation on eyewitness memory when there were changes of timing, modality, and attention about the misinformation from the previous post-event misinformation research.

Studies of attention and working memory address that working memory contents guide attention to the memory-matching object in the scene. The present study investigated whether familiarity of working memory contents modulates the memory-based attention allocation. We measured the attention allocation by comparing response times (RT) for memory-matching or non-matching probes while maintaining either novel or familiar object in working memory. When a novel object was maintained in working memory, probe RTs at the memory-match object were significantly faster than those on non-match object (Experiment 1). However, when participants maintained a familiar or highly learned object in working memory, there was no probe RT advantage for the memory-match object (Experiments 2, 3, and 4). These results demonstrate that working memory does not automatically bias attention towards the memory-matching item; instead, the bias was present only for novel working memory contents. Thus, the guidance of attention by working memory contents could be due to a top-down strategy where participants re-sample the memory item in the visual array in order to reduce the cognitive complexity of working memory maintenance.

RF power amplifier requires linearization in order to reduce adjacent channel interference. And most of the existing linearization algorithms assume that a PA has memory-less nonlinearity. But for the wider bandwidth signal, the memory effect of PA cannot be ignored. This paper investigates digital pre-distortion by use of a memory polynomial model which compensates for amplifier nonlinearity and memory effect. The look-up table based implementation scheme is used to reduce the computational complexity of the pre-distortion block. The linearization performance is demonstrated on wideband CDMA signal and class AB high power amplifier.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the effects of environmental factors on depressive-like behavior and memory functionduring adolescence. We performed behavior tests in adolescent rats exposed to environmental enrichment, handling, and social deprivationfor eight weeks. Methods: Wistar rats were randomly assigned to control, environmental enrichment, handling, and socialdeprivation groups at the age of four weeks. Results: In the forced swim test, the immobility time in the environmental enrichmentgroup was decreased than that in the control group (p=.038), while the immobility time in the social deprivation group was increasedthan that in the control group (p=.035), the environmental enrichment group (p<.001), and the handling group (p=.001). In the Morris water maze test, the social deprivation group had an increased latency time than the control group (p=.013) and theenvironmental enrichment group (p=.001). In the passive avoidance test, the environmental enrichment group had an increased latencytime than the control group (p=.005). However, the social deprivation group had reduced latency time than the sociallyhoused groups (control: p=.030; environmental enrichment: p<.001; handling: p<.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest thatenvironmental factors play an important role in emotion and memory function during adolescence.

Background: Oxidative stress plays an important role in neuro-degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Oxidative stress is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, and account for the toxicity of a wide range of compounds. Methods and Results: In order to study the neuro-protective effect of the complex extracts of Aster scaber Thunberg (AS) and Chaenoleles sinensis Koehne (CSK) against hydrogen peroxide in PC12 cells, cell viability was evaluated by the MTT assay using tetrazole, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and the intracellular ROS levels were determined the by 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) assay. In order to examine the anti-amnesic effects of the complex extracts of AS and CSK, behavioral tests were performed on male ICR mice. The ameliorating effect of the complex extracts against Aβ1-42-induced learning and memory impairment was analyzed by y-maze and passive avoidance tests. The AS and CSK extracts showed neuro-protective activity both in vitro and in vivo, and the neuro-protective effect of their 60 : 40 (AS : CSK) mixture was better than that of the other mixtures. Moreover, the complex extracts synergistically inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity and rapid peroxidation. Conclusions: A mixture of the AS and CSK extracts could be used to develop functional foods and serve as raw materials for the development of therapeutics against Alzheimer's disease.

The present study investigated an ethanol extract of Chaenomeles sinensis fruit (CSF) for possible neuroprotective effects on neurotoxicity induced by amyloid β protein (Aβ) (25-35) in cultured rat cortical neurons and also for antidementia activity in mice. Exposure of cultured cortical neurons to 10 μM Aβ (25-35) for 36 h induced neuronal apoptotic death. At 0.1-10㎍/㎖, CSF inhibited neuronal death, elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by Aβ (25-35) in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. Memory loss induced by intracerebroventricular injection of mice with 15 nmol Aβ (25-35) was inhibited by chronic treatment with CSF (10, 25 and 50 ㎎/㎏, p.o. for 7 days) as measured by a passive avoidance test. CSF (50 ㎎/㎏) inhibited the increase of cholinesterase activity in Aβ (25-35)-injected mice brain. From these results, we suggest that the antidementia effect of CSF is due to its neuroprotective effect against Aβ (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity and that CSF may have a therapeutic role for preventing the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

The conflict effect is typically smaller following incongruent than congruent trials, and this trial-by-trial modulation has been interpreted as evidence for increased top-down control for efficient selection of task-relevant information. An alternative explanation suggests that this modulation is due to bottom-up feature integration, the notion that stimulus and response features from one trial are automatically bound in an event file. Therefore, complete repetition or alternation of stimulus and response features across trials results in better performance than partial repetition of features, since the latter requires unbinding of the event file from the previous trial. In the present study, using the Simon task, we examined how working memory capacity (WMC) is related to the top-down and bottom-up components of the modulation of the conflict effect. We found that: 1) WMC was negatively correlated with the trial-by-trial Simon effect on partial repetition trials, the portion that reflects top-down control processing. 2) WMC was not associated with the Simon effect of complete repetitions and alternations, the portion that reflects bottom-up processing. 3) Medium and high WMC individuals may be using a different strategy than low WMC individuals. In combination, our findings lend insight into factors that may relate to the trial-by-trial modulation of the Simon effect. Implications for these findings are discussed.

상호변조왜곡은 원신호의 S/N도 악화시키고 인접채널에도 간섭 영향을 미친다. 상호변조왜곡은 전력증폭기의 비선형 특성에 의해서 주로 발생된다. 비선형 특성을 갖는 전력증폭기가 메모리 효과를 갖는다면 전력증폭기에서 발생되는 상호변조왜곡은 다양하고복잡한 형태로 발생된다. 상호변조왜곡을 개선하는 방법으로 전치왜곡기가 주로 사용된다. 전치왜곡기의 성능을 충분하게 활용하기위해서는 전력증폭기가 갖는 메모리 효과를 줄여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 전력증폭기에서 발생하는 메모리 효과를 줄이기 위한 바이어스 회로의 설계 방법에 대해서 기술하였다. 메모리 효과를 줄이기 위해서 바이어스 회로는 신호에 대해서는 높은 임피던스를 가져야 하며, 포락선(변조신호)에 대해서는 낮은 임피던스를가져야 한다. 더불어 신호의 2차 고조파에 대해서도 낮은 임피던스를 가져야 한다. 메모리 효과를 고려해서 설계한 바이어스 회로의성능을 확인해 보기 위해서 170 ～ 220MHz에서 동작하는 전력증폭기를 설계 및 구현하였다. 전력증폭기에 적용한 바이어스 회로는동작주파수 대역에서 큰 임피던스를 가지며, 포락선 신호와 신호의 2차 고조파에서는 낮은 임피던스를 갖는다. 성능 측정결과 비대칭적으로 발생되는 상호변조왜곡 성분이 3.7dB 개선됨을 알 수 있었다.

Intermodulation distortion degrades the S/N(signal-to-noise) of the original signal and also affects the adjacent channels. Intermodulation distortion is mainly caused by the nonlinear characteristics of the power amplifier. If the power amplifier with nonlinear characteristics has a memory effect, the intermodulation distortions occurred in the power amplifier are generated in various and complex forms. The predistorter is used as a way to improve intermodulation distortions. In order to efficiently utilize the performance of the predistorter, the memory effect of the power amplifier must be reduced. In this paper, we describe the design method of bias circuit to reduce the memory effect in power amplifiers. To reduce the memory effect, the bias circuit must have a high impedance for the signal and a low impedance for the envelope(modulating signal) and the second harmonic component of the signal. To verify the performance of the bias circuit designed considering the memory effect, a power amplifier operating at 170 ~ 220MHz was designed and implemented. The designed bias circuit has a large impedance in the operating frequency band and low impedance in the envelope signal and the second harmonic of the signal. As a result of the performance measurement, it was found that the asymmetric intermodulation distortion component is improved by 3.7dB.

본 연구는 임상적으로 우울증을 진단받은 환자군과 건강한 대조군을 비교하여 우울증의 인지적 취약성을 탐색하고자 하였다. 특히, 해석 편향, 기억 편향이라는 인지 기능의 하위 구성요소를 조사하고, 해석 편향 과 우울 증상 간 관계에서 기억 편향의 매개효과를 검증하였다. 주요우울장애(MDD) 환자 22명과 건강한 대조군 24명으로 구성된 총 46명의 참가자를 연령, 교육 수준, 성별을 기준으로 매칭하여 모집하였다. 참가 자들은 벡 우울척도-II(Beck Depression Inventory-II)와 컴퓨터 기반의 인지 과제(자기지시 선택과제, 유사성 평가 과제, 자유 회상 과제)를 수행하였다. 자료는 위계적 회귀분석과 부트스트래핑(bootstrapping)을 활용하 여 매개효과를 검증하였다. 임상군은 건강한 대조군에 비해 더 높은 수준의 우울 증상, 낮은 긍정적 해석 편향, 더 많은 기억 편향(침습 및 오류)을 보였다. 긍정적 해석 편향은 기억 편향 및 우울 증상과 부적 상 관을 보였다. 회귀분석 결과, 긍정적 해석 편향과 우울 증상 간의 관계에서 기억 편향이 부분 매개효과를 가지는 것으로 나타났으며, 부트스트래핑 분석을 통해 그 통계적 유의성이 확인되었다. 본 연구는 우울증 에서 인지적 편향들이 상호작용한다는 결합된 인지 편향 가설을 지지하는 증거를 제공하며, 우울증 치료에 서 해석 편향과 기억 편향을 동시에 표적으로 하는 개입의 필요성을 시사한다. 향후 연구에서는 이러한 인 지 편향들의 시간에 따른 동적 상호작용을 탐색하여 우울증의 기제를 보다 심층적으로 이해하고, 맞춤형 치료 전략 개발로 이어질 수 있을 것이다.

This study investigates cognitive vulnerabilities in depression by comparing clinically depressed patients with healthy controls. Specifically, it examines sub-components of cognitive function-interpretation bias and memory bias-and explores the mediating role of memory bias in the relationship between interpretation bias and depressive symptoms. Forty-six participants (MDD group: 22; Non-psychiatric healthy group: 24) were recruited and matched for age, education, and sex. Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II and computerized tasks assessing cognitive control (Self-Ordered Pointing Task), interpretation bias (Similarity Rating Task), and memory bias (Free Recall Task). Data were analyzed using hierarchical regression and bootstrapping to test the mediating effect of memory bias. The clinical group exhibited higher levels of depressive symptoms, lower positive interpretation bias, and greater memory bias (intrusions and errors) compared to the non-psychiatric healthy group. Positive interpretation bias negatively correlated with memory bias and depression. Regression analysis revealed that memory bias partially mediated the relationship between positive interpretation bias and depression. Bootstrapping confirmed the statistical significance of this mediation effect. This study highlights the interactive role of cognitive biases in depression, providing evidence for the combined cognitive bias hypothesis. The findings emphasize the importance of targeting both interpretation and memory biases in therapeutic interventions in depression. Future research should explore the dynamic interactions of cognitive biases over time to better understand their role in depression and develop targeted treatments.

Aging is associated with declines in memory function and significant change in gut microbiota. In this study, we investigated how exercise affects age-related memory decline and inflammation, and gut microbi-ota diversity. Bl6 mice were divided into control, control and exercise, old, and old and exercise groups. Treadmill exercise was performed once a day, 5 days a week for 8 consecutive weeks. Short-term memo-ry was assessed using step-through test and spatial learning memory was assessed using Morris water maze task. Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay was performed for the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, in the hippocampus. West-ern blot analysis was conducted for the neurotrophic factors, brain- derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), in the hippocampus. In addition, fecal samples were collected for sequencing and metagenomic analysis. Old rats showed decline in short-term mem-ory and spatial learning memory. Increment of TNF-α and IL-6 concen-tration with decrement of BDNF and TrkB expression were observed in the old rats. Decreased diversity of gut microbiota composition and de-creased beneficial gut microbiota were found in the old rats. However, treadmill exercise improved short-term memory, decreased TNF-α and IL-6 concentration, and increased BDNF and TrkB expression in the old rats. Treadmill exercise also increased the diversity of gut microbiota composition and affected the increase of beneficial gut microbiota in the old rats. In conclusion, treadmill exercise reduced age-related in-flammatory markers and effectively improved memory decline while enhancing the diversity and abundance of beneficial gut microbiota.

선행문헌들은 사람들이 럭셔리 브랜드에 대해 非럭셔리 브랜드보다 추상적으로 아이덴티티를 형성하며, 브랜드 처리에 있어 적합의 영향을 많이 받음을 보여왔다. 본 연구는 럭셔리 브랜드에 대해 非럭셔리 브랜드 광고에 있어 실행단서 내의 적합 vs. 非적합이 브랜드의 기억에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 특히 음악에 주목하여 배경음악과 사운드 로고가 적합 하거나 그렇지 않은 조건에서 피험자들이 브랜드를 얼마나 잘 기억하는 지 살펴보았는데, 럭셔리 브랜드 광고에서 적합의 긍정적 영향이 강하게 나타났다. 이 같은 결과는 실행단서와 브랜드 이미지나 실행단서 간 적합 뿐 아니라 실행단서 ‘내’에서 의 적합 또한 긍정적 영향력이 있음을 보여준다는 데에서도 의미가 있다. 본 연구는 이 같은 결과를 바탕으로 학문적 및 시사점을 제안하였다.

Current research examined the effect of fit in the executional cue on brand memory for luxury and non-luxury brand advertising. In particular, this research looked at music to see how well individuals memorize information about brands where background music and sound logo fit or non-fit in the advertisement. As results, the influence of fit in music was higher in the luxury brand advertisement than that of non-luxury brand. The findings demonstrate fit leads more positive response not only in the relationship between the executional cue and the brand image or executional cues, as seen in the literature, but also in the executional cue. Moreover, the effect of fit in the executional cue is greater for the luxury (vs. non-luxury) brand. Based on the results, present research proposes the academic and practical implications.

This exploratory study evaluated motor cognition program for improving temporal-spatial timing memory ability with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients. The purpose was to explore the efficacies of motor cog-nition program according to practice methods, centering on coordina-tion and observation pattern. Two practice methods were applied to the 40 MCI elder. In experiment 1, participants divided into two group as, one-hand practice group (n=20) and both-hands practice group (n=20). In experiment 2, participants divided into two group as, active observa-tion group (n=20) and passive observation group (n=20).The partici-pant was asked to alternatively press two buttons 6 times with the index finger hand with goal rhythm pattern (3,600 msec in total duration). In coordination pattern, bimanual practice was more effective for improv-ing temporal-spatial timing memory ability than unilateral practice. In observation pattern, active observation showed better learning effect than passive observation. However, there was a learning effect even in passive observation pattern. Such a result claimed for the elderly, who has problem to do daily activity, could use observation of temporal-spa-tial timing task for improving cognitive ability.

Stress during pregnancy has a negative effect on the fetus. However, maternal exercise has a positive effect on the cognitive function of the fetus and alleviates the negative effects of stress. This study aimed to demonstrate whether exercise before pregnancy has a protective ef-fect on prenatal stress-induced impairment of memory, neurogenesis and mitochondrial function in mice offspring. In this experiment, immu-nohistochemistry, Western blot, measurement of mitochondria oxygen respiration, and behavior tests were performed. Spatial memory and short-term memory of the offspring from the prenatal stress with exer-cise were increased compared to the offspring from the prenatal stress. The numbers of doublecortin-positive and 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine- positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of the offspring from the prenatal stress with exercise were higher compared to the offspring from the prenatal stress. The expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, postsynaptic density 95 kDa, and synaptophysin in the hippo-campus of the offspring from the prenatal stress with exercise were enhanced compared to the offspring from the prenatal stress. Oxygen consumption of the offspring from the prenatal stress with exercise were higher compared to the offspring from the prenatal stress. Exer-cise before pregnancy alleviated prenatal stress-induced impairment of memory, neurogenesis, and mitochondrial function. Therefore, exercise before pregnancy may have a protective effect against prenatal stress of the offspring.

본 연구는 세월호 참사에 대한 기억특성과 사건 중심성과의 관계에서 사회적 공유가 매개역할을 하는지 알아보는 데 있다. 이를 위해 만 20세 이상의 성인 남녀 560명을 대상으로 자기보고식 온라인 설문조사를 하였고, 세월호 참사에 대한 기억특성과 사회적 공유, 사건 중심성을 측정하고 그중 447 명의 자료가 최종 분석에 사용되었다. 구체적으로 SPSS 18.0과 Amos 18.0 프로그램을 사용하여 구조 모형 분석을 하였고, 매개모형 검증을 위해 Bootstrapping을 실시하였다. 검증 결과, 종속변인이 사건 중심성인 모델의 경우 사회적 공유가 생생함과 사건 중심성 간의 관계를 부분매개하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 정서강도와 사건 중심성 간의 관계는 완전매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 사회적 공유 는 부정 정서가와 사건 중심성 간의 관계에서 유의미한 매개효과를 갖지 않았다. 마지막으로 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 세월호 참사로 인한 우리사회 공동체의 회복에 사회적 공유가 미치는 영향에 대해 논의하였고 연구의 한계와 향후 연구의 방향성을 제안하였다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether social sharing functions as a mediating factor in the relationship between memory characteristics and event centrality on the Sewol Ferry incident. This study conducted an online self-reported questionnaire survey of 560 adults aged 20 years and over, and measured their memory characteristics on the Sewol Ferry incident, social sharing, and event centering. A total of 447 responses were analyzed as the final sample. A structural model analysis was performed by using SPSS 18.0 and Amos 18.0 programs, and bootstrapping was also performed to verify the median model. It was found that, in the model where event centrality was the dependent variable, the relationship between vividness and event centrality was partially mediated by social sharing while the relationship between emotional intensity and event centrality was entirely mediated by social sharing. On the other hand, social sharing did not have a significant mediating effect on the relationship between negative emotions and event centrality. Finally, this study discussed the effects of social sharing on the recovery from trauma due to the Sewol Ferry incident in the Korean society.

강박장애의 대표적 증상 중 하나인 확인행동의 원인으로 책임감과 기억신뢰가 선행연구들을 통해밝혀져 왔다. 본 연구에서는 기억신뢰가 확인행동에 미치는 영향이 책임감의 수준에 따라 달라질수 있다는 가정 하에 책임감과 기억신뢰가 상호작용하여 확인행동에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 실험적으로 검증하였다. 본 연구는 2(책임감: 고/저)×2(기억신뢰: 고/저)의 완전무선설계였으며 대학생 69명이 참가하였다. 먼저 지시문을 통해 책임감 고/저를 조작하고 첫 번째 알약모형 분류과제를 실시하였다. 그다음에 참가자들은 분류과제에서 자신이 선택하였던 알약모형들을 재인하는 기억검사를 실시하였다. 그 이후 실제의 검사점수가 아닌 가상의 검사점수를 통해 기억신뢰를 조작하고 두 번째 알약모형 분류과제를 실시하였으며 과제 수행 중 나타나는 확인행동의 횟수와 시간을 측정하였다. 분석 결과, 확인행동 횟수와 시간 모두에서 이원상호작용이 유의하게 나타나 가설이 지지되었다. 구체적으로 책임감이 낮은 조건에서는 기억신뢰가 낮은 집단과 높은 집단 모두확인행동 횟수와 시간에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 반면 책임감이 높은 조건에서는 기억신뢰가 낮은 집단이 높은 집단보다 확인행동 시간이 더 길었고 횟수 또한 더 많았다. 이 결과는 기억신뢰가 확인행동에 미치는 영향에서 책임감의 수준을 고려해야 함을 시사한다. 그리고 본 연구의 시사점과 제한점 및 장래연구 방향을 논의하였다.

It has been found that memory confidence and responsibility are the cause of checking behavior, one of the representative symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder based on previous research studies. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of memory confidence on the checking behavior according to the level of responsibility. The main hypothesis of present study was as follows: The effect of memory confidence on the checking behavior would be significant under the condition of high level of responsibility. Such effect would be in, significant under the condition of low level of responsibility. To test the hypotheses, a 2×2 analysis of variance(ANOVA) with memory confidence(high/low) and responsibility(high/low) as between-participants factors was performed on the checking behavior. Sixty nine undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental conditions. The results of the analysis supported the main hypothesis. The interaction between factors was significant. Under condition of higher responsibility, the checking behavior was higher with lower memory confidence. However, under the condition with lower responsibility, the checking behavior was not different between lower and higher memory confidence. These results suggest that the effect of memory confidence on checking behavior is moderated by the level of responsibility only when the level of responsibility is high. The implication and limitation of this study and direction for future studies are also disussed.

본 연구는 단어 쌍 자극을 사용하여 기억재료의 양적인 특성인 난이도(음절 수)와 질적인 특성인 연관성(의미적 관계성)이 틀린 인출의 기억촉진효과에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 사용빈도가 유사한 단어들을 이용하여 고난이도-고연관 자극, 고난이도-저연관 자극, 저난이도 고연관 자극, 그리고 저난이도-저연관 자극으로 구분하고 틀린 인출시도를 통한 학습을 수행한 후 정확회상률을 측정하였다. 실험은 난이도(2)와 연관성(2)에 따른 집단 간 설계로 수행되었으며, 집단 간 이원변량분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 즉시회상과 지연회상 모두 난이도와 연관성의 주효과가 유의미한 것으로 나타났다. 세부적으로 고난이도 집단에 비해 저난이도 집단의 정확회상률이 우수했으며, 저연관 집단에 비해 고연관 집단의 정확회상률이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 즉시회상과 지연회상 모두 난이도와 연관성에 따른 정확회상률의 변화경향성이 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 기억재료의 양적인 특성(난이도)과 질적인 특성(연관성)이 모두 틀린 인출의 기억촉진효과에 영향을 미치며, 일정시간이 지연된 후에도 유지된다는 것을 의미한다.

This study is conducted to confirm the influence of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, difficulty and relatedness between memory materials, on memory enhancement effect of unsuccessful retrieval. For this purpose, memory materials, the word pairs, are classified into four categories according to difficulty(2) and relatedness(2). The words of pairs have similar frequency of use. Then, participants learned the materials attempting unsuccessful retrieval and the results are measured as Recollection rates. The experiment is designed as between participants for difficulty(2) and relatedness(2), so two-way ANOVA between groups is performed. As a result, main effects of difficulty and relatedness are significant in both immediate and delayed recall test. Specifically, recollection rates of low difficulty group are better than high group and the rates of high relatedness group are better than low group. In addition, aspects of the rates for difficulty and relatedness are similar both in the immediate and delayed test. It means both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of memory materials, difficulty and relatedness, influence on memory enhancement effect of unsuccessful retrieval, even in delayed test condition.

얼굴정서처리에 미치는 작업기억부담효과가 작업기억용량에 따라 달라지는지를 규명하기 위해 ERP연구를 수행하였다. 먼저 작업기억용량을 측정하는 조작폭과제 점수에 따라 고용량집단과 저용량집단을 선발하였다. 지연재인과제에서 기억해야 할 시각적 대상의 수를 2개(저부담) 또는 6개(고부담)로 하여 작업기억 부담을 조작하였고, 지연기간 동안 제시된 부정적 또는 중립적 얼굴자극에 대한 ERP를 측정하였다. 재인반응은 저용량집단보다 고용량집단에서, 그리고 고부담조건보다 저부담조건에서 더 빠르고 정확하였고, 중립얼굴조건에 비해 부정얼굴조건에서 재인반응이 더 부정확한 정서가효과는 고부담조건에서만 관찰되었다. 하후측영역의 N170 진폭을 분석한 결과, 중립얼굴에 비해 부정얼굴에서 N170 진폭이 더 큰 정서가효과가 작업기억용량에 따라 상이하였는데, 저부담조건의 경우 두 용량집단 모두 양반구에서 정서가효과를 보였지만, 고부담조건의 경우에는 저용량집단이 양반구에서 정서가효과를 보이지 않은 반면 고용량집단은 우반구에서 정서가효과를 보였다. 이러한 결과는, 작업기억부담이 얼굴정서처리에 필요한 주의자원을 감소시키지만 고용량집단의 경우 저용량집단과 달리 작업기억부담이 큰 상황에서도 정서처리가 가능하며, 얼굴정서처리가 주의자원에 의존함을 시사한다.

The present study examined whether individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) modulate the effect of working memory load on emotional face processing. Each group of high-span and low-span was selected by virtue of participants’ WMC scores of operation span task. Working memory load (WML) was manipulated within subjects by the mental rehearsal of two (low-WML) versus six (high-WML) visual objects in delayed recognition task. A picture of negative (angry) or neutral face was presented during delay while event-related brain potentials were recorded. Behavioral results of recognition judgment showed that relative inaccuracy by negative face compared to neutral face was found only at high-WML. In case of low-WML, valence effects (enhanced N170 amplitude to negative compared to neutral face) were found on both left and right hemispheres of low-span as well as high-span. But, in case of high-WML, valence effect was found only on right hemisphere of high-span. These results suggest that working memory load reduces attentional resources for distracting negative facial expressions, but high-span of working memory can process facial expressions even under high load of working memory. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that facial expression processing is dependent on attentional resources.

본 연구는 공간적 위치를 달리하는 둘 이상의 항목에 분산된 서로 다른 시각적 세부특징에 대한 저장 요구가 시각작업기억의 저장 효율성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 이를 위해 실험 1의 분할기억 조건에서는 좌우 시야 중 한 쪽에 특정 세부특징(예: 색상)을 보유한 기억항목이 그리고 반대편 시야에는 다른 세부특징(예: 방위)을 보유한 기억항목들이 제시되었다. 반면, 단일기억 조건에서는 색상 혹은 방위 차원 중 하나로만 구성된 기억항목들이 제시되었다. 두 조건에서 참가자는 개별 기억항목들의 색상과 방위를 기억한 뒤 1초 뒤에 제시되는 검사자극과 비교해 색상 혹은 방위 차원의 변화 유무를 보고하였다. 실험 1의 변화탐지 정확도를 분석한 결과 분할기억 조건의 변화탐지가 전반적으로 더 정확하되, 요구되는 기억항목의 개수가 증가할 경우 이러한 차이는 더욱 커졌다. 실험 2의 분할기억 조건에서는 기억항목을 둘 이상의 세부특징으로 구성하되(예: 색상+방위 막대), 검사항목 출현 시 변화 가능한 세부특징을 좌우 시야에 각각 색상 혹은 방위 차원 중 하나로 지정하였다. 통합기억 조건에서는 좌우 시야 구분 없이 전체 항목 중 무선 선택된 한 항목의 색상 혹은 방위 차원에서 변화가 발생하도록 처치하였다. 그 결과 분할기억 조건에서 평균적으로 정확한 변화탐지 정확도를 관찰했으나 항목개수의 증가에 따른 두 조건 간 현격한 차이는 발견되지 않았다. 이와 같은 결과는 통합된 객체 모형이나 병렬-독립 저장 모형보다는 약한 객체 가설을 지지하는 결과라 할 수 있다.

The present study examined Visual Working Memroy (VWM) storage efficiency when items with different features are displayed across different positions. In separate-memory condition of Experiment 1, either colored boxes or orientation bars were displayed respectively on either side of the visual fields as memory items whereas the items were all colored boxes or orientations bar in a control condition. Subjects were asked to remember the features of the memory items followed by a brief memory delay. After the delay, test items were displayed and subjects reported presence or absence of a change in either color or orientation across the memory and test items. The results showed that change detection performance was significantly higher in the separate memory condition than the control condition. Also, the difference became more apparent if the set size became larger. In Experiment 2, the items in separate-memory condition were replaced with colored orientation bars (i.e., conjunction items). The change in the test items could occur in either color or orientation dimension, but the side of visual fields for its occurrence was designated exclusively for each features (e.g., left for color vs. right for orientation). In the control condition (i.e., integrate-memory condition), no such constraint was present and either color or orientation change could occur randomly across the sides of visual fields. The results showed that the difference in change detection performance between separate-memory and the control conditions was greatly reduced, and no differential effect of the setsize manipulation was observed across each condition. These results support the weak-object hypothesis where items in VWM are represented flexibly either as a form of well-bound features or of independently-stored discrete features. rather than the strict models according to integrated-object or parallel-independent storage hypothesis.