Earticle

본 연구는 한국과 일본 논문 서론에 나타나는 연구 정당화 전략을 분석하고, 각 정당화 전략의 특징과 한국과 일본의 경향 차이를 밝히는 것을 목표로 한다. 특히 지금까지 서론 연구 분야에서 많이 다뤄지지 않았던 사회과학 분야 학술논문을 분 석 대상으로 하였다. 세부 분야로는 경영학, 경제학, 법학, 심리학, 정치외교학 총 5 개 분야의 학술논문에서 연구를 정당화하기 위해 어떠한 전략을 사용하는지, 각 정 당화 전략은 어떠한 식으로 나타나는지에 대해 집중적으로 고찰하였다. 학술논문은 각 분야당 50편, 즉, 한국 논문과 일본 논문 각각 250편, 총 500편의 학술논문을 대 상으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 총 9가지의 연구 정당화 전략을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 한국 논문이 일본 논문에 비해 연구 정당화 전략을 보다 다양하게, 많이 사용하는 경향이 나타났 다. 특히나 명시적인 표현을 사용하여 연구를 정당화하는 ‘명시적 정당화 전략’에서 많은 차이를 보였다. 나아가 부정적인 주관이 포함된 정당화 전략의 경우, 한국 논 문에서 더 많이 사용되는 경향을 보였다. 한편, 한국과 일본의 차이는 없었으나 분 야에 따라 비슷한 경향, 차이가 나타나는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 언어나 문화권을 넘어, 나아가 같은 사회과학 분야일지라도 세부 분야가 다른 경우, 정당화 전략의 경향이 달라지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the research justification strategies and to clarify the differences in the research justification strategies of the introductions between Korean native speakers and Japanese native speakers. Academic articles in the field of social sciences, which have not been treated much in the research field of introductions, were targeted for analysis. A total of 500 academic articles, 50 each in business administration, economics, law, psychology, and political diplomacy were analyzed. The main results of the analysis are as follows. There is a total of nine different research justification strategies. In addition, A larger variety of justification strategies was found in Korean articles than the Japanese ones. In particular, there was a difference in the explicit justification strategy, which uses explicit expressions to justify the research. In addition, justification strategies that include negative subjectivity tended to be used more in the Korean articles. On the other hand, no difference was observed between the Korea and Japan articles, but similar trends and differences were found by fields. Through these results, it was confirmed that the tendency of justification strategies changes even in the same social science field, when the detail field becomes different.

『觀無量壽經』의「序分｣은 소위 ‘왕사성의 비극’으로 일컬어지는 빔비사라왕 가족의 비극을 배경으로 설정하고 있다. 그런데 이는 불교경전의 일반적인 배경과는 다른 측면으로 주목된다고 하겠다. 『관무량수경』의「서분｣이 왕사성의 비극을 배경으로 하는 표면적인 이유는 (極樂)淨土를 설하는 경전으로서 穢土에서의 극단적인 人間苦를 드러내어 예토를 싫어하고 정토를 희구하는 마음을 발하게 하기 위한 것으로 사료된다. 그러나 이 정도만으로는 왕사성의 비극을 굳이 경의 배경으로 삼는 타당성 확보에는 문제가 있을 수 있다. 이는 『관무량수경』을 제외한 다른 淨土系 경전들에서는 ｢서분｣에서와 같은 비극적인 현실인식이 전혀 나타나고 있지 않다는 점을 통해서 단적인 인식이 가능하다. 그러므로 우리는 ｢서분｣의 배경설정에 또 다른 입각점이 존재할 개연성에 관해서 추론해 볼 수가 있게 된다. 「서분｣은 주지하다시피, 왕사성의 비극이라는 역사적인 사실을 기초로 하고 있다. 그리고 이는 초기승단의 최대 문제점 중 하나인 제바달다의 破僧事와 밀접한 연관관계를 형성하고 있는 측면이다. 즉, 왕사성의 비극에는 빔비사라의 가족사 이외에도 파승사라는 승단의 측면이 이중적으로 얽혀 있는 것이다. 이와 같은 이중적인 측면은 우리에게 ｢서분｣이 왕사성의 비극을 배경으로 하는 내적인 원인파악에 있어서 단서를 제공해 준다. 이의 문제접근을 위해서 먼저 본고에서는 ‘왕사성 비극의 원인’과 ‘불교와의 관계’를 정리하고, 이를 통해서 「서분｣의 전체적인 의의를 확보해 보고자 하였다. 그리고 이를 통해서 우리는 「서분｣이 파승사와 관계된 ‘붓다의 행위적인 타당성을 옹호’하고, 아사세와 관계되어서는 惡業을 지었지만 붓다와 관계되어서는 善業을 쌓은 ‘惡人 빔비사라·위제희에 대한 종교적인 구원’을 설시하고 있다는 것을 파악해 볼 수가 있다. 즉, 「서분｣은 파승사와 관계되어서는 붓다의 존엄성을 顯揚하고, 악인인 빔비사라·위제희와 관련하여서는 심대한 악인도 구제될 수 있다는 정토불교적인 종교적 가치를 드러내고 있다고 하겠다.

The <Introduction> of ≪Amitāyur-dhyāna Sūtra≫ has settled the tragedy of King Bimbisāra and his family, which is called 'the tragedy of Rājagṛha', as its background. It is very different from the general background of Buddhist sutras, and thus is noteworthy. The superficial reason that the <Introduction> of ≪Amitāyur-dhyāna Sūtra≫ has settled the tragedy of Rājagṛha as its background seems to reveal the human pains in the Dirty Land more drastically to lead the people to hate this Dirty Land and hope the Pure Land, for it is the sutra to preach the Paradise Pure Land. But, it cannot give the full validity in its settling of the tragedy of Rājagṛha as its background, because there are no Pure-Land-related sutras except ≪Amitāyur-dhyāna Sūtra≫ dealing with the tragic facts in this world in their <Introduction>. Therefore, we can think about the possibility of another intention in settling the background of the <Introduction>. As we know well, the <Introduction> is based on a historical fact, the tragedy of Rājagṛha. This fact has a close relationship with one of the most serious problems in the early Buddhism, that is, Devadatta's saṃgha-bheda affair. Thus, the tragedy of Rājagṛha is doubly implicated in the saṃgha-bheda affair as well as in the family history of Bimbisāra. This kind of double aspects suggests us a clue to comprehend the internal cause for the settlement of Rājagṛha's tragedy as the background of <Introduction>. For the approach of this problem, 'the cause of Rājagṛha's tragedy' and 'the relationship with Buddhism' were dealt with and then through this the comprehensive meaning of the <Introduction> was analyzed. As a result, we can find that the <Introduction> is supporting 'the validity of Buddha's conduct' in the saṃgha-bheda affair. Moreover, we can think that it is preaching the 'religious salvation of evil Bimbisāra and Vaidehī' who had committed the evil karma concerning Ajātaśatru but achieved the good karma concerning Buddha. In other words, the <Introduction> seems to exalt Buddha's dignity in relation with the saṃgha-bheda affair and to reveal the religious value of Pure Land Buddhism that everybody can be saved, however wicked he/she may be, in relation with Bimbisāra and Vaidehī.

본 연구는 국내 전기 자동차 시장의 사례를 조명함으로써, 전통적인 파이프라인 방식의 전략이 아닌 새로운 플랫폼 전략에 따른 시장 활성화 방안을 살펴보고 있다. 도입기에 막 들어선 국내 전기 자동차 시장을 활성화시킬 방안을 살펴보기 위해서는, 새로운 플랫폼 전략에 주목할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해, 플랫폼 기업 수명 주기 중 도입기의 플랫폼 주체가 당면한 문제를 극복한 방식과 전략을 분석함으로써 정부 및 산하기관의 수준 에서 고려될 수 있는 국내 전기 자동차 시장의 활성화 방안을 모색하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 분석 결과를 살펴보면, 도입기의 국내 전기 자동 차 시장 활성화를 위해서는 먼저 균일화된 단위를 생성해 기존 도로 사용자들이 이용하는 고속도로에 전기 자동차 도로를 설치하여 이들이 본 플 랫폼에 참여할 만한 가치 단위를 생성하는 업혀가기(piggyback) 전략이 선택될 필요가 있다. 또한, 씨뿌리기(seed) 전략을 통해 플랫폼 참여자의 수를 확장하는 방식으로 슈퍼 커패시터(super capacitor)가 활용되는 버스 정류장을 통해 버스 탑승객들을 전기 배터리 플랫폼에 끌어들여 플랫폼 참여자들 간의 핵심 상호작용을 증가시킬 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구 결과는 전기 자동차 생태계에 관련된 기관 및 이해관계자들에게 실무적 시사점 을 제공하고 있다. 뿐만 아니라 국내의 전기 자동차 산업 관련 주체가 도입기를 성공적으로 운영하여 성장기에 이르기 위해 필요한 플랫폼 전략에 대한 분석의 틀을 제공했다는 점에서 본 연구는 향후 도입기의 플랫폼 전략 및 국내 전기 자동차 관련 기업 연구의 토대를 제시하고 있다.

This study examines ways to revitalize the market according to a new platform strategy rather than a traditional pipeline strategy by highlighting the case of the domestic electric vehicle market. In order to look at ways to revitalize the domestic electric vehicle market, which has just entered its introduction period, it is necessary to pay attention to new platformstrategies. The purpose of this study is to find ways to revitalize the domestic electric vehicle market that can be considered at the level of the government and affiliated organizations by analyzing the methods and strategies facing the platform subject in the introduction period. According to the analysis results, it is necessary to select Piggyback strategy that creates value units to participate in this platformby creating electric vehicle roads on highways used by existing road users to revitalize the domestic electric vehicle market during the introduction period. In addition, Seed strategy would increase key interactions between electric battery platforms and platform users through bus stops with super capacitor batteries. The findings provide practical implications to institutions and stakeholders related to the electric vehicle ecosystem. In addition, this study presented the basis for research on platform strategies of domestic electric vehicle industry-related entities successfully operated the introduction period and framework for analysis on domestic electric vehicle-related companies in the future.

본고의 목적은 조선시대 한글 간찰과 이메일을 대상으로 상투적인 표현을 비교·분석하는 데 있다. 상투적 표현은 일반적으로 書頭부분과 結末부분에서 두드러지게 쓰인다. 서두에서는 呼稱과 安否人事에서, 結末에서는 結末人事와 結句에서 많이 쓰인 것을 알 수 있었다.人便을 통해 주고받던 조선시대 한글 간찰의 피봉(겉봉)에는 대부분 受信者의 정보만 담기는데, 간찰의 傳達者가 發信者와 受信者를 잘 아는 사람이기에 굳이 발신자의 상세한 정보를 피봉에 쓸 필요가 없기 때문이다. 호칭 상투적 표현의 경우, 卑稱에서는 ‘∼에게’ 형이, 尊稱에서는 ‘∼께’형이 간찰과 이메일에서 두루 쓰이고 있음을 확인하였다. 계절인사는 간찰이나 이메일 모두에서 상투적 표현으로 자리 잡지 못했음을 확인하였다. 안부인사는 [수신자 안부 + 발신자 안부]의 구성을 보이는데, 간찰에서는 이 구성이 상투적 표현으로 잘 드러나지만, 이메일의 경우는 상투적 표현으로 [수신자 안부]만 어느 정도 드러나고 [발신자 안부]는 상투적 표현으로 자리 잡지 못하였으며 생략되는 일도 흔하였다. 결말에서는 간찰의 경우, [결말 인사 + 결구]의 구성에서 상투적 표현이 잘 드러나지만, 이메일의 경우, 상투적 표현이 자리 잡지 못하였으며 생략되는 일도 흔하였다. 결론적으로 상투적 표현은 간찰의 경우, 16세기 <순언>에서 고유어 중심의 표현이 자리 잡기 시작하였으며 17세기 <현언>에서는 답보상태를 보이다가 19세기 <징언>에서는 한문 간찰의 영향을 강하게 받아 보수적 표현으로 퇴행하였다고 말할 수 있다. 이메일에서는 전반적으로 상투적 표현이 사라지고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this article is to compare and analyze the conventional expression of Hangul Ganchal in Cheosun Dynasty and Email. Conventional expression is used remarkably in introductions and conclusions. In introduction, it is used for addressing and safety greetings while in conclusion, it is used for closing address and closing words. In Cheosun Dynasty, an envelope of Ganchal only included the details of the receiver because the letter was genuinely delivered by someone who knew the receiver and the sender very well. An envelope of Ganchal is applicable to the screen of the internet which is used for emailing. In an email, we see the name of the sender and the title of the text and once we click the title, we are able to view the text. The difference between the Ganchal and the email was reflected on how the receiver’s detail showed on Ganchal and the email show the sender’s details. In a case of addressing in a letter while using the conventional expression, we can see how we use “To∼” in humble term and “ ∼께” in a honorific term. We confirmed that the conventional expression has not yet settled in both of the Gnachal and email for the seasonal greetings. The safety greetings comprised with both of the senders’ and receivers’ latest updates. In Ganchal, this composition is well described conventionally, whereas in emails, only the receivers’ latest news are written but the senders’ latest updates are hard to be seen throughout the text. In Ganchal’s closing section, the closing address and closing words were expressed conventionally. However, in the case of email; those were again hard to be found throughout. To conclude, in Ganchal the conventional expression was developed and placed in 16thcentury(Sun-eon) when there was a focus in our native language. In 17thcentury(Hyeon-eon), it stood still for a sometime and moved on to 19thcentury(Jing-eon) when there was a strong in fluence of Hangul Ganchal, which resulted in regression to the conservative expression. In general, we are able to confirm that the conventional expression is slowly disappearing.

Since the advent of ChatGPT, researchers have rapidly adopted generative artificial intelligence (AI) for academic work, with monthly use reported by 69.4% of natural science researchers and 51.2% of medical researchers. This educational article surveys AI tools for literature search and trend analysis, study-oriented article organization, and manuscript drafting and editing, while emphasizing that these tools complement?not replace?critical reading and standard database searches. For discovery and mapping, Research Rabbit and Connected Papers visualize related papers through citation links or content similarity, while Consensus summarizes the direction and strength of evidence addressing a focused research question. Elicit and SciSpace can extract methods and conclusions into structured tabular summaries to support scoping and gap identification, and STORM can generate knowledge maps for topic exploration; Liner offers research agents to support hypothesis generation and literature review. To extend reference-management workflows, the article proposes downloading relevant PDFs, uploading them to a large language model, extracting predefined fields (e.g., design, participants, interventions, outcomes, key statistics, limitations, and DOI) into a CSV file, and importing the output into a Notion database for tagging and tracking reading status. For writing support, SciSpace and Liner provide outline generation, citation assistance, and peer review style checks, whereas Paperpal, Wordvice.ai, and DeepL focus on grammar, paraphrasing, and translation, and Scite contextualizes citations by identifying whether they are supporting or contrasting. Key cautions include manual verification of AI outputs, awareness of English-language bias, avoidance of reliance on a single tool, and protection of manuscript confidentiality; authors must disclose AI use and remain accountable for accuracy. When used judiciously, these tools can streamline screening, summarization, and revision without eroding scholarly judgment.

The group of vegetables known collectively as Kyo-yasai is a key part of food culture in Kyoto, once Japan’s capital city for over 1000 years. A favorable climate and other cultural infuences enabled Kyo-yasai culture to fourish. This study reviews the history, work to preserve, and marketing of Kyo-yasai. It also summarizes the scientifc research conducted in the past few decades concerning breeding, functionality, nutrition, and taxonomy to provide an overview of Kyoyasai today. The frst record of heirloom vegetables in Japan was in the third century. After Kyoto became the capital in 794, a variety of vegetables were gradually introduced, and these have been developed and selected as Kyo-yasai for many centuries now. However, F1 vegetable cultivars became the national norm after World War II, and Kyo-yasai faced the risk of extinction. Consequently, farmers, researchers, municipalities, and other groups decided to preserve Kyo-yasai. In 1974, the Kyoto prefectural government began preserving Kyo-yasai seeds. At the time it also defned 37 heirloom vegetables as‘traditional Kyo-yasai.’ Additionally, agricultural cooperatives, wholesale markets, restau? rants, and municipalities started to promote sales of Kyo-yasai. Furthermore, a breeding program was set up by Kyoto prefectural institutes looking at ways of improving cultivation suitability. Functional and taxonomical research by Kyoto Prefectural University and other organizations has revealed not only that Kyo-yasai has higher functionality overall compared than common F1 cultivars, but also the genomic uniqueness of Kyo-yasai. These eforts collectively improved our understanding of Kyo-yasai and promoted their production. The preservation of these heirloom vegeta? bles has a clear beneft in that it would contribute to the diversity of species and food cultures

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Objective To predict the risk of falls, Fall Risk Assessment (FRA) system has been newly developed to measure multi-systemic balance control among community-dwelling older adults. The aim of this study was to examine the association between FRA and fall-related physical performance tests. Methods A total of 289 community-dwelling adults aged 65 years and older participated in this cross-sectional study. All participants underwent FRA test and physical performance tests such as Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). Results Participants who were younger, male, highly educated, living with family members, having high body mass index, having high appendicular lean mass index, and having no irritative lower urinary tract syndrome were more likely to have higher FRA scores. SPPB (β=1.012), BBS (β=0.481), and TUG (β=-0.831) were significantly associated with FRA score after adjusting for the variables (all p<0.001). Conclusion FRA composite score was closely correlated with SPPB, BBS, and TUG, suggesting that FRA is a promising candidate as a screening tool to predict falls among community-dwelling elderly people.

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In Korea, rehabilitation counseling has a relatively brief history. Since its inception in the early 1990s, the rehabilitation counseling profession has demonstrated enormous growth despite the challenges inherent to a developing profession. This paper provides an overview of the rehabilitation counseling profession in the United States. An emphasis on the following topical areas will be addressed: the historical context of the rehabilitation profession, the educational training model, the credentialing of the profession, the professional organizations, the role and functions of rehabilitation counselors, the job market, and the philosophical and ethical foundation of the profession. In addition, emerging challenges inherent to the rehabilitation counseling profession in the United States are addressed. Lastly, suggestions for the Korean society of rehabilitation counseling are provided.

The Quick Response (QR) code was first developed in 1994 by Denso Wave Incorporated, Japan. From that point on, it came into general use as an identification mark for all kinds of commercial products, advertisements, and other public announcements. In scholarly journals, the QR code is used to provide immediate direction to the journal homepage or specific content such as figures or videos. To produce a QR code and print it in the print version or upload to the web is very simple. Using a QR code producing program, an editor can add simple information to a website. After that, a QR code is produced. A QR code is very stable, such that it can be used for a long time without loss of quality. Producing and adding QR codes to a journal costs nothing; therefore, to increase the visibility of their journals, it is time for editors to add QR codes to their journals.

Fermented food has been an integral part of many cultures and communities around the world. In Malaysia, fermented foods hold signifcant cultural and culinary importance, refecting the country’s multicultural heritage and unique gastronomical landscape. This exploratory paper provides an in-depth examination of traditional fermented foods in Malaysia, focusing on their historical signifcance, cultural context, diversity, health benefts, and production methods. Through a semi-systematic review, the paper explores the cultural importance, health advantages, and economic potential of these foods while emphasizing their role in cultural preservation and sustainable food practices. We discuss the ingredients used, preparation methods, and fermentation times of Malaysian fermented foods like belacan, budu, cincalok, pekasam, tempoyak, and tapai, emphasizing their potential health benefts and how they difer in various fermented food types available in Malaysia. This research also discusses the microbial processes involved in fermentation and highlights the importance of standardized food processing methods and stringent quality control measures to ensure the safety and quality of Malaysian fermented foods. The cultural signifcance and economic potential are investigated, exploring opportunities for niche market development, job creation, and livelihood improvement. To preserve these culinary traditions, the challenges and opportunities associated with revitalizing fermented food production in Malaysia are discussed, considering implications for food sustainability, cultural preservation, and community resilience

Electrical and mechanical failures in electric vehicles (EVs) during passenger operation cause significant operational losses and elevated energy consumption, amplifying range anxiety. To address this issue, we utilized 250,000 rows of real-time data from electric trolleybuses operating in Turkiye to develop a robust artificial intelligence (AI)-based optimization model for failure mitigation. Initially, Tri layered Neural Network (TNN) was employed to create a predictive function for electrical and mechanical failures, followed by comparative analyses across six optimization algorithms widely adopted in failure prediction studies. Among these, the Developed Honey Badger Algorithm with AI Approach (DHBA) emerged as the most effective, achieving a predictive accuracy improvement of 15 % over the standard Honey Badger Algorithm (HBA). The DHBA incorporates a Dynamic Fitness-Distance Balance (DFDB) mechanism and a novel spiral motion feature to enhance search precision, leading to the DHBA-FPM (Developed-Honey Badger Algorithm - Failure Prediction Model). The final DHBA-FPM model was applied to the 10 highest-density bus routes in Turkiye to predict and optimize failures. Results indicate that applying the DHBA-FPM model across these routes yielded a 3.96 % average range increase in EVs, extending the total range by approximately 79,200 km annually. It can be concluded that the model could prevent the release of 238.7 tons/year of CO2, NO, and NO2 emissions through its potential to improve both the operational efficiency and sustainability of EVs in public transit networks.

This study investigates the deployment and utilization of Information and Communication Technology-enabled Emergency Medical Services (ICT-EMS) in North Chungcheong Province, South Korea, with an emphasis on community-level intervention. This study analyzed the impact of this system on patient transfer efficiency and hospital selection processes using semi-structured interviews. Interviews with sixteen participants reveal strengths such as enhanced record-keeping and improved data accessibility, particularly beneficial during mass casualty incidents. However, technical issues, manpower shortages, and environmental challenges pose significant hurdles. Despite these challenges, ongoing enhancements aim to streamline the system and expand its coverage. The study provides valuable insights into the integration of technology in emergency response systems, emphasizing the need for continued improvements to optimize efficiency and effectiveness. Future research should explore broader evaluations and stakeholder perspectives to further enhance ICT-EMS implementation.