Earticle

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of low-pressure hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment before and after maximal exercise on lactate concentration and heart rate and antioxidant capacity. Ten healthy male college students were recruited from amateur soccer players. Subjects were performed a maximal exercise 3 times at inter-vals of at least 7 days according to the treatment method (control, pre-treatment, posttreatment). Lactate concentration, heart rate, and anti-oxidant capacity were measured before, post, and after recovery 30 min of maximal exercise. The lactate concentration and heart rate of recovery 30 min was significantly lower in the low-pressure HBO treat-ed group after the maximal exercise compared with the control group and the low-pressure HBO treated group before maximal exercise, and it could affect the removal of the fatigue substance caused by the maxi-mal exercise. These results suggest that the low-pressure HBO treat-ment which is a new possibility for recovery of peripheral fatigue.

본 연구는 고강도 최대 운동 후 회복 처치로 냉각요법 단독(CG)과 냉각·키네시오 테이핑 복합 처치(TCG)의 효과 를 비교하여, 남자 대학생의 운동 수행 능력과 혈중 젖산 농도에 미치는 영향을 규명하는 데 목적이 있다. 연구 대상은 G대학교 남자 대학생 10명이며, 1주 간격의 무작위 교차설계를 통해 각 피험자가 두 가지 처치를 모두 경험하도록 하였다. 모든 피험자는 트레드밀 최대운동부하 검사를 탈진 시까지 수행하였으며, 운동 전·후 및 회복 5, 15, 30분에 하지 근육과 관절 부위에 냉각 처치를 시행하였다. TCG 조건에서는 동일 부위에 대해 운동 전에 키네시오 테이핑을 추가 적용하였다. 최대산소섭취량(VO₂max), 운동 지속시간, 혈중 젖산 농도, 젖산 회복률 및 심박수를 측정하여 처치 간 차이를 분석하였 다. 그 결과는 TCG 조건에서 VO₂max는 CG 대비 유의하게 높게 나타났으며(p <.05), 젖산 회복률도 TCG에서 크게 향상되었다(p<.05). 반면 최대운동 지속시간의 증가 효과는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았고, 운동 후 심박수 및 젖산 농도의 회복 양상도 두 처치 간 유사하였다. 따라서 고강도 운동 후 아이싱에 키네시오 테이핑을 병행하는 복합 처치는 아이싱 단독보다 심폐지구력 지표를 향상시키고 젖산 등 피로물질 제거에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of cryotherapy alone (CG) and combined cryotherapy with kinesio taping (TCG) as post-exercise recovery interventions on exercise performance and blood lactate responses following high-intensity maximal exercise in male college students. Ten male students from G University participated in this study using a randomized crossover design with a one-week washout period, allowing each participant to experience both recovery conditions. All participants performed a graded maximal treadmill exercise test until volitional exhaustion. Cryotherapy was applied to the lower-extremity muscles and joint regions before exercise and at 5, 15, and 30 minutes during the recovery period. In the TCG condition, kinesio taping was additionally applied to the same regions prior to exercise. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), exercise duration, blood lactate concentration, lactate recovery rate, and heart rate were measured and compared between conditions. The results indicated that VO₂max was significantly higher in the TCG condition compared with the CG condition (p < .05), and lactate recovery rate was also significantly enhanced in the TCG condition (p < .05). However, increases in maximal exercise duration were not statistically significant, and post-exercise recovery patterns of heart rate and blood lactate concentration were similar between the two conditions. Accordingly, the combined intervention of kinesio taping and icing after high-intensity exercise was more effective than icing alone in enhancing cardiorespiratory endurance and promoting lactate clearance.

Purpose: The muscle function is a key component of the movement performance and might be influenced by Kinesio taping and cold therapy. This study examined the effects of Kinesio taping and cold therapy (cryotherapy) on muscle strength and muscle tone during high-intensity resistance exercise in the biceps brachii muscle. Methods: Twenty-four participants were divided randomly into three groups: a control group with no intervention (n=8), a taping group given Kinesio taping during high-intensity resistance (n=8), and taping and cryotherapy group given Kinesio taping during high-intensity resistance and cryotherapy after high-intensity resistance (n=8). All participants of the three groups performed high-intensity resistance exercises on the non-dominant biceps brachii muscle for six sets of five repetitions per set. They were evaluated for maximal isokinetic muscle strength and muscle tone before and after the intervention. Results: Significant differences in the change in maximal isokinetic muscle strength were observed between the three groups (p<0.05), showing a significant difference between the control group and the taping and cryotherapy group according to post-hoc analysis. A comparison of the changes in muscle tone showed no significant differences between the three groups. On the other hand, the taping and cryotherapy group showed the smallest change in muscle tone. Conclusion: Based on the study results, Kinesio taping combined with cryotherapy might be considered an intervention to prevent muscle damage and functional decline due to various exercise or load-bearing tasks involving high-intensity resistance activities.

The purpose of this study was to compare of tests for measuring maxi-mal exercise ability in elite swimmers. The high-school male elite swim-mers (n=17) were performed maximal exercise ability tests. The exper-imental method consisted of a crossover design at 1-week intervals with the swimming tests (field test, water VAMEVAL test, 200-m test, and 400-m test) in random order. It measured the heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and lactate level by physiological factors, and swimming velocity (SV), stroke rate (SR), and stroke length (SL) by me-chanical factors. The change of SV, SR, and SL in swimming tests was no significantly different. To compare tests, however, the lactate level and RPE in 200-m test was higher than water VAMEVAL test. The RPE of the 200-m and 400-m tests were higher than the field test and the wa-ter VAMEVAL test. Correlations showed between the field test and the 400-m test in heart rate and RPE. Moreover, a correlation observed be-tween the field test and 200-m test in heart rate. In this study, 200-m and 400-m tests were suit to apply the test methods for establishing the ex-ercise intensity appropriate for the underwater training of swimmers.

The purpose of this study was to analyze effects of yoga exercise on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max),cortisol level, and creatine kinase myocardial bond activity in female patients with shoulder pain. Subjects comprised 20 female patients with shoulder pain. The subjects were divided into 2 equal groups to ensure biologic homogeneity: the exercise group (n = 10) and non-exercise control group (n = 10). The subjects’ body composition, VO2max, cortisol level, and creatine kinase myocardial bond activity were measured before and after a 12-week yoga exercise program. After the 12-week yoga exercise program, the exercise group demonstrated slightly higher VO2max and creatine kinase myocardial bond activity than the control group, but the differences were not statistically significant. In addition, there was no significant difference in the blood concentration of cortisol between groups. However, in the control group, the cortisol level increased significantly (p < 0.05) after the program, whereas in the exercise group, it decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Our findings indicate that aerobic exercise such as yoga improves body composition, VO2max, cortisol level, and creatine kinase myocardial bond activity in female patients with shoulder pain.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of maximal exercise on anaerobic threshold,, blood lactate, LDH concentrations and EMG activities change in man artistic gymnasts. Twenty-one healthy, artistic gymnasts. Artistic gymnasts were divided in to business team(n=7), university team(n=7) and high school team(n=7). All subjects completed 3-min stage graded maximal treadmill exercise with bruce protocol. Bruce protocol was applied to collect the data for the anaerobic threshold, blood lactate, LDH concentrations and EMG activities. Blood samples were collected at pre, immediately after exercise and recovery 60 min. All data were presented as means ± standard deviation. There was significant differences in anaerobic thresholds measured by AT-% VO , AT-VO(㎖/㎏/min), AT-out time(min). The changes of AT-% VO , AT-VO(㎖/㎏/min), AT-out time(min) showed significantly difference between times and groups. The changes of blood lactate, LDH concentrations showed significantly difference between times and non significantly difference between groups. The changes of Surface EMG(vestus medials and vestus laterals) activities showed not significantly difference between times and groups. In the present results, It can be suggested that acute maximal exercise can influence on metabolic functions following individual working ability, muscle mass and exercise carrier difference.

This study aims to inquire the impact of foot reflexology on blood lactic acid and ammonia level, and identify and apply the usage of foot reflexology on sports as a part of physical therapy. For this study, six male students of physical education department were participated in this test. Before exercising, objects went all out on bicycle ergometer with the intensity of (weight × 0.075) kp for 90 seconds or 2 minutes. Their blood was collected the total of three times before exercising, after exercising and 30 minutes after recovery method. The data were processed using SPSS-PC (ver 14.0). The significance level was set up as a=.05. Regarding the results, blood lactic acid reduction ratio according to the rest type for 30 minutes showed significant difference (p< .01). And the change of blood ammonia level showed significant difference in foot reflexology group with 30 minute-convalescence (p<.05). These suggest that foot reflexology could be an effective recovery method after exercising. It would be effective to overcome fatigue, boost immunity, enhance performance, and be in a good state of health if it is applied to sports in various ways.

This study is aimed to determine the cardiovascular function response to maximal exercise of chronic low back pain patients(N=13) and normal group(N=13). by using BRUCE PROTOCOL, subjects underwent tredmill exercise test. Their cardiovascular function responses during rest and after maximal exercise were compared The responses were analyzed using t-test for SPSS 7.0 program. The Cardiovascular function variables employed at rest time(Vo2, HR. Vo2/kg, VE, Vco2.) and all out time(Vo2peak. HRpeak, Vo2peak/kg, VEpeak. Vco2peak). Result show that : 1 There was no significant difference in Vo2 between chronic low back pain patients and normal group at rest time. However significant difference in Volpeak was observed after maximal exercise( p<.05). 2. There was no significant difference in HR between chronic low back pain patients and normal group at rest time. No significant difference in HRpeak likewise observed. 3. There was no significant difference in Vo2/kg between chronic low back pain patients and normal group at rest time. However significant difference in Vo2peak/kg was observed after maximal exercise load(p<.05). 4. There was no significance in VE between chronic low bark pain patients and normal group at rest time. However significant difference in VEpeak observed after maximal exercise load(p<.05).

본 연구는 4주간 아사이베리 섭취에 따른 유산소운동능력, 혈중지질 및 항산화지수에 효과를 검증하는데 있다. 대상자는 24명으로 아사이베리 섭취 그룹(AG), 위약 그룹(PG)으로 나뉘었다. 그 결과 첫째, 운동수행시간은 AG가 PG 보다 길게 나타났다. 둘째, 각종 호흡변인(VO2, VCO2, RER)은 운동이 증가할수록 각 시기 모두 증가하였다. 셋째, 혈중 중성지방 농도는 AG가 운동이 증가할수록 감소하였다. 넷째, 혈중 항산화 지수는 AG가 운동 직후 증가하였다가 운동 20분 후에는 감소하였다. 이러한 결과는 4주간 아사이베리 섭취 후 운동이 긍정적인 영향을 나타낸다.

This study carried out to investigate the effect of 4 weeks acai berry ingestion on the after maximal exercise, blood lipids profile and total antioxidant capacity substances in 24 healthy male students. Subjects were divided into two group; acai berry group(AG; n=12) and Placebo Group(PG; n=12). The results showed that exercise performance time increased from AG. Second, VO2, VCO2, RER both increased during each period as exercise increased. Third, blood triglycerides AG decreased as exercise increased. Fourth, total antioxidant capacity increased immediately after exercise, but decreased after 20 minutes of exercise. Considering all of these results, exercise after acai berry ingestion for 4 weeks has a positive effect.

본 연구의 목적은 씨름선수를 대상으로 최대운동 후 회복기 스포츠마사지 처치 유·무와 회복시기가 심박수, 산소 섭취량 및 혈중젖산 변화에 미치는 영향을 검증하는데 있다. 대학팀과 실업팀에 소속중인 씨름선수 24명을 대상으로 1차 실험에서는 최대운동 후 정적회복기를 20분 가졌으며, 2차 실험에서는 회복기 20분간 복와위 자세로 배부, 요부, 하지 순으로 스포츠마사지를 처치하였다. 연구결과, 스포츠마사지 실시 유·무와 회복시기에 따른 상호작용효과는 심박수 에서 대학팀과 실업팀 모두 회복기 10분 이후부터 스포츠마사지를 처치하였을 때가 처지 하지 않았을 때 보다 더 높은 회복능력을 보였다. 회복시기에 따른 주효과는 심박수, 산소섭취량, 혈중젖산의 모든 변인에서 나타났다. 스포츠마사지 처치 유무에 따른 혈중젖산의 주효과는 대학팀과 실업팀 모두 스포츠마사지를 처치하였을 때가 유의미하게 낮았고, 산소 섭취량의 주효과는 실업팀에서만 유의하게 낮았다. 결론적으로 씨름선수 대상의 최대운동 후 스포츠 마사지 처치는 정적 인 회복방법에 비하여 심박수와 산소섭취량, 혈중젖산 회복기전에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있음을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sports massage in the recovery period after maximal exercise on heart rate(HR), oxygen uptake(OU), and blood lactate(BL) of ssireum players. The participants of this study were consisted of 24 ssireum players in university team(UT) and business team(BT). The first experiment had a rest recovery period for 20 minutes after the maximal exercise, and the second experiment gave a sports massage was performed the order of abdominal, waist and lower legs in a prone position for 20 minutes. The interaction effects of massage treatment and recovery period in HR showed a higher recovery ability in both the UT and BT when the massage treatment was given 10 minutes after recovery than when it was not given. The main effects of recovery period showed in all variables of HR, OU, and BL. The main effects of BL on massage treatment was significant low in both the UT and BT when the massage was given. And, the main effects of OU was significantly lower only in the BT. In conclusion, compared sports massage treatment on ssireum players after maximal exercise positively affected the recovery mechanism of HR, OU, and BL than the rest recovery method.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of pulmonary function and heart rate recovery of smoker and nonsmoker in males aged 20s after graded maximal exercise. Method : The subjects were composed of smoker group (n=12) and nonsmoker group (n=12) in males aged 20s. Each groups completed an graded maximal exercise with Bruce protocol and were assessed on the pulmonary function(forced vital capacity : FVC, forced expiratory volume-one second : FEV1, FEV1/FVC) and heart rate. Result : The results were as follows: First, heart rate in the measurement point was a statistically significant difference for smoker and non-smoker group after maximal exercise, but FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC was no difference. Second, FEV1/FVC between smoker and nonsmoker group was a statistically significant difference after maximal exercise, but FVC, FEV1, heart rate was no difference. Conclusion : The results of this study is that smoking is negative effects on FEV1/FVC of pulmonary function in males aged 20s after maximal exercise.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pulsed-ultrasound intervention and continued-ultrasound on the MVIC (maximal voluntary isometric contraction) and active ROM (range of motion) recovery of before EIMD (exercise-induced muscle damage). Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty subjects who are student in their 20s at a university participated in this study, these subjects were assigned into three groups, a control group (n=10), experiment group I (n=10) and experiment group II (n=10). The subjects in experimental group were intervened by pulsed-ultrasound and continued-ultrasound, while ones on control group weren't by any intervention after induced EIMD. Results: First, In comparison of the MVIC, in the among group comparison, the MVIC of continued-ultrasound group was significantly larger than those of other groups (p<.005). Second, In the among group comparison, the active extension angle of continued-ultrasound group was significantly smaller than those of other groups (p<.005). Third, In the among group comparison, the active flexion angle of continued-ultrasound group was significantly lager than those of other groups (p<.05). Conclusion: The above results revealed that the continued-ultrasound intervention before an exercise had a significantly improve of muscle function after EIMD. Therefore we can consider the continued ultrasound as a considerable intervention method to prevent or reduce an exercise injury.

[목적] 본 연구의 목적은 단관절 및 다관절 운동순서가 남자 대학생의 신체구성, 기초체력, 등속성 근기능 및 최대근 력에 미치는 영향을 규명하는 것이다. [방법] 본 연구를 위해 30명의 성인 남성 대학생을 무선 할당하여 통제집단 (Control group, CG, n=10), 단관절-다관절 운동집단(Single-multi joint exercise group, SMG, n=10), 다관절-단관절 운 동집단(Multi-single joint exercise group, MSG, n=10)으로 구분하였다. 저항성 운동은 8주간 주 3회 실시하였으며, 집 단과 시기 간 상호작용 효과 검증을 위해 이원반복측정 분산분석(two-way repeated measures ANOVA)을 실시하였 다. [결과] 연구 결과 체지방률(p=.001)은 SMG가 CG에 비해 유의하게 감소하였으며, 무릎 등속성 근기능은 SMG와 MSG에서 유의하게 증가하였으나 집단 간 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 악력(p=.001)은 상호작용 효과가 나타났으며, SMG가 CG, MSG보다 유의하게 향상되었다. 배근력(p=.001), 윗몸일으키기(p=.001), 1RM(p=.001)은 상호작용 효과가 나타났으며, SMG와 MSG가 CG보다 유의하게 증가하였다. 스프린트(p=.009)는 상호작용 효과가 나타났으며, MSG가 CG, SMG보다 유의하게 향상되었다. [결론] 무릎 등속성 근기능 및 최대근력은 운동순서에 상관없이 향상되며, 체지 방률 감소는 단관절-다관절 운동, 스프린트 향상은 다관절-단관절 운동이 효과적임을 제시한다.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to confirm the effects of the order of single and multi-joint resistance exercise on body composition, basic physical fitness, isokinetic knee function, and maximal strength in male college students. [Method] For this study, thirty male university students were randomly assigned to 3 groups; a control group (CG, n=10), a single-multi joint exercise group (SMG, n=10), or a multi-single joint exercise group (MSG, n=10). Participants in the exercise groups performed resistance training for three times a week for eight weeks. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was performed to confirm statistically significant differences. [Result] The results of the study showed that percent body fat(p=.001) significantly decreased in SMG compare to CG, and knee isokinetic muscle function significantly increased in SMG and MSG compare to CG, but no significant difference was found in the post-hoc test. Grip strength(p=.001) was significantly increased in SMG compare to SMG, CG. Back strength(p=.001), sit-up(p=.001) and 1RM(p=.001) were significantly increased in SMG and MSG compare to CG. Sprint(p=.009) was significantly improved in MSG compared to the other groups. [Conclusion] According to our findings, isokinetic muscle function and maximal strength increased regardless of exercise order. Single-multi joint exercises proved effective in reducing percent body fat, while multi-single joint exercises demonstrated improvements in sprint ability.

본 연구에서는 흡연자와 비흡연자를 대상으로 단기 금연 동안 실시하는 몸통 안정화 운동이 단기 금연자의 허파기능, 최대 산소 섭취량, 심장박동수, 회복 시간에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구는 충남 소재 N대학교의 20대 남성 26명으로 흡연자 13명과 비흡연자 13명을 선정하였다. 대상자의 신체적 특성 파악 후 사전 측정 시 허파기능(FVC, SVC, MVV)과 최대 산소 섭취량를 측정하였으며 3일 간 심장박동수와 회복 시간을 측정하였다. 측정 후 3일 금연과 함께 몸통 안정화 운동 프로그램을 실시하였다. 사후 측정으로 허파기능과 최대 산소 섭취량을 측정하였고, 당일 운동 후 즉시 1일차, 2일차 3일차의 심장박동수, 회복 시간을 측정하였다. 본 연구의 자료는 SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) Ver. 23.0 for windows를 이용하여 분석되었다. 몸통 안정화 운동이 흡연자와 비흡연자의 심장허파기능에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 흡연자 집단과 비흡연자 집단 모두 운동 전후 허파기능(FVC, SVC, MVV), 최대산소섭취량, 회복 시간에 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 이는 몸통 안정화 운동이 짧은 기간이라도 비흡연자뿐만 아니라 단기 금연자의 심장허파기능에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있는 것으로 생각되며, 금연 활동을 더한 몸통 안정화 운동이 심장허파기능 감소 예방 및 향상을 위한 더욱 안전하고 효과적인 방법이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study analyzed the post-exercise cardiopulmonary function, maximal oxygen uptake, heart rate and recovery time through smoker 's short - term smoking cessation and trunk stabilization exercise for 72 hours. We analyzed the effect of trunk stabilization exercise on the cardiopulmonary function of smokers and non-smokers. As a result, it was found that both smokers and non-smokers groups showed significant changes in pulmonary function (FVC, SVV, MVV), maximal oxygen uptake, recovery time Difference. This suggests that the trunk stabilization exercise may have a positive effect on the cardiopulmonary function of short-term non-smokers as well as non-smokers for a short period of time, and a more stable and effective method for preventing and improving the reduction of cardiorespiratory function

Inflammation is a common feature in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-associated diseases. Exercise has been recommended as an aid to smoking cessation and may also play an important role in the acute management of tobacco withdrawal symptoms. We investigated the effects of 10-Week golf swing exercise program on maximal oxygen uptake and inflammatory responses in habitual smokers. Thirty-two healthy male volunteers participated in the exercise program. They were divided into habitual smoker and non smoker groups. Each group also randomly divided into 10-Week golf swing exercise and no exercise groups. Exercise groups were participated in golf in golf swing exercise for 90min once a day during 10 week. To whether levels of inflammatory responses(C-reactive protein: CRP, fibrinogen), we used commercial assay kits, respectively using isolated human plasma collected immediately after smoke. This study showed the levels of CRP and fibrinogen is increased in the habitual males after smoke and exercise inflammatory responses in decreased through acute golf swing exercise for 90 minutes. 10-week golf exercise improved maximal oxygen uptake in the exercise groups(p< .05). In addition, fibrinogen level decreased after 10- week golf swing exercise(p .05), whereas CRP level were not changed significantly. The present results demonstrate that both acute and long-term golf swing exercise suppress the smoke-induced increase of on inflammatory responses. These results suggest that golf swing exercise in the healthy smoker may enhance pulmonary function and reduce the risk of progressing to reduce the risk of progressing to regular smoking.

Purpose : This study aims to examine changes in electromyogram (EMG) signals detected from the tibialis anterior muscle during repetitive contraction exercises in normal female adults. Methods : The subjects of this study were 10 normal adult females without any musculoskeletal or nervous system disorders. A total of 30 contractions were made repetitively with maximal voluntary contraction exercise for six seconds and a resting time for three seconds. Changes in muscle contractions were measured using dynamometer and EMG signals such as root mean square (RMS), integrated EMG (IEMG), and median frequency (MDF). Results : The result of measurement showed no significant differences in IEMG and RMS in accordance with the increase in the number of contractions. MVIC and MDF showed significant differences in accordance with the increase in the number of contractions (p<0.05). Conclusion : This study demonstrated that repetitive tibialis anterior muscle contraction resulted in a significantly different MVIC and MDF but no significant differences in IEMG and RMS. Therefore, compared to other lower leg muscles, the tibialis anterior muscle is a low-frequency muscle and therefore electrophysiological characteristics of the muscle should be considered in different exercise methods.

본 연구는 동일한 강도 및 절차로 구성된 서로 다른 빈도의 12주간 저항성 운동이 20대 성인 남성의 최대근력 변화와 인체조성에 미치는 효과를 상호 비교·분석하여, 바쁜 현대인들이 실질적이고 지속적으로 수행할 수 있는 최소 한의 운동 빈도를 찾아, 정보를 제공하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 규칙적 운동 경력 및 병리학적 질환이 없는 43명의 남자 대 학생(평균연령: 21.7±2.5)이 본 연구에 참여하였으며, 그 중 8명은 주 3회 운동군, 18명은 주 1회 운동군, 17명은 대 조군으로 그룹 분류하였다. 주 3회 운동군과 주 1회 운동군의 운동강도 및 운동절차(150분/일, 60% 1RM)는 동일하였 으며, 운동빈도만 주 1회 또는 주 3회로 구분하였다. 운동 전에 비해 12주간의 운동훈련 후 대흉근, 광배근, 삼각근의 최대근력을 대변하는 벤치프레스, 랫풀다운, 숄더프레스의 1RM 및 복근의 근지구력을 대변하는 윗몸일으키기 최대반 복횟수는 주 3회 운동군과 주 1회 운동군 모두에서 유의한 증가를 나타내었으며, 두 그룹 간의 통계적 유의차는 나타나 지 않았다. 주 1회 및 주 3회 운동그룹 모두 체지방량, 체지방율, 복부지방율에서는 유의한 감소를, 근육량에서는 유의 한 증가를 나타내었으며, 두 그룹 간의 통계적 유의차는 나타나지 않았다. 체중과 BMI에서는 두 운동군 모두 어떠한 변 화도 나타나지 않았다. 대조군에서는 모든 변인에서 12주 전·후에 어떠한 통계적 변화도 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구의 결과는 저항성 운동 훈련을 위한 전통적인 권장 운동빈도인 주 3회 운동보다 낮은 주 1회 운동 빈도로도 지속적이고 규 칙적인 운동 훈련을 유지할 경우, 근육량 및 근력 향상에 있어 긍정적인 효과를 나타낼 수 있음을 보여준다. 이는 바쁜 현대인에게 근력 유지 및 향상을 위한 최소한의 운동빈도에 대한 정보를 제공한 데 의의가 있다고 하겠다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12-week resistance training with different exercise frequency in consistent intensity on muscular strength and body composition in untrained young adults. Forty three healthy male college students (age: 21.7±2.5)without any chronic disease were recruited with their agreement for the participation. 8 out of 43 participants were engaged in comprehensive resistance training 3 times a week (3/wk) for 12 weeks, while 18 participants have performed it 1 time a week (1/wk) in the same exercise protocol(150 min/day, 60% 1RM). The other 17 participants were engaged as the control (CON). As compared to pre-training, post-training 1RMs in bench press, sit-up, lateral pull down, and shoulder press were increased significantly in both 3/wk and 1/wk groups without any statistical difference in between groups, while there was no change before and after 12 weeks of training in CON. Enhancement of muscle mass and the attenuation of fat mass including abdominal fat were observed in both 3/wk and 1/wk groups with no statistical change in body weight and BMI. Findings in this study provide an evidence that the strategy for lesser exercise frequency could be applied as positive reinforcement for the untrained young adult beginners of exercise.

PURPOSE: This study compared the effects of chest expansion resistance exercise (CERE) and breathing retraining (BRT) on stroke patients' chest expansion and maximal inspiratory pressure(MIP), thereby intending to present an effective intervention method for enhancing their respiratory functions. METHODS: The subjects were 30 stroke patients and randomly and equally assigned to a CERE group (10), a BRT group (10), and a control group (10). The intervention was applied to each group five times per week, 30 minutes per each time, for six weeks. A tapeline was used to measure upper and lower chest expansion and MIP prior to and after the intervention and the results were compared. RESULTS: After the intervention, the upper and lower chest expansion was considerable in the CERE group (p<.01), significant in the BRT group (p<.05) but was not significant in the control group (p>.05). According to the post-hoc test result, the upper and lower chest of the CERE group and the BRT group significantly expanded compared to that of the control group (p<.05) and the upper and lower chest of the CERE group statistically significantly expanded relative to that of the BRT group (p<.05). According to the MIP evaluation result, the CERE group saw considerable improvement (p<.01) and the BRT group underwent significant changes (p<.05), but there were no significant changes in the control group (p>.05). The post-hoc test result was that the CERE group and the BRT group saw significant improvement compared to the control group (p<.05) and the CERE group experienced statistically significant enhancement relative to the BRT group (p<.05). CONCLUSION: As an intervention for respiratory function improvement, CERE is considered effective for strengthening respiratory muscles and promoting chest expansion through manual resistance by a therapist.