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With the rapid development of China's economy, urban traffic congestion has become a chronic factor affecting the traveling of Chinese people. Due to the popularity of private cars in China in recent years, a great deal of car exhaust emissions have come about, which has caused serious pollution to the air quality in various cities in China. It is against this background that the shared economic model has developed rapidly in China. Representative industries sharing the economic model, the development of commercial bike-sharing service is the most prominent. Bike-sharing means that the enterprise provides a bicycle sharing service on campus, subway station, bus stop, residential area, commercial area, public service area and the like, and is a time-sharing rental mode. Bike-sharing is a product of integration and innovation of ICT technology and traditional bicycles. It is both an innovation in transport mode and an innovation in the industry. Bike-sharing has swept the streets of China's large and medium-sized cities, its development is very rapid. In China, Bike-sharing can be considered to be based on Online to Offline technology. The O2O bike-sharing service makes it easy to borrow and rent your bike by using advanced Internet technology and leveraging a smart-phone app. However, there are various problems with its rapid growth, which need to be solved. So far, there has been very little research on the development of China’s O2O bike-sharing and the China’s bike-sharing industry in the Korean academic community. Moreover, most of the previous materials were published earlier in the year, and the previous papers and research on O2O bike-sharing mentioned in this paper are very inadequate. This paper starts with the analysis of the development history of China's bike-sharing industry, and analyzes the current status of the development of China's O2O bike-sharing industry and the most representative examples of bike-sharing enterprises in China. Based on the research on the development status of China’O2O bike-sharing industry, the paper presents the main problems existing in China’s current bike-sharing industry and proposes the suggestions to Korea from the perspective of promoting the development of the Korea’s bike-sharing industry.

Cruise industry in Europe and the United States has a hundred years of development history.However, in recent years the European and American traditional cruise markets is becoming saturated, while the Asian cruise market is developing rapidly.The most important part of the Asian cruise industry is the development of the cruise industry in China.Since 2006, China has become the largest cruise market of Asia after only a decade of development. The development of China's cruise market has aroused great concern around the world's major cruise operators.Recently, Royal Caribbean Cruises, Costa Cruises, Genting HK as the representative of the foreign cruise enterprises opened up a new route from the China's ports, and continue to put in new cruises.At the same time, China's domestic cruise enterprises have also formed a certain scale.It is predicted that China's cruise market will become the Asia-Pacific region's most dynamic and largest cruise market in the recent future.However, there are still some problems to be solved in China’s cruise industry. In recent years, the economic and trade exchanges between China and Korea have become increasingly closer, the number of Chinese tourists to Korea is also growing year by year, some of which is to travel through the cruise to Korea.Therefore, it is important to study the development of China's cruise industry and explore cooperation between the two countries in the cruise industry. Based on the study of the development of cruise industry in China, this study has drawn the main problems existing in the cruise industry in China and put forward the cooperation suggestions between the two countries.

본 연구는 다문화 현장 전문가들이 인식하는 다문화 내담자의 주요 문제와 특성을 분석하고 이에 따른 효율적인 다문화상담 방안을 제시하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 다문화 현장 전문가 11명을 대상으로 포커스 그룹 인터뷰를 실시하였으며, 박사 2인과 석사 1인이 Morgan과 Scannell이 제시한 방법에 따라 질적 자료를 분석하였다. 포커스 그룹 인터뷰는 초기 선행연구의 한 방법으로 직접 다문화 현장 전문가들의 생각을 직접 접함으로써 한국의 다문화상담방안을 찾고자 하는 본 연구의 목적과 부합하기 때문이다. 연구 참여자들과의 포커스 그룹 인터뷰를 통한 자료 분석 결과 다문화 내담자의 주요 문제는 4개 범주, 11개 하위영역, 29개의 개념이 도출되었으며, 4개의 각 범주는 가족갈등, 자녀양육 문제, 언어소통 문제, 사회적응의 어려움이었다. 또한, 다문화 내담자의 특성으로는 3개 범주, 6개 하위영역, 19개의 개념이 도출되었으며, 3개의 범주는 상담자원으로서의 내담자의 긍정적 측면, 조력자에 대한 태도, 상담에 대한 태도였다. 끝으로 본 연구결과의 활용방안, 연구 의의 및 후속연구에 대한 제안을 하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the main problems and characteristics of a multi-cultural clients and to suggest efficient counseling strategies for counselors. For these reasons, 11 experts participated in focus-groups interview and two doctors and one master analyzed the data by the qualitative research method suggested by Morgan and Scannell. The focus-group interview was suitable for this study because the method could give information close to opinions of on-site experts. In the main problems of multi-cultural clients, 4 categories, 11 sub-categories, and 29 definitions were identified. Each four categories were family conflicts, child support, communication and problems of social adjustment. In the characteristics of multi-cultural counseling characteristics, 3 categories, 6 sub-categories, and 19 definitions were identified. Three categories were clients’ counseling resources, attitude toward experts, attitude toward counseling. At last, implications, practical uses, and suggestions for future researches were also discussed in this study.

In accordance with the KORUS FTA(Korea-US Free Trade Agreement), the Trademark law were revised considerably. The revised Trademark law were effective as of March 15, 2012. The main issues of the amended law are protection of non-visual marks, the system of confirming intent to use a trademark and Statutory Damages. Firstly, even if sound or smell marks are non-visual, if they may be expressed visually by using signs, letters, devices or any other methods, they can be protected according to the revised trademark law. However, several problems regarding non-visual marks became to appear at the revised Trademark law and the Standards for Trademark Examination. Secondly, The revised Trademark law has accepted the system of confirming intent to use a trademark. Accordingly, a person who wishes to register a trademark shall use or intend to use his mark in the Republic of Korea. At present, even under the Korean trademark system based on the principle of registration, unless a person uses or intends to use a trademark in the Republic of Korea, he is not entitled to register trademarks by the revised Trademark law Art.3. However, several problems regarding the system of confirming intent to use a trademark became to be exposed at the Standards for Trademark Examination. Thirdly, in damage compensation suits, if it was difficult to prove the actual damages or estimate the amount of damages, substantive protection of a trademark owner was very difficult. But, according to the revised Trademark law, a trademark owner may claim damages of up to 50 million Korean Won, even if he or she cannot prove the damages clearly. In this case, the provision only statesthat the amount of statutory damages will be determined by the court. However, the provision lacks definite standards of determination in suit practice. Therefore, this paper is discussing on the above several problems and presenting the solutions on them.

본 연구는 현재 시행되고 있는 노인장기요양보험제도의 등급판정체계를 통합적, 실증적으로 살펴봄으로써 그 문제점과 적용상의 쟁점을 고찰하기 위한 것으로, 연구방법은 문헌연구와 등급판정 관련 전문가 대상 FGI를 실시하였다. 연구결과, 등급판정기준의 제한성이나 엄격성 문제와 인지적, 사회적 영역에 대한 과소평가 경향이 나타나 이에 대한 개선책이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 평가내용과 관련해 정서적 영역을 측정하는 부분이 행동적 영역 안에 포함되어 전문적 평가가 이루어지지 못하는 제한이 있는 것으로 나타났고 대상자의 등급결정에 고려되어야 하는 중요한 요소들이 간과되고 있음이 보고되었다. 또한, 등급판정인력의 전문성과 의사소견서의 신뢰성 문제, 1차 방문조사원의 과다업무로 인한 질적 하락 문제가 있는 것으로 나타나 인력충원 및 이들에 대한 정기적인 재교육과 이들을 평가할 수 있는 시스템 마련이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 등급판정절차와 관련해 노인장기요양서비스 공급구조의 왜곡된 시장화로 인한 편법과 불법현상 문제가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 그 외 동거가족 수발제도에 대한 문제점이 상대적으로 높은 것으로 나타나 동거가족 수발의 현황 및 문제점에 대한 정부 차원의 체계적인 연구와 실태조사가 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the main issues and problems of the the classification system of Long-Term Care Insurance(LTCI), which has been revealed many problems since it was launched in July 2008 and then to find the improvements. The research used the literature survey which analyzes 2nd-hand materials studied by other people, and Focus Group Interview was executed from 18 classification professionals in the area of classification system of LTCI. This research found the problems of the classification system of LTCI, which was about classification criteria, classification contents, classification committee, visiting investigator and classification procedures. Based on these findings, the study puts forward some suggestion regarding how to improve the classification system of LTCI. The LTCI organization requires more worker and higher professionality and efforts to resolve problems should be made for the efficient implementation and safe arrival of the classification system of LTCI.

탈냉전 시대로 접어들면서 다양한 국제정치 행위자들의 등장과 더불어 인종문제, 국경 재 획정 문제, 무역 분쟁, 테러, 핵무기 등 대량살상무기의 확산으로 인해 국제사회에서는 갈등이 더욱 분출되고 국제 분쟁화 되고 있다. 분쟁해결을 위해 교섭, 국제심사, 중개, 조정 등을 활용하는 평화적 해결방법이 우선시 되는 가운데 분쟁해결 주체로서 국가의 역할 보다 국제기구의 역할이 더욱 중요시됨에 따라 UN 내의 분쟁해결 기구뿐만 아니라 UN 평화유지활동(PKO)과 지역적 국제기구에 대한 연구의 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 이에 대한 연구를 위해 본 논문에서는 국제분쟁해결주체로서 국제기구의 역사성과 개입의 정당성 등을 이론적으로 분석하고, 특징들을 분석하였다. 또한, 이들 국제기구의 실질적인 운용을 UN의 안전보장이사회, 총회, 사무국을 중심으로 구성 및 실제 활동 결과 등을 조명하고, UN의 평화유지활동에 대해서도 역사적 측면과 구성, 활동상황을 중심으로 분석하였다. 또한 지역적 국제기구에 대해서는 EU와 NATO, OSCE. AU, OAS, ASEAN 등의 구조와 운용 등을 중심으로 알아보았다. 국제기구들의 운용상의 문제점들을 집어 보기 위해 국제기구의 분쟁주체로서 위약성 문제, UN을 중심으로 하는 집단안전보장제도의 문제점, 회원국 간 상호 협력의 미비점 등을 중심으로 연구를 진행하였다. 본 연구를 통해서 국제사회에서 다양하게 발생하는 국제분쟁을 해결하기 위한 주체자로서 국제기구의 가능성을 알아보고, 아울러 운용상의 문제점을 짚어봄으로써 국제분쟁 해결을 위한 하나의 수단으로 국제기구의 활용도를 높이는데 초점을 맞추고 있다.

In the era of the post-Cold War, with the advent of various international political actors, international society faces many conflicts caused by ethnic tensions, border disputes, trade frictions, terrorism, spread of WMD(Weapons of Mass Destruction). In order to resolve the international disputes including armed conflicts, peaceful resolutions through negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement are prior to other means. This study focuses on activities of conflict resolution organs of the United Nations, Peace Keeping Operation and regional organizations, because the role of international organizations, as primary actors to resolve the international conflicts, is more important than that of countries. It also analyses some questions such as a weak point of the international organizations as conflict resolution bodies, problems of the collective security system of the UN and lack of cooperation among member states of international organizations.

It has been 5 years since the time-off system was enforced. Most of the companies completely banned the wages paid to the full-time union officer have been retained as the practice for a long time. But the time-off system is newly introduced and time-off workers that working time is exceptionally exempt are newly recognized as legal status. Even though Many people worried about the time-off system, this system is settled smoothly at most of the companies. Labor in the field, time-off workers do not have found any institutional differences with conventional full-time union officials. Newly recognized time-off system has just a variety of problems and many important tasks are required. According to Kimhae and Yangsan's corporate investigation, time-off system has some merits that lead to the existing union to be changed positively, but on the other hand it has some demerits such as opposing and clash between unions. In conclusion, by means of demanding they be granted the three basic labor rights - to organize, bargain collectively and strike, result from Constitution, article 33 (1) and the right of time-off worker resulted from article 24 (2 and 4) in the Labor Union and Labor Relations Coordination Act, the government try to find possible measures to stimulate on the practical operations for the legal purpose of the time-off system.

Investigating mathematics teachers in middle schools by questionnaire and interview, we find some problems of internal professional structure of mathematics teachers in middle schools. These are reflected in five aspects: professional theory, professional knowledge, professional ability, professional morality, reflection and innovative consciousness.

The article is based on official statistics and the survey conducted by the Institute of ethno-sector employees on “Ethno-social adaptation of the indigenous peoples of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) to the changing socio-economic environment.” This article presents the results of a sociological study. Project aims to investigate acute problems of socio-economic development of the indigenous peoples of Yakutia, whose living depends on natural and economic zone of residence. The author summarizes the empirical materials from the field research and data of experts on the daily life of the aboriginal population of Yakutia. We collect opinion of aboriginal people about state support for the provision of priority rights (privileges), including conducting of the traditional sectors of the economy (reindeer herding, hunting and trapping), getting education (profession) out of competition, medical treatment and health care, housing and residental construction, lowering of the retirement age for workers of traditional industries in northen regions. In addition, emphasis was put on respondents' attitude to the problems of employment and labor conditions, subsistence of aboriginal families, and their health state, also it shows respondents' assessment of their financial situation for different time periods. We marked the modern transformation of aboriginal communities in terms of socio-cultural modernization and the priorities of the state policy in relation to the northern territories and indigenous ethnic groups. The conclusion is that it is necessary to create more favorable conditions for the effective implementation of modernization process in various spheres of Northern indigenous peoples in the region, and take comprehensive measures for indigenous peoples’ social adaptation for new challenges.

China draws lots of attention from many multinational corporations all over the world as one of the biggest market in the world. Due to the huge territory and explosive population, it is considered that China has endless potentiality. Moreover, since China joined the WTO, China opens its market, developing the policies for opening of its market. Based on the enormous purchasing power, China gets another attention in industry of electronic commerce. With the development and expansion of information technologies, China's electronic commerce has rapidly developed. Since the market of electronic commerce in China is in the developing stage, there is still a big market for electronic commerce and also Chinese government has made much effort in order to develop the industry of electronic commerce. However, in spite of these circumstances, the Chinese electronic commerce industry is far behind the developed countries. There could be many reasons for slow development in industry of electronic commerce and the main purpose of this paper is to discuss these reasons. First of all, the current status of electronic commerce industry in China will be analysed, and then, main problems of electronic commerce industry will be discussed in order to find out the reasons why the industry of electronic commerce cannot develop as much as it is anticipated. It is expected that this paper can contribute to understanding electronic commerce industry in China, and it will be helpful for companies which have a plan to extend their businesses in China.

본 연구는 중국 초고령화 도시 6곳(난통시，선양시，창춘시，상하이시，충칭시，청두시)의 노인활동센터 서비스스케이프를 연구 목표로 선정하였다. 이전 연구에서 얻은결과에 대해 전문가 검증을 거쳐 중국 노인활동센터 서비스스케이프 분석 지표로 활용했으며, 중국 초고령화 도시6곳 노인활동센터의 이용자를 대상으로 만족도 조사를 진행하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 중국 6개 초고령화 도시 노인활동센터의 서비스스케이프에 대해 이용자 만족도를 분석하고 부족한 부분을 찾고자 한다. 도출한 문제점을 종합하여 중국 노인활동센터의 공통된 문제점을 도출할 수있을 것으로 기대된다. 연구결과는 중국 6개 초고령화도시의 노인활동센터 서비스스케이프의 분석지표를 통해사용자 만족도 조사와 종합 분석을 진행하여 중국 노인활동센터 서비스스케이프의 10가지 미비점을 도출하였으며, 이는 각각 환경적 요소(음악 시설), 심미적 요소(장식의색상, 인테리어 재질), 사회적 요소(이용자 수의 밀도, 기타 사용자의 반응), 기능적 요소(무장애 시설의 완비, 안내 사인, 공간 동선), 안전적 요소(화장실에 미끄럼 방지장치 완비, 무장애 시설)이다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 향후 본 연구는 전문가 인터뷰를 통해 10대 미비점의개선 방안과 중국 전역의 노인활동센터에 적용 가능한 표준 가이드라인을 도출할 수 있기를 기대한다.

In this study, the service scenes of activity centers for the elderly in six deeply aging cities in China (Nantong, Shenyang, Changchun, Shanghai, Chongqing and Chengdu) were selected as the research objectives. Based on the expert-validated service scenario analysis index of China's activity centers for the elderly derived from the previous study, this paper conducted a satisfaction survey of the users of activity centers for the elderly in six deeply aging cities in China. The purpose of this study is to analyze the user satisfaction of the service scenarios of activity centers for the elderly in six deeply aging cities in China, so as to find out the shortcomings. By summarizing the problems, we hope to find the common problems of China's elderly activity centers. The research results, through the analysis indicators of the service scenes of the activity centers for the elderly in 6 deeply aging cities in China, conducted a user satisfaction survey and comprehensive analysis, and obtained 10 deficiencies of the service scenes of the activity centers for the elderly in China. They are environmental factors (music facilities), aesthetic factors (decoration color, decoration material), social factors (user density, other users' reaction), functional factors (complete accessibility facilities, guide signs, space moving line), safety factors (complete antiskid facilities in the toilet, barrier-free facilities). Based on the research results, we hoped that through expert interviews in the future research, the improvement plan of 10 deficiencies and the standard guidelines applicable to the service scenes of China's activity centers for the elderly can be obtained.

China’s education resource investment is substantially inadequate, and GDP share not only lag far behind the developed countries, even less than most developing countries. For the deficiency of education resource investment, the only way is to exploit other sources of funds. In such a context, private education funds invested in education industry is the main way to solve the current education jam. However, public schools have the governmental appropriate fund; private schools do not have it. So some person say that public and private schools are not equal competition, private schools is in the disadvantage situation. National legislation seems support private schools more, but the tendency that ?macro sure, while micro negative? are more and more serious; the inequality between public and private schools through legislation and policy are more and more serious, peradventure the predominance and characteristic of private education contrarily are weaken or desalted gradually. A lot of scholars in Chinese education are attending and studying the constraining factors to the development of the Chinese private education.

이 논문의 목적은 1920년대 소비에트 비평의 주요 쟁점들을 살펴보는 데 있다. 첫째는 프롤레타리아 문학의 독자성 논쟁이고, 둘째는 동반자작가 논쟁이다. 이 두 논쟁은 혁명 직후 소비에트 비평을 이해하는 핵심적인 키워드이다. 이 논쟁의 대표적인 비평가는 보그다노프와 보론스키인데, 두 비평가는 예술의 본질과 동반자작가에 대한 평가에서 상반된 입장을 가지고 있었다. 보그다노프가 혁명기 문학의 사회적 역할을 강조하면서 프롤레타리아 문학의 독자성을 주장했다면 보론스키는 문학의 예술적 가치를 높이 평가하면서 동반자작가의 의미를 강조하였다. 두 비평가는 혁명 직후 프롤레타리아 문학에 대한 평가에서도 견해를 달리했다. 보그다노프가 프롤레타리아 문학을 높이 평가한 반면 보론스키는 프롤레타리아 문학이 아직 아마추어 수준에 불과하다고 본 것이다. 이와 더불어 1920년대 소비에트 비평의 변곡점이 되었던 것은 「문학에 대한 당의 정책」이다. 이 결의문은 동반자작가를 지원했던 20년대 소비에트 문학정책의 방향을 반영하고 있다. 하지만 이런 상황은 1932년 발표된 「문학, 예술조직의 개혁에 관하여」로 인해 완전히 바뀌게 된다. 이로 인해 소비에트 문학정책은 문학창작의 자유와 다양성을 억제하고 사회주의 리얼리즘을 지지하는 노선으로 귀결되고 만다.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the situation of literary criticism right after the Russian Revolution, focusing on the party 's policy on literature. First, we need to look at the background of this decision. I believe that this decision is the outcome of the controversial proletarian literary controversy and companion writer just after the revolution. The two arguments are in fact the same as those in front of the coin, which is essentially the same problem. It is a different two-pronged position on the question of "Is the identity of proletarian literature possible?" Here we will compare the critical views of A. Bogdanov and A. Voronzhi, two positions of representatives. Second, the above decision is overturned by another decision on "Reform of Literature and Art Organizations." Here, we will present a crucial difference between the two decisions by comparing them in detail. Third, I believe that the destruction of the first decision destroyed the diversity and creativity of Russian criticism shortly after the revolution. In short, here, we present the rigid cultural environment created by the second decision and its problems as conclusions.

지방자치제 실시이후, 선호시설 유치를 위한 자치단체들 간의 경쟁과 갈등은 더욱 심화되고 있으며 비효율적 정책집행으로 많은 문제점들이 나타나고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 선호시설에 대한 사례연구가 미미하다는 점에서 본 연구는 의의가 있을 것이다. 태권도공원 조성사업은 구체적인 예비타당성조사가 이루지지 않은 상태에서 사업구상과 경제적 파급효과가 발표되었다. 이러한 정부의 안일한 정책대응은 자치단체들 간의 과열경쟁을 부추겼고 정책지연을 초래하여 자치단체들의 과대한 유치비용만 발생시킨 채 원점으로 돌아가고 말았다. 문화관광부는 뒤늦게 예비타당성 조사를 실시하였으나 추진계획도 확정하지 못하였으며 예산확보가 힘들어지면서 2년이 넘도록 사업을 방치하였다. 참여정부가 출범하면서 사업을 재추진하였으나, 평가기준과 결과에 의혹이 제기되면서 유치탈락 자치단체들의 강력한 항의가 빗발쳤고 정책결정 불신으로까지 이어지게 되었다. 이러한 일련의 정책결정 과정에서 지적되는 많은 문제점들 중에서 몇 가지는 주시할 필요가 있을 것이다. 선호시설 유치에서 경쟁과 선택은 불가피하다. 그러나 사업구상과 불확실한 편익을 성급하게 공론화하는 것은 오히려 유치경쟁을 과열시킬 뿐이며 정책지연으로 엄청난 거래비용만 초래할 수 있다는 점이다. 더불어 공정한 부지선정을 위해서는 유치희망 자치단체들이 공감하고 인정할 수 있는 평가기준을 마련해야 하며 일관성 있는 정책추진이 이루어져야 한다는 것이다. 태권도공원 부지선정 사례는 합리적 절차와 공정하고 일관성 있는 정책추진의 중요성을 다시 한번 환기시키는 사례라고 볼 수 있다.

Since putting local autonomy into practice, competition and conflict among local autonomy entities for winning PIMFY facilities have increasingly been fierce, and reveals many problems due to ineffective policy enforcement. In spite of such problems, PIMFY facilities is scarcely studied. Many local autonomy entities also competed fiercely as soon as announcing its plan and economic spreading effect. However, the public works for constructing Taekwondo Park eventually resulted in policy delay due to over-competition and loose policy counter-measure of the authorities involved, announcing its plan without specific preliminary feasibility study. The public works returned to a starting situation, generating immense unnecessary transaction cost of local autonomy entities. Although Ministry of Culture ＆ Tourism belatedly carried out preliminary feasibility study, he still didn't decide its promoting schedule, and the public works was putted off for more than two years due to deficient budget. In the beginning of 2004, even though Ministry of Culture ＆ Tourism drove Taekwondo Park to build again, the local autonomy entities that fail to win the public works volleyed the strong protest, raising many doubts. The sitting decision of Taekwondo Park ultimately caused distrust of local autonomy entities. Such a general process of policy decision making on Taekwondo Park provides us with some important policy implications. Although competition and choice is inevitable in winning PIMFY Facilities, they caused over-competition and can raise immense transaction cost. Besides, to decide a siting for public works fairly, a government should make evaluation measures that can be agreed by local autonomy entities, and the plan and schedule of public works should be carried out consistently. The case for decision making of the siting of Taekwondo Park shows the importance of rational process, and fair and consistent policy enforcement.

제도설계라는 점에서 볼 때, 법률규정에 의해 후견인과 후견인의 권한이 정해지는 법정후견으로 후견수요자의 개인의 필요성을 충실히 반영하는 것에는 한계가 있을 수 밖에 없다. 법률은 개별성보다는 일반성을 추구하기 때문이다. 의사결정능력 장애인의 의사결정지원이나 의사결정대행에 대한 필요성은 개개인의 구체적 사정마다 다양할 수 밖에 없기 때문에, 지원이나 대행이 필요한 시점과 상황을 스스로 관리할 수 있게 하는 것이 최선이다. 개인의 입장에서 보더라도, 사적자치와 자기결정권을 최대한 존중하는 것이야말로 인권존중과 보호의 길일 것이다. 그러나 의사결정능력 장애인에게 고유한 바로 그 장애가 사적자치와 자기결정권의 온전한 실현에 영향을 미치기 때문에, 그 결함부분을 보완해 줌으로써 비장애인과 마찬가지로 자기결정권을 실질적으로 향유할 수 있도록 조력하는 것이 필요할 것이다. 이런 조력이 바로 UN 장애인권리협약 제3조에서 말하는 합리적 조정조치(reasonable accommodation)이다. 그 조력은 의사결정능력 장애인이 손쉽게 후견계약을 체결할 수 있게 조력해 주는 것, 그 계약이 충실히 이행될 수 있도록 보장하는 것이어야 할 것이다. 그 길은 가족, 친척, 가까운 친구 간의 무상계약으로 후견계약이 체결될 수 있도록 조력하는 것, 국가가-가령 공공후견센타 등의 조직을 통해- 임의후견인을 지원하고 감독하는 것이어야 할 것이다. 이런 합리적 조정을 실현한다면, 새로운 성년후견제도의 후견계약도 후견대체제도로서 또한 법정후견에 우선하는 중심제도로서 자리 잡을 수 있을 것이다.

From the perspective of system design, statutory or judicial guardianship, whereby a guardian is to be appointed and her/his authority and power are to be granted only in accordance with legal provisions, can meet difficulties in terms of its being unable to faithfully reflect individual needs of the wards. Relevant statutes tend to seek general solution rather than address individual needs. The needs of persons with dementia , developmental disabilities or mental disabilities for supported decision making or substituted decision making can be different and diverse from case to case, so that it is theoretically best for each individual to manage and administer the very situation of disabilities in decision making at present or in the future. From the perspective of individuals, to respect autonomy and right to self determination can not be separated from respecting and protecting their human rights. That being said, it is indispensible to supplement the very deficits arising from disabilities in decision making so as for disable persons to substantially enjoy as the same right to self determination as non-disabled persons do, because otherwise disabilities could disturb the full enjoyment of such right. Such an assistance is reasonable accommodation provided for in article 3 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Such a reasonable accommodation in this context should be to help disabled persons easily access and make guardianship contracts, and secure faithful performance by representatives of the contracts. It can materialize by state's helping family members, relatives or friends of disabled persons make guardianship contracts free of charge, and by assisting and supervising representatives by way of establishing the public guardianship center(s). If such a reasonable accommodation is realized, the Korean guardianship contract under the new Guardianship Act 2011 will become an important alternative to guardianship and preside the guardianship in terms of available means to persons with disabilities.

The purpose of this paper is to introduces the main contents of The 2010 Revised Draft of the General Provisions in Korean Criminal Act(the Draft 2010), to point out some problems of the Draft and to suggest some reasonable alternatives. The Contents of this paper is as follows :Ⅰ. Introduction Ⅱ. The Main Contents of the Draft 20101. The New Provision of nulla poena sine lege 2. The New Provision of the Cosmopolitanism 3. The Revision of the Elements of Crime and the Exemption or the Mitigation of Punishment 4. The Revision of the Co-Principals 5. The Abolition of Aggravating Punishment of the Repeated Crime 6. The Adjustment of the Kind of the Punishments 7. The Introduction of the Protective Confinement into Korean Criminal Act Ⅲ. The Problems of the Draft 2010 and the Alternatives 1. General Evaluation of the Draft 20102. The Problems of §2(The Timely Limit of Application) and the Alternatives 3. The Problems of §22 paragraph 3(actio libera in causa) and the Alternatives 4. The Problems of §32(Co-Principals) and the Alternatives 5. The Problems of §41(Term of Imprisonment) and the Alternatives 6. The Problems of §49(Discretionary Mitigation) and the Alternatives 7. The Problems of Protective Confinement and the Alernatives

우리나라는 국제입양에서 아동의 최선의 이익을 보호하기 위하여 헤이그국제사법회의에서 1993년 채택한 “국제입양에서 아동의 보호 및 협력에 관한 협약”(“협약”)에 2013. 5. 24. 서명하였으나 아직 비준은 하지 않았다. 과거 여러 차례 국제입양에 관한 법률안이 국회에 발의된 바 있었으나 입법에 이르지 못하였다. 마침내 2023. 7. 18. ‘국제입양에 관한 법률’(“국제입양법”)과 ‘입양특례법 전부개정법률’이 공포되어 2025. 7. 19. 국제입양법과 ‘국내입양에 관한 특별법’(“국내입양특별법”)이 시행될 예정이다. 이 글에서는 협약과 국제입양법을 중심으로 우리 국제입양법제의 변화와 넓은 의미의 국제사법적 논점을 다룬다. 협약은 국제입양에서 아동보호를 위한 최소한의 실질적 요건을 규정하고 국제적 협력 내지 공조체제를 확보하며, 그에 따라 이루어진 입양의 국제적 승인을 보장한다. 국제입양법은 첫째, 협약을 이행함으로써 국제입양에서 국가책임을 강화하는 체제로 개편하기 위하여 매우 중요한 법률이다. 둘째, 국제입양법은 협약이 적용되지 않는 입양을 규율한다. 협약의 이행은 국제가족법과 넓은 의미의 국제사법 및 국제인권법(피입양인(adoptee) 특히 아동의 인권 보호)의 문제이기 하다. 늦게나마 국제입양법이 제정된 것은 매우 다행스럽고 환영할 일이다. 그러나 국제입양법에는 아직 미흡한 점들이 있으므로 개정할 필요가 있다. 첫째, 국내로의 입양(제2장 제2절)에서 국제입양법 제22조 제1항은 출신국에서 입양이 성립하면 “우리나라에서도 (체약국인) 출신국 법에 따른 효력이 발생한다.”고 규정한다. 그러나 밑줄 친 부분은 협약 제26조에 정면으로 반하므로 개정하여야 한다. 둘째, 국내로의 입양(제2장 제2절)에서 국제입양법 제22조 제2항은 “민사소송법 제217조 제1항에 따른 요건을 갖춘 경우 우리나라에서도 (비체약국인) 출신국 법에 따른 효력이 발생한다.”고 규정하나 밑줄 친 부분은 외국판결의 승인에 관한 민사소송법 제217조의 해석론에 반한다. 늦었지만 국제입양법의 시행 전에 한국국제사법학회 차원의 검토를 거쳐 개정할 필요가 있다. 국제입양법의 시행까지 남은 기간 동안 국제입양법의 하위법령(대통령령, 보건복지부령과 대법원규칙)을 제대로 준비하여야 한다. 또한 정부는 국제입양협약의 발효에 맞추어 각종 선언을 포함하여 협약 비준을 위하여 적절한 조치를 취하여야 한다. 입양은 사회 구성원인 한 인간(피입양인)의 신분(친자관계) 변동을 초래하는 점에서 매우 중요한 법적 제도인데, 입양의 성립요건과 효과 등을 달리 규정하는 출신국과 수령국의 국가법이 적용되고, 그와 다른 층위에 있는 국제규범인 협약이 중첩적으로 적용되므로 협약이 적용되는 국제입양의 법리는 매우 까다로울 수밖에 없다.

Korea signed on May 24, 2013 the Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption (“Convention”), adopted in 1993 at the Hague Conference on Private International Law, which aims to protect the best interests of children in international adoption, but has not yet ratified it. In the past, several bills on intercountry adoption have been proposed at the National Assembly but have not been enacted. Finally, on July 18, 2023, the Act on International Adoption (“IAA”) and the Act to Amend the Special Adoption Act were promulgated, and the IAA and the “Special Domestic Adoption Act” will come into force on July 19, 2025. This article discusses the changes in Korea’s international adoption legal system and private international law issues, focusing on the Convention and the IAA. The Convention establishes minimum substantive requirements for the protection of children in intercountry adoption, provides for international cooperation and coordination, and ensures the international recognition of adoptions made pursuant to the Convention. The IAA is an important piece of legislation, first, to implement the Convention in Korea thereby reorganizing the adoption system to strengthen state responsibility in intercountry adoption. Second, IAA also governs adoptions not covered by the Convention. The implementation of the Convention is a matter of international family law, private international law in its broad sense, and international human rights law (i.e., the protection of the human rights of adoptees, especially adopted children). While it is very fortunate and welcome that the IAA has finally been enacted, albeit belatedly, there are still gaps as follows in the IAA that need to be addressed: First, in the intercountry adoption to Korea (Chapter 2, Section 2), Article 22(1) of the IAA provides that if an adoption is finalized in the country of origin, “it shall have effect in Korea in accordance with the law of the country of origin (being a Contracting State).” The underlined part is in direct contradiction to Article 26 of the Convention setting forth the effect of recognition under the Convention and should be amended. Second, in the intercountry adoption to Korea (Chapter 2, Section 2), Article 22(2) of the IAA provides that “if the requirements under Article 217(1) of the Civil Procedure Act (“CPA”) are met, it shall have effect in Korea in accordance with the law of the country of origin (being a non-Contracting State).” The underlined part is against Article 217 of the CPA regarding the recognition of foreign judgments. Therefore, it is necessary to arrange for the Korea Private International Law Association to review the IAA and revise the same before its implementation. Subordinate legislation (presidential decree, ministry of health and welfare decree, and supreme court rules) under the IAA should be properly prepared during the time remaining until the IAA enters into force. The Korean Government should also take appropriate measures to ratify the Convention, including making various declarations in time for its entry into force. Adoption is a very important legal system because (i) it changes the status (parent-child relationship) of a person (adoptee) as a member of society, (ii) the national laws of the country of origin and the receiving country, which stipulate different requirements and effects of adoption, are applied, and (iii) the Convention being an international norm at a different level, is applied overlappingly, so the legal ramifications surrounding intercountry adoption governed by the Convention are inevitably very complicated.