Earticle

The in vitro experiment was conducted to ensure the supplemental level of spent Flammulina velutipes mushroom substrates (SMS) as an energy source in manufacturing of whole crop sorghum silage. Sorghum harvested at heading stage was ensiled with spent mushroom substrates of 20% (S-20), 40% (S-40) and 60% (S-60) as fresh matter basis for 6 week. The experiment was conducted by 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 hrs of incubation time with 3 replications. The silages were evaluated fermentation characteristics and dry matter digestibility (DMD) in vitro. The pH of in vitro solution was inclined to decrease with elapsing the incubation time, and that of the S-20 was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the other treatment at 48 hr of incubation. Gas production was greater (P<0.05) in the S-20 than the other treatments at 6 and 12 hrs of incubation. The microbial growth in vitro was inclined to decrease following 24 hr of incubation, and thereafter sustained the similar levels. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was lowered by increasing the supplemental level of spent mushroom substrate, and was a low level in the S-60 throughout whole incubation time. Although the IVDMD for S-40 was steadily increased from 9 hr of incubation and reached to similar level with the S-20 at 48 hour of incubation, however SMS for whole crop sorghum silage fermentation might as well add about 20 to 30% in fresh matter basis when considering DMD.

본 연구는 비육기 한우 사료 첨가제로서 청각(Codium fragile)의 다양한 세척 전처리가 반추위 발효와 메탄(CH4) 발생량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 한우 반추위 in vitro 발효실험을 수행하였다. 해조류는 기질 사료(조사료 : 농후사료 = 3:7) 건물 함량 기준 0.5%(DM, w/w)로 첨가 하였다. 실험 처리구는 기질 사료(C), 비세척(T1), 0°C 세척 (T2), 22°C 세척(T3) 그리고 70°C 세척(T4)으로 총 5 처리 구이며, 세척의 경우 각 온도 처리로 설정된 증류수에 6분 간 담가 해양 이물질을 제거하였다. pH는 배양시간이 지 남에 따라 점진적으로 감소했으며, 배양 48시간대 T2, T3 및 T4의 건물 분해율이 유의적으로 가장 높았고, C, T1이 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 배양 48시간대 NH3-N 농도는 T3, T4가 유의적으로 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 배양 48시간대 T4의 총 가스 발생량은 C에 비해 19% 낮았다(p<0.01). 배 양 48시간대 투입된 사료 대비 발생한 CH4 발생량은 배양 48시간대 모든 청각 처리가 C에 비해 유의적으로 낮았으 며, 특히 T3는 31% 저감 효과를 보였다(p<0.01). 분해된 건 물량 대비 발생한 CH4 발생량 역시 유사한 양상을 보였 으며 배양 48시간대 T3는 C에 비해 39% 저감 효과를 보 였다(p<0.01). 배양 24시간대 T1과 T4의 total VFA가 유의 적으로 높았다(p<0.05). Acetate 비율은 배양 48시간대 C가 유의적으로 가장 높고 T3가 가장 낮았다(p<0.01). Propionate 비율은 배양 48시간대 T3가 유의적으로 높았 으며, C가 가장 낮았다(p<0.01). A:P ratio는 배양 48시간대 C가 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.01). 배양 24시간대 T4의 butyrate 비율은 유의적으로 가장 높았으며, T3는 가장 낮 았다(p<0.01). 본 실험 결과, 국내 자생 청각(Codium fragile) 을 비육기 한우 사료 첨가제 수준으로 반추위 in vitro 실 험을 진행하였을 때, 청각의 메탄 저감 효과를 확인하였으 며, 세척 처리의 영향은 크지 않음을 확인하였다. 그러나 세척 과정이 필요한 경우, 이물질 제거를 위해 22℃에서 세척하는 것이 가장 적절하다고 판단된다.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of various washing pre-treatments of native Codium fragile as a feed additive on in vitro ruminal fermentation and CH4 production in ruminants. Seaweed was included at 0.5% dry matter (DM) based on the experimental feed (forage : concentrate = 3:7). Treatment groups were classified as follows: experimental feed (C), no washing (T1), washing at 0°C (T2), washing at 22°C (T3) and washing at 70°C (T4) each immersed for 6 minutes in distilled water. The pH consistently fell within the ruminal stability range. In vitro dry matter digestibility was significantly highest in T2, T3, T4 and C, T4 was the lowest at 48 h (p<0.05). NH3-N concentration was significantly highest in T4 at 48 h (p<0.05). Total gas production at 48 h was 19% lower in T4 compared to C (p<0.01). CH4 production (mL/g DM) at 48 h was lower in all treatment groups compared to C, with T3 showing a 31% reduction (p<0.01). Similarly, CH4 production (mL/g dry matter degradability, DMD) at 48 h was 39% lower for T3 compared to C (p<0.01). At 24 h, total VFA was significantly highest in T1 and T4 (p<0.05). The proportions of acetate was significantly highest in C and T3 was the lowest at 48 h (p<0.01). The proportions of propionate was significantly highest in T3 and C was the lowest at 48 h (p<0.01). The acetate to propionate ratio was singnificantly highest in C at 48 h (p<0.01). The proportions of butyrate at 24 h was lower for T3 compared to C (p<0.05). Therefore, this study confirms that Codium fragile can reduce CH4 production when used as a feed additive for ruminants and this effect is not significantly influenced by the washing pre-treatment. However, if washing process is necessary, washing at 22°C is the most appropriate method to remove foreign objects.

Heloniopsis orientalis (Liliaceae) is an important horticultural crop native to Korea. Under natural conditions, germination is poor and plant growth is delayed. Therefore, we have developed a vegetative propagation method to produce plants with vigorous growth characteristics via tissue culture. The regenerated shoots were then initiated directly from leaf explants on an MS medium containing either 0.5 to 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D or 1.0 to 3.0 mg/L BA. Healthy plantlets with adventitious roots were formed on the medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BA (81%). BA triggered callus initiation without caulogenesis or rhizogenesis, and callus formation was better on the half-strength MS medium than on the full-strength medium. This in vitro propagation protocol will be useful for conservation, as well as for mass propagation.

목적: 기능성 천연물질로 서양 승마 뿌리 추출물의 활용 가능성을 규명하기 위하여 항산화능, 총 폴리페놀 함량과 총 플라보노이드 함량, 항균효과, 세포독성, 산화질소 생성 억제활성, elastase 활성억제활성, hMMP-1 저해활성 등을 연구하였다. 방법: 건조된 서 양 승마 뿌리는 분쇄 후 메탄올로 추출한 뒤 동결건조 추출물로 최종 준비되었다. 분석을 위해 자유라디칼 소거능, 폴리페놀 및 플 라보노이드 함량 측정, 황색포도상구균 성장 억제 측정, 세포 배양 후 생존율 측정, 염증성 사이토카인 측정 등이 이루어졌다. 결과: 서양 승마 뿌리 추출물의 ABTS 및 DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 5,000 μg/mL 농도에서 각각 99.6%와 94.2% 이었고, 총 폴리페놀 함량 과 총 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 92±31 mg/g extract와 3.5±0.3 mg/g extract 이었다. 뿌리 추출물은 1,000 μg/mL에서 황색포 도상구균(Staphylococcus aureus)의 생장을 43.5% 억제하였다. 뿌리 추출물은 RAW 264.7 세포에 대한 세포 독성이 관찰되지 않았 다. 또한, 추출물은 100 μg/mL에서 TNF-α 발현 억제 효율이 55.3% 이었고, NO 발현은 무자극의 대조군과 거의 유사할 정도로 억 제하였다. 뿌리 추출물은 1,000 μg/mL 농도에서 elastase 활성억제 효능이 약 43.02% 이었고, HDFs 세포의 hMMP-1 발현을 100 μg/mL에서 약 89.1% 억제하였다. 결론: 본 연구 결과는 서양 승마 뿌리 추출물이 항산화능, 총 폴리페놀 함량과 총 플라보노이드 함량, 항균효과, 세포독성, 산화질소 생성 억제활성, elastase 활성억제활성, hMMP-1 저해활성 등이 우수한 기능성 천연소재 중 하나임을 의미한다.

Purpose: This study investigated the potential of Actaea heracleifolia root extract as a functional natural material by analyzing its effects on antioxidant and anti-bacterial effect activity; polyphenol and flavonoid content; cytotoxicity; and nitric oxide (NO), elastase, and human matrix metalloproteinase-1 (hMMP-1) production. Methods: Dried A. heracleifolia roots were ground, extracted with methanol, and freeze-dried. Various assessments were conducted, including assessments of free radical scavenging, polyphenol and flavonoid content, Staphylococcus aureus growth inhibition, cell viability, and inflammatory cytokine production. Results: The ABTS and DPPH scavenging activities of the extract at 5,000 μg/mL were 99.6% and 94.2%, respectively. The total polyphenol and flavonoid levels were 92.3 and 3.5 mg/g extract, respectively. The extract inhibited S. aureus growth by 43.5% at 1,000 μg/mL. No cytotoxicity was observed in RAW 264.7 cells. At 100 μg/mL, the extract reduced TNF-α expression by 55.3%, and NO production was almost completely suppressed. Elastase production was reduced by 43.0% at 1,000 μg/mL, and the extract at 100 μg/mL decreased hMMP-1 expression in HDF cells by 89.1%. Conclusion: Based on its biological activities, A. heracleifolia root extract exhibits promise as functional natural material.

目的: 本研究通过分析大三叶升麻根提取物对抗氧化和抗菌活性、多酚和黄酮类化合物含量、细胞毒性以及一 氧化氮 (NO)、弹性蛋白酶和人基质金属蛋白酶-1 (hMMP-1)产生的影响，探究了大三叶升麻根提取物作为功能 性天然材料的潜力。方法: 将干燥的大三叶升麻根研磨，用甲醇提取，然后冷冻干燥。进行了各种评估，包括自 由基清除、多酚和黄酮类化合物含量、金黄色葡萄球菌生长抑制、细胞活力和炎性细胞因子产生。结果: 浓度为 5,000 μg/mL的提取物的ABTS和DPPH清除活性分别为99.6%和94.2%。总多酚和黄酮类化合物水平分别为92.3 和3.5 mg/g extract。浓度为1,000 μg/mL的提取物可抑制金黄色葡萄球菌生长43.5%。在RAW 264.7 细胞中 未观察到细胞毒性。浓度为100 μg/mL的提取物可使TNF-α表达降低55.3%，NO产生几乎完全被抑制。浓度为 1,000 μg/mL的提取物可使弹性蛋白酶产生减少43.0%，浓度为100 μg/mL的提取物可使HDF细胞中的hMMP-1 表达降低89.1%。结论: 基于其生物活性，大三叶升麻根提取物展现出作为功能性天然材料的前景。

Current developments in IVF and animal cloning have resulted in increasing demand for large quantities of oocytes and ovarian follicles at specific stages of development. These medical and scientific needs may be met by developing an optimal culture system for preantral follicles. In this study, we investigated the growth of porcine preantral follicle cultures in different media and in the presence and absence of serum. Follicles were manually dissected from ovaries obtained from prepubertal gilts at a local slaughterhouse, and cultured for 3 days in M199 or NCSU23 medium supplemented with porcine FSH, transferrin, L-ascorbic acid and insulin. Follicle diameters were measured on day 1 and 3 of culture. In Experiment 1, the effect of supplementing culture medium with fetal calf serum (FCS) on porcine preantral follicle growth was examined. In the group of cultures supplemented with FCS, follicle diameter after 3 days of culture, survival rate and antrum formation rate in the FCS group were significantly higher than those of the control group. In Experiment 2, the effects of culture medium (M199 and NCSU23) on follicle growth were compared. Follicle diameters were increased in the M199 group, compared with those in NCSU23 (p<0.05), but we observed no significant differences in survival and antrum formation rates between cultures grown in the two media. In conclusion, supplementation of the culture medium with serum enhances preantral follicle growth and antrum formation, and M199 is superior to NUSU23 for porcine preantral follicle culture in vitro.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of α-tocopherol on blastocysts development and subsequent cryosurvival of the vitrification. The α-tocopherol(0, 100, 200, 400 μM) was added in to culture medium for the bovine embryos. The blasocysts from the α-tocopherol and untreated control groups were then frozen-thawed, and their cryosurvival was assessed by in vitro culture for 48 h. There were no differences in the overall cleavage rate(56.14±4.66, 58.18±4.70, 62.97±6.86 and 51.17±7.28) among four treatment groups. However, in blastocyst development and total cell number were significantly higher in α-tocopherol 200 μM(38.60±7.12; 106.33±3.50) to culture medium than other treatment groups(29.30±5.24, 31.60±7.12 and 26.37±4.18; 101.36±5.12, 97.27±2.87, and 91.23±7.52 respectively). Before and after vitrification, the total cell number and blastocyst development of embryo were significantly higher in July to August than September to October. In conclusion, addition of α-tocopherol 200 μM to in vitro bovine embryo culture medium was beneficial for improving embryo quality by decreasing the embryo damage blsstocysts cell number and improving the tolerance of the embryos to cryopreservation.

본 연구는 소 배반포의 내부 세포괴로부터 다능성(pluripotency)을 지닌 배아 줄기 세포(embryonic stem cell) 또는 그 유사 세포를 분리 및 배양함으로써 줄기 세포 관련 분야의 기반 기술을 확립하고자 하였다. 소 체외수정란을 10～12일간 체외배양하여 생산된 부화 배반포를 세포분열이 불활성화된 생쥐 태아 섬유아 세포(mouse embryonic fibroblast, MEF) 위에서 배양하여 콜로니 형성을 유도하였으며, 이들로부터 내부 세포괴 유래의 형태를 지닌 것만을 광학현미경 하에서 물리적으로 분리하여 약 5～7일 간격으로 계대배양을 실시하였다. 이러한 방법을 통하여 배아 줄기 유사 세포의 특성을 40계대 이상 유지하는 2개의 세포주를 확립하였다. 각각의 세포주들은 높은 alkaline phosphatase(AP) 활성을 지니고 있었으며, 형광 면역 염색법과 PCR 기법을 사용하여 Oct-4, Nanog, STAT3, SSEA3 및 SSEA4의 발현을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 ,본 연구에서는 소 배반포로부터 배아 줄기 세포주를 확립하는 제반 기술이 확립되었다고 판단되며, 향후 관련 분야 연구에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study was conducted to examine the establishment of bovine ES-like cells havi ng pluripotency. The hatched blastocysts derived from culture of in vitro fertilized embryos for 10 to 12 days dissociated mechanically into ICM- and trophectoderm-rich clumps using needle, and cultured onto mitotically-inactivated MEF feeder layer. The primary colonies originated from ICM cells were detached mechanically 7 days after seeding and subsequent subculture was conducted at intervals of every 5 to 7 days. Two ES -like cell lines were established and maintained over 40 passages. Self-renewal of the established lines was confirmed by examining the alkaline phosphatase activity, stem cell-specific marker profiles including SSEA isotopes, Oct-4 and STAT3. Moreover, the established cell lines could produce anchorage-independent embryoid bodies (EBs) with gradual decrease of Oct-4 transcript level in time-dependent manner.

To evaluate the effect of spermatozoa culture on glycosidase activity of frozen-thawed spermatozoa in human, the spermatozoa were treated experimentally and assayed for activities of α-L-fucosidase, α-D-mannosidase, β-D-galactosidase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (β-GlcNAc’ase). The β-GlcNAc’ase activity was at least two-folds higher than other glycosidases regardless of spermatozoa incubation (p<0.05). The spermatozoa motility was decreased with incubation periods, but no effects by different glycosidases on the changes of spermatozoa motility during the various periods of incubation. In all glycosidases, the spermatozoa-zona binding rates in spermatozoa without incubation were higher than in spermatozoa incubated for 2 h (p<0.05). β-GlcNAc’ase is present mainly in the plasma membrane of spermatozoa frozen-thawed in human. It was also shown that the glycosidase activity was increased in all glycosidases in spite of lower sperm-zona binding by spermatozoa incubation.

본 연구는 옥수수 알곡의 가공방법(통 옥수수, 분쇄, flake 3.8mm, 2.8mm 및 1.5mm)이 in vitro 상의 건물 소화율 및 in sacco 방법에 있어 반추위 내에서의 건물 분해율에 미치는 영향를 규명하기 위해 반추위에 캐뉼라(cannulae)가 장착된 홀스타인 건유우 3두를 공시축으로 하여 수행하였는데 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 옥수수 가공형태별 in vitro 소화율은 in sacco 방법에서와 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 48시간 배양시에 1.5mm flake 및 분쇄한 옥수수가 각각 92.3, 91.2%로서 가장 높았다, 다음으로 2.8mm 및 3.8mm flake가 각각 83.9, 83.4%이였다. 특히, 통 옥수수는 가장 낮았으며, density가 낮은 통 옥수수가 높은 것보다 2배 이상 빠르게 분해되었다. In sacco 방법에 의한 건물 분해율은 48시간대에서 1.5mm flake, 분쇄 옥수수 및 2.8mm flake가 각각 94.4, 88.0 및 87.0%로서 가장 높았고, 3.8mm flake는 61.8%로서 이들보다 유의적으로 낮았다. Density가 낮은 통 옥수수가 높은 것보다 12시간대까지는 많이 분해되는 경향을 보였으나, 유의적인 차이가 없었고, 24, 48시간대에서는 유의하게 높아졌다. 본 연구의 결과를 종합하면, 옥수수를 분쇄하거나, flaking 처리를 하면 통 옥수수에 비하여 반추위 내에서 건물 분해율이 유의하게 증가되었다. 또한 flake의 가공정도를 증진시킬수록 건물 분해율이 유의하게 증가되었으며, 1.5 mm로 얇게 가공한 flake는 반추위 내에서 급속하게 분해되는 경향이었다. 한편, 같은 통 옥수수에서도 density가 낮은 것이 빠르게 분해되었다.

The objective of these studies were to examine the effects of processing methods of corn grains on in vitro dry matter digestability and in sacco degradability in the rumen by three ruminally cannulated dry Holstein cows. The corns for these experiments were untreated; whole corn L(density; 660 g/ℓ), whole corn H(density; 740 g/ℓ), and treated by four different types: Ground corn, 3.8 mm, 2.8 mm, and 1.5 mm flaked corns. The results obtained were summarized as follows: The DM degradabilities, after 48 hr incubation by in sacco method, were the highest(94.4, 88.0 and 87.0%, respectively) in 1.5 mm flaked corn, ground corn, and 2.8 mm flaked corn. The 3.8 mm flaked corn was degraded significantly lower than these. Until 12 hr incubation, whole corn L tended to be degraded little more than whole corn H, was not significantly different. However, after 24 hr incubation, the significant differences between whole corn L and whole corn H were shown(P<0.05). The DM digestabilities by in vitro digestion were the highest for 1.5 mm flaked corn and ground corn(92.3 and 91.2%, respectively)(P<0.05), followed by 2.8 mm and 3.8 mm flaked corn(83.9 and 83.4%, respectively), tended to be similar to those by in sacco method. Whole corn L was digested twice more rapidly than whole corn H. Summarizing the experimental data, compared with unprocessed corns, the flaked corns were significantly increased in the degradabilities of dry matter in the rumen. In addition, as increasing the flaking degree of corn, the degradabilities of dry matter were significantly improved. Referring to these kinds of physical characteristics of grain sources in the ruminal degradabilities, it is believed to be possible to optimize the environment of the fermentation in the rumen.

본 시험은 반추위 누관이 시술된 한우 수소 3두를 이용하여 쌀, 옥수수 및 보리의 in situ 분해율과 in vitro 시험으로서 영양소 분해율, 미생물 성장량, pH 변화 및 gas 발생량을 비교분석함으로써 쌀의 사료적 이용성을 평가해 보고자 수행되었다.In situ 건물 및 유기물 소실율은 반추위내 24시간 발효 시, 보리와 쌀은 거의 대부분이 소실된 반면, 옥수수는 약 67%만 소실되어 분해 속도가 매우 느린 것으로 나타났다. 수용성 물질인 ‘a’ 부분은 옥수수, 쌀, 보리 순으로 많았으며, 천천히 분해되는 ‘b’ 부분은 ‘a’ 부분과 정 반대의 경향으로서 ‘b’ 부분의 분해 상수(‘c’ 부분)로부터 시간당 건물과 유기물의 분해속도는 보리의 경우 각각 38.3%, 37.2%로서 쌀(7.7%, 5.6%)이나 옥수수(4.1%, 1.3%)에 비해 매우 빠르게 일어났다. In vitro 건물 및 유기물 분해율은 in situ 분해율에 비해 수준은 현저히 낮았으나, 보리, 쌀, 옥수수 순으로 높아 곡류 간 순서는 일치하였다. In vitro 미생물 성장은 쌀이 옥수수나 보리보다 상대적으로 낮았으나, 가스 발생량은 높게 나타났으며, pH는 발효시간에 따른 저하속도가 쌀에서 가장 느린 것으로 나타났다. 발효시간에 따른 미생물 성장량은 발효 12시간까지 높아졌다가 이후로 감소하였고, 배양액의 pH는 발효초기에는 높았다가 이후로 점차 감소하였으며, gas 발생량은 발효 9시간까지는 빠르게 증가하였다가 이후로 증가폭이 둔화되었다.이상의 결과에서 반추위내 건물과 유기물의 분해율과 발효시간의 경과에 따른 pH의 저하속도 등을 고려하면, 쌀은 옥수수와 함께 반추위내 발효 안정을 위한 에너지원으로서 사용 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Ground rice, barley and corn were fed separately to the ruminally cannulated Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) for comparing their in situ and in vitro degradabilities, microbial growth, pH and gas production. It has been found that nearly all the dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) in barley and rice disappeared during 24 hr suspension in the rumen, but those in corn were only reduced by around 67%. Water soluble DM and OM fractions(‘a’), ranked from highest to lowest was corn, then rice and finally barley, but the order was reversed for content ‘b’, degradable fraction during time ‘t’. Judging by the degradation parameter of ‘b’ fraction, degradation rates per hour of DM and OM for barley were 38.3% and 37.2% respectively, significantly higher than those for rice (7.7% and 5.6%) and corn (4.1% and 1.3%). In general, results obtained from in vitro degradability of DM and OM were lower than those from in situ trials, but the ranking order of degradability was in agreement between both trials. In particular, ground rice has relatively lower in vitro microbial growth than corn or barley, but exhibited higher gas production. In addition, in vitro microbial growth of ground rice increased with up to 12 hr of incubation period, thereafter experienced a decrease with extended incubation time. pH of in vitro solution of rice decreased following 9 hr of incubation but gas production increased rapidly during the same period. From the results of DM and OM degradabilities and pH changes of in vitro solution with incubation time, it is concluded that rice represents a good source of energy for stability of rumen fermentation.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of taro extract on brain resilience in in vitro Parkinson’s disease model induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Methods: To induce a neuroinflammatory reaction and the in vitro Parkinson’s disease model, SH-SY5Y cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 6-OHDA, respectively. After that, cells were treated with at various concentrations (1, 5, and 10 mg/mL) of taro extract. Then nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-6, synaptophysin (SYP) and growth associated protein (GAP)-43 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression level were measured. Results: Taro extract significantly suppressed LPS-induced NO production. Meanwhile, iNOS and IL-6 mRNA expression decreased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, taro increased the mRNA expression of SYP and GAP-43 mRNA. Conclusion: These findings indicate that taro played an important role in brain resilience by inhibiting neuronal cell death and promoting neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and neural plasticity. The results of this study suggest that taro may contribute to the prevention of neurodegenerative disease and become a new and safe therapeutic strategy for Parkinson’s disease.

새로운 기능성 소재를 발굴하기 위한 목적으로 2종의 박하(M. viridis (spicata), M. piperita)를 대상으로 수행된 몇 가지 in vitro 항산화계에서의 활성, 총페놀 함량 및 수율을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Superoxide 라디칼에 대한 박하의 소거능은 M. viridis가 M. piperita 보다 우수하였으며 특히 물 추출물은 대조물질인 ascorbic acid보다 우수하였다. 2. DPPH 라디칼에 대한 소거능은 메탄올 추출물 및 물 추출물 모두에서 M. viridis가 M. piperita보다 우수하였으며 특히 M. viridis의 메탄올 추출물은 롤α-tocopherol과 비슷한 수 준이었다. 3. 사람의 저밀도지단백질의 산화에 대한 박하의 저해활성을 분석한 결과는 M. viridis가 M. piperita 보다 우수하였으며 M. viridis의 모든 추출물 (65.88%~77.59%, 37.69%~87.21%)은 α-tocopherol (28.37%~66.54%)보다 월등하게 우수하였다. 4. Linoleic acid의 산화에 대한 저해효과는 M. viridis가 M. piperita보다 높았으며 α-tocopherol의 활성에 근접하는 수준이었다. 5. 총페놀 함량은 M. viridis (17.95% & 10.18%)가 M.piperita (15.44% & 9.19%)보다 높은 값을 나타내었으며 메탄올 추출물이 물 추출물보다 그 함량이 높았다. 6. 추출물의 수율은 메탄올 추출물 및 물 추출물 모두에서 M. piperita (14.1% & 14.6%)가 M. viridis (13.3% & 13.5%)보다 높게 나타나 항산화활성 및 총페놀 함량과는 상반되는 결과를 나타내었다. 이상의 실험결과를 종합할 때, 실험된 박하 중에서 M.viridis가 M. piperita보다 우수한 산업화 후보 자원이라고 사료된다.

For selecting a new candidate as functional material, this study was conducted on in vitro antioxidant activityand total phenol content of methanol and water extracts prepared from two Mentha species ( L..(M. spicata L.) andMentha piperita L, Extracts of M. viridis showed more eficient scavenging activity on superoxide and DPPH.(α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) radical and inhibitory activity on oxidation of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) induced by CuSO4and auto-oxidation of linoleic acid than those of M. piprita. Methanol extract (65.88%~77.59%) and water extract(37.69%~87.21%) of M. viridis also exhibited more potent inhibitory activity on LDL oxidation than that of α-tocopherol(28.37~66.54%) at 1~100. /. of final concentration. The total phenol contents of methanol extract and water extract of M.viridis (17.95% & 10.18%, respectively) as tannic acid equivalent were higher than those of M. piperita But the yields of methanol and water extracts of M. viridis (13.3% & 13.5%) were lower than those of M. piperita (14.1% &14.6%). The results implies that the extracts from M. viridis (spicata) is more useful material for industrialization as func-tional food than those from M. piperita.

본 실험은 alcohol 사료 처리에 따른 in vitro 발효 pattern의 변화를 검토하여 alcohol 사료 처리가 반추위내 발효 pattern에 미치는 영향을 규명코자 실시하였다. 시험구 처리는 배합사료를 첨가하는 대조구(control), 배합사료와 1, 3 및 5%의 alcohol 사료(Alcoholic feed; AF)를 첨가하는 처리구를 각각 AF-1구, AF-3구 및 AF-5구로 나누어 실시하였다. 배양 12시간 동안 ammonia 농도는 AF-1, AF-5구에서 대조구에 비해 낮았다(p<0.05). 배양액의 alcohol 농도는 alcohol 첨가 수준이 증가할수록 높았다(p<0.05). 배양 12시간에 TVFA 농도는 AF-1, AF-3 및 AF-5에서 대조구에 비해 현저히 높았다(p<0.05). 배양 8～12시간 사이에 acetate 비율은 대조구에서 빠른 속도로 감소하였으며, AF-1, AF-3 및 AF-5구에서는 일정한 수준을 유지하는 것으로 나타났다. Propionate 비율은 배양 8～12시간 사이에 AF-1, AF-3 및 AF-5에 비해 대조구에서 빠른 속도로 증가하였다(p<0.05). Butyrate 및 valerate 비율은 AF-1, AF-3 및 AF-5에서 대조구에 비해 높았다(p<0.05). Caproate 비율은 배양 8시간에 AF-1구, AF-3구 및 AF-5구에서 각각 0.05, 0.58 및 0.47M%로 나타났으나, 대조구에서는 검출되지 않았다. 본 실험의 결과에서 alcohol 사료의 처리는 in vitro 반추위액의 ammonia, alcohol 및 휘발성지방산 농도와 pH에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 또한 본 실험의 결과에서는 5%의 alcohol 첨가 수준이 여타 alcohol 첨가 수준에 비해 반추위 발효에 보다 효과적인 것으로 사료된다.

In this study, changes of ammonia, alcohol and volatile fatty acid(VFA) concentrations or pH in in vitro ruminal fluid were studied to determine the effects of alcoholic feeds on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics. To formulate the alcoholic feeds, alcohol was added to commercial formulated feed at the levels of 1, 3, and 5 %. Experiments were done with four treatment groups, control(commercial feed), AF-1(commercial feed+1% alcohol), AF-3(commercial feed+3% alcohol), and AF-5(commercial feed+5% alcohol). Ammonia concentrations of AF-1 and AF-5 were significantly lower than that of control for the 12h incubation(p<0.05). Ruminal alcohol concentration was increased with the addition level of alcohol increased(p<0.05). TVFA concentrations of AF-1, AF-3 and AF-5 were significantly higher than those of control at 12h(p<0.05). Significant decrease of molar percentage of acetate was observed in control from 8 to 12h incubation, but molar percentage of acetate for AF-1, AF-3 and AF-5 was constant. Molar percentage of propionate was increased in control compared with AF-1, AF-3 and AF-5 from 8 to 12h incubation(p<0.05). Molar percentages of butyrate and valerate were higher in AF-1, AF-3 and AF-5 than in control(p<0.05). Molar percentage of caproate for AF-1, AF-3 and AF-5 was 0.05, 0.58 and 0.47M% at 8h, respectively, but that was not detected for control. Present results may indicate that the alcoholic feeds show positive effects on in vitro ruminal ammonia, alcohol and VFA concentrations or pH. Furthermore, the results of this study implies that the addition level of 5% could be more effective to ruminal fermentation than other addition levels.