Earticle

본 연구에서는 우리나라 근대시기 유화 작품 3점(‘소년’, ‘소녀’, ‘혜화동풍경’)에 테라헤 르츠 이미징 기법을 활용하여 추출 가능한 작품 내부 정보의 종류와 이를 추출하기 위한 분석 조건을 연구하였다. 또한 테라헤르츠 스캔 적용 시 대상 작품의 굴곡에 따라 분석 대상 표면과 검출부 사이의 거리가 변화되어 발생하는 이미지 왜곡이 주된 문제점임을 파악하고, 이를 보완 하기 위한 방법으로 ‘작동 거리 유지 장치’를 고안하였다. 연구 결과, 테라헤르츠 이미징 기법을 이용하여 유화의 바탕재 특성과 내부의 손상형태를 파악할 수 있음을 확인하였고 각 특성을 확인할 수 있는 최적의 조건을 제시하였다. 바탕재의 특성과 하부층 확인에는 테라헤르츠 주파 수 분해 이미지를 활용하는 것이 유용하였으며 붓터치 등 채색기법을 파악하는 것에는 최대 반사피크 이미지와 단면 이미지가 효과적이었다. 또한 표면에서 관찰할 수 없는 작품 내부 손상 정보는 단면 이미지와 주파수 분해 이미지를 비교하는 것이 유용하였다. 회화작품에 적용한 결과, ‘소년’과 ‘소녀’에서는 내부의 구조적 손상 자국을, ‘혜화동풍경’에서는 작가의 채색 방식 을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과는 우리나라 근대기 유화의 예방보존 및 보존처리를 위한 상태분석 및 진단에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

In this study, we applied terahertz imaging technology to three Korean modern oil paintings (‘Boy,’ ‘Girl,’ and ‘Hyehwadong Landscape’); investigated the types of inner layer information in the pictures that can be extracted with terahertz imaging technology; and analyzed the conditions for extracting them. The biggest problem in the terahertz imaging analysis we encountered was the image distortion caused by the change of the distance between the target surface and the terahertz detector, depending on the surface curvature of the target paintings. We then developed a ‘working distance maintaining device’ to solve this problem. As a result, the terahertz imaging technique was used to identify the base material characteristics and any patterns of damage inside, and presented the optimal conditions for identifying each characteristic. In addition, it was useful to employ the terahertz frequency-division image to check the characteristics of the background materials. To confirm coloring techniques such as brush strokes, it is effective to compare the maximum reflection peak image with the cross-section image; and to detect damage information inside the paintings that cannot be observed on the surface, to compare the cross-section image with the frequency-division image. On the other hand, according to the terahertz imaging analysis of the oil paintings, the internal structural damage marks of ‘Boy’ and ‘Girl’ were confirmed, and the artist’s painting style was confirmed in ‘Hyehwadong Landscape.’ The above results are expected to be useful for the analysis and diagnosis of Korean modern oil paintings for their preservation.

Objective To quantify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) and to demonstrate the usefulness of quantitative MRI findings in the management of CMT.Methods This was a retrospective study of 160 subjects with CMT who had undergone neck MRI at the age of 48 months or younger at a tertiary medical center. Among the 160 subjects, 54 had undergone surgical release of CMT and 106 subjects had not undergone surgery. For the quantitative analysis, the ratios of area and intensity of the MRI findings were measured and compared between the two groups (ratio of area = the largest cross-sectional area of the SCM with CMT ? the cross-sectional area of the contralateral SCM without CMT / the cross-sectional area of the contralateral SCM without CMT; ratio of intensity = the mean gray color intensity of the contralateral SCM without CMT ? the lowest mean gray color intensity of the SCM with CMT / the mean gray color intensity of the contralateral SCM without CMT). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted for the ratios of area and intensity in order to find the optimal cutoff value for determining the need for surgery in CMT cases.Results The ratios of area and intensity were significantly higher in the surgical group than in the non-surgical group (p≤0.001), suggesting that the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) was thicker and darker in the surgical group than in the non-surgical group. The optimal cutoff value for the ratio of area was 0.17 and that for the ratio of intensity was 0.05. All subjects with a ratio of intensity less than 0.03 belonged to the non-surgical group, and all subjects with a ratio of intensity greater than 0.16 were categorized in the surgical group.Conclusion The quantitative MRI findings, i.e., ratios of area and intensity, may provide a guideline for deciding the need for surgical intervention in CMT patients. Further prospective studies are required to verify these findings.

Objective To investigate the clinical usefulness of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography in the prediction of outcomes after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) and to assess whether the predictability is different between DTI and tractography administered before and after surgery.Methods Sixty-one subjects with traumatic cervical SCI were randomly assigned to preop or postop groups and received DTI accordingly. Among the patients who had DTI before surgery, we assigned 10 patients who had received repeated DTI examinations at 8 weeks after injury to the follow-up group. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were obtained from DTI, and imaginary fiber and crossing fiber numbers were calculated from the tractography. Neurological status and functional status were assessed at 4 and 8 weeks after SCI.Results The neurologic and functional statuses of both groups improved after 4 weeks. Out of the initial 61 patients who were enrolled in the study, the failure rate of DTI image analysis was significantly higher in the postop group (n=17, 41.5%) than in the preop group (n=6, 20%). The FA values and fiber numbers in the preop group tended to be higher than those in the postop group, whereas ADC values were lower in the preop group. When comparing the tractographic findings in the follow-up group, imaginary fiber numbers at the C6 and C7 levels and crossing fiber numbers from the C3 to C6 levels were significantly decreased after surgery. Several DTI and tractographic parameters (especially the ADC value at the C4 level and imaginary fiber numbers at the C6 level) showed significant correlations with neurologic and functional statuses in both the preop and postop groups. These findings were most prominent when DTI and physical examination were simultaneously performed.Conclusion Preoperative DTI and tractography demonstrated better FA and ADC values with lower interpretation failure rates than those obtained after surgery, whereas postoperative data significantly reflected the patient’s clinical state at the time of evaluation. Therefore, DTI and tractography could be useful in predicting clinical outcomes after traumatic cervical SCI and should be interpreted separately before and after spine surgery.

Objective To explore the relationship between a number of clinically relevant variables and sonographic imaging data in respect to the level of impairment experienced in the affected and unaffected shoulders of hemiplegic stroke patients.Method Fifty-one hemiplegic stroke patients (32 males, 19 females; 29 right-sided hemiplegics, 22 left-sided hemiplegics) participated in this study. A musculoskeletal radiologist conducted a sonographic exam on both the affected and unaffected shoulders of all patients and two physicians classified the severity of the injury on a six-point rating scale. Clinical variables including age, sex, duration of injury, spasticity and muscle power of the hemiplegic side, and level of functional activity of the shoulder were assessed. Results The sonographic rating scores of hemiplegic shoulders were positively correlated with age (p<0.01) and negatively correlated with level of muscle spasticity (p<0.05). The sonographic rating scores of unaffected shoulders were positively correlated with duration of injury (p<0.01). Affected shoulders received sonographic rating scores that reflected significantly more impairment than those of unaffected shoulders (p<0.001), and pre-morbid handedness did not affect the relationship between impairment rating and shoulder injury status.Conclusion Hemiplegic stroke influences not only affected shoulders, but also unaffected sides. Proper management of spasticity, enhancement of motor recovery, and avoidance of unaffected shoulder overuse should be considered to prevent shoulder problems following strokes which result in hemiplegia.

Recently, intensive research has been conducted to develop innovative methods for diagnosing plant diseases based on hyperspectral technologies. Hyperspectral analysis is a new subject that combines optical spectroscopy and image analysis methods, which makes it possible to simultaneously evaluate both physiological and morphological parameters. Among the physiological and morphological parameters are classifying healthy and diseased plants, assessing the severity of the disease, differentiating the types of pathogens, and identifying the symptoms of biotic stresses at early stages, including during the incubation period, when the symptoms are not visible to the human eye. Plant diseases cause significant economic losses in agriculture around the world as the symptoms of diseases usually appear when the plants are infected severely. Early detection, quantification, and identification of plant diseases are crucial for the targeted application of plant protection measures in crop production. Hence, this can be done by possible applications of hyperspectral sensors and platforms on different scales for disease diagnosis. Further, the main areas of application of hyperspectral sensors in the diagnosis of plant diseases are considered, such as detection, differentiation, and identification of diseases, estimation of disease severity, and phenotyping of disease resistance of genotypes. This review provides a deeper understanding, of basic principles and implementation of hyperspectral sensors that can measure pathogen-induced changes in plant physiology. Hence, it brings together critically assessed reports and evaluations of researchers who have adopted the use of this application. This review concluded with an overview that hyperspectral sensors, as a non-invasive system of measurement can be adopted in early detection, identification, and possible solutions to farmers as it would empower prior intervention to help moderate against decrease in yield and/or total crop loss.

Due to the rapid senescence and short shelf-life, identifying fresh Agaricus bisporus requires careful attention. The representative indicator of quality status is the hardness of mushrooms, but there is a limitation that mushroom products are inevitably damaged when analyzing hardness values. In this study, the hardness of mushrooms was measured using the hyperspectral imaging (HSI) method, which is a non-destructive analytical tool, to overcome the limitations. In performance of HSI, hyperspectral wavelength bands were grouped according to A. bisporus hardness values which measured by texture profile analysis (TPA). The grouping was performed by dividing into two classes based on the median hardness value (over or under 15 N). We evaluated whether hyperspectral reflectance can stratify mushroom hardness into three groups by using principal component analysis (PCA) and random-forest (RF). As result, PCA scatter plots showed a partial visual tendency of separation near the hardness value of 14.93 N, and RF classification demonstrated moderate accuracy with 81%. In addition, Mean ± Std Dev spectra revealed clear differences between the two hardness group, particularly in the near-infrared region (800–900 nm), and ANOVA confirmed that multiple wavelength bands exhibited statistically significant differences (p<0.05). These results indicate that HSI can effectively capture variations in mushroom hardness across multiple spectral ranges. However, the limited number of samples and grouping approach constrained the robustness of classification, suggesting that larger datasets are required to generalize the findings. Based on improved experiments and expanded datasets, it is expected that mushroom hardness can ultimately be predicted through non-destructive HSI methods.

Pelvic pain is a multifactorial condition commonly associated with pelvic floor dysfunction. This meta-analytic systematic review assessed the efficacy of pelvic floor muscle exercises (PFME), with or without ultrasound imaging (USI) and/or biofeedback, in adults experiencing pelvic pain. Comprehensive literature searches of PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PEDro, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases from January 1990 to December 2024 identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting outcomes related to pain and/or pelvic floor structural and functional measures. Methodological quality was evaluated using the PEDro scale and the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Eight RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Random-effects meta-analyses, expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% CI, demonstrated significant reductions in pain (SMD −1.25 to −1.30) and substantial improvements in morphometric indices (SMD 0.95 to 1.50), alongside enhancements in muscle strength, bladder base displacement, and quality of life (QOL). Studies incorporating USI indicated improved motor control and adherence, suggesting a potential additive benefit of image- guided feedback. Overall, PFME represents an effective, non-invasive intervention for pelvic pain, yielding improvements in both structural and functional outcomes. Future research should focus on standardizing treatment protocols, extending follow-up durations, and elucidating underlying mechanisms to optimize dosing and identify patient subgroups most likely to benefit.

For the purpose of rheological analysis tack value, experimental relative reading, and search the relationships between tack values and rheological properties, we were studied using particulates filled alkys varnish. The results are as follows, 1. Tack values are affected by viscosity, and viscosity is affected by oil absorption relatively 2. G and G are in inverse proportion to tack values. 3. We could be measured the tack quantitatively by rheological, and predicted the values by loss tangent value

본 연구는 명명과제를 사용한 여러 연구를 분석하여 이 과제가 자극 목록의 구성과 지시에 따라 방략에 예민한 과제임을 밝혔다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 명명과제에 동원되는 심리과정들과 상관된 뇌 영역들을 찾은 연구들의 문제점이 지적되었다. 자기 개념과 상관된 뇌 영역을 찾는 많은 연구들도 과제를 분석하지 않았고 적절한 새 과제를 사용하지 않았다. 과제분석이 없는 메타 분석이 혼란된 결과를 분산처리의 증거로 해석할 가능성을 논했다.

This article examined several experimental studies that have used a naming task. This task turned out to be quite sensitive to strategies affected by stimulus lists and instructions. Lack of task analysis seems to have produced a false impression of distributed processing regarding neural bases of naming processes. A recent review also demonstrated the same lack of task analysis in the neural basis of self concept.

본 연구는 전통제철법인 정련 및 단접을 적용한 사철강괴(SI)의 미세조직을 파괴분석법인 현미경분석과 비파괴분석법인 중성자 영상 분석을 통해 분석결과를 비교하였다. 시료는 전통제 철법으로 생산한 사철강괴이며, 파괴분석용의 SI-A와 비파괴분석용의 9 cm2의 SI-B를 제작하였 다. 파괴분석으로 금속현미경과 주사전자현미경이 이용되었으며, 비파괴분석으로 일본 훗카이 도 대학의 소형 중성자원 이용시설을 통한 중성자 영상 분석을 이용하였다. 파괴분석결과 미세 한 ferrite 및 pearlite가, 시료의 가장자리에서 Widmanstätten ferrite와 조대한 ferrite가 관찰되었다. 또한 비파괴분석법인 중성자 영상 분석 결과 체심입방격자 구조의 grain size가 3 μm 정도의 α-Fe 인 ferrite와 층상의 pearlite가 관찰되었다. 이렇듯 중성자 영상 분석을 이용하면 비파괴로 연구대 상의 재료과학적 특성을 확인할 수 있고 문화재에 적용 시 최적의 연구결과를 얻을 수 있음을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this study was to compare analytical results of sand iron bars reproduced by the traditional iron-making method through a destructive analysis and a non-destructive analysis. For these studies, we produced two types of samples. One was sample(SI-A), a part of the sand iron bar for destructive analysis. The other was SI-B(9 cm2) for non-destructive analysis. A metallurgical microscope and scanning electron microscope were used for the destructive analysis, and neutron imaging analysis with the Hokkaido University Neutron Source (HUNS) at Hokkaido University, Japan, was used for the non-destructive analysis. The results obtained by destructive analysis showed that there was ferrite and pearlite of fine crystallite size, and some of these showed Widmanstätten ferrite microstructure grown within the pearlite and coarse ferrite at the edge of the specimen. The results from the neutron imaging analysis showed that there was also ferrite and pearlite with 3 μm α-Fe of BCC structure. Based on these results, neutron imaging analysis is capable of identifying material characteristics without destroying the object and obtaining optimal research results when applying it to objects of cultural heritage.

산업전반에 있어 각 기업들이 열심히 쌓아온 핵심기술들이 빈번히 유출되고 있다. 하지만 대부분의 기업에서는 핵심기술 유출에 대해 별 다른 대책 없이 핵 심기술이 유출당한 사실을 모른 채 유출에 활용된 컴퓨터를 계속 사용하기도 한 다. 이때, 유출에 사용된 저장매체에 대해 유출 의심자 혹은 대상자의 유출여부 를 확인하기 위해서는 유출에 사용된 하드디스크의 무결성이 가장 중요한 사항 이다. 대부분의 기업에서는 하드디스크에 대한 관리를 별도로 하지 않고 후임 사용자가 해당 컴퓨터를 사용하기 때문에 컴퓨터의 접근시간, 실행 날짜 등이 최근시간으로 변경된다. 이후 하드디스크는 무결성이 사라져 핵심기술 유출에 대한 유출 의심자 혹은 대상자 조사는 매우 어려워지게 된다. 따라서 본 연구에 서는 무결성 확보를 위해 디지털포렌식 이미징 프로그램을 이용한 초기 대응 방 법을 연구하고 어떤 이미징 프로그램이 실질적으로 잘 활용될 수 있는지 실험을 통해 분석하고자 한다. 정보보호 담당/겸임 인력이 없는 대부분의 중소기업에서 는 디지털포렌식 이미징 시간이 길어지면 담당 업무를 진행하기가 어렵고 외부 업체를 통해 진행하는 비용도 많이 들기 때문에 최대한 짧은 시간에 디지털포렌 식 이미징 처리를 하여 자체적인 Hash 값 획득을 통해 검증하는 것은 하나의 시간 및 비용절감의 방안이 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

When it comes to general industry, the core techniques accumulated by each company are being leaked. But, most companies are not aware of the leakage and continuously use the infected computers without any particular measures. At this time, the integrity of used hard disk or the suspected person is the most important. In many companies, there are no extra management for hard disk so that the next user continuously uses the computer, which changes the excess, execution date changed to the recent time. After, the integrity of hard disk is removed, thereby making it more difficult to investigate the suspect for the leakage. Accordingly, the research takes care of initial measures utilizing digital forensic imaging program for procuring integrity, and finds out which imaging program can be utilized effectively through an experiment.

일반적으로 뇌경색을 가장 간단하게 진단하는 방법으로 두부 CT 영상이 판독에 주로 이용되고 있고, 흉부 X선 영상을 이용한 폐암의 진단을 하기 위해서는 풍부한 경험을 가진 영상의학과 전문의가 필요하다. 그러나 풍부한 경험을 가진 의사도 과도한 업무와 피로 등으로 오진이 발생할 수 있다. 오진율의 증가는 폐암을 조기 진단에 장애가 되며, 환자의 생존율도 낮게 한다. 실험은 정상 환자의 영상과 뇌경색 환자 영상에 대해서 주성분 분석 실험을 한 후에 정상영상과 질환영상의 고유영상을 각각 추출하고 비교한 뒤 인식 효율을 비교하였다. 결과는 정상과 비정상의 폐의 인식률은 높았으나 학습된 정상영상 외의 다른 질환 폐의 인식 효율은 다소 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 두부 질환의 인식 효율을 높이는 알고리즘 연구가 계속된다면 타 질환의 영상에서 컴퓨터보조진단분야에 좋은 연구의 기반이 되리라 사료 된다.

The chest X-ray image is usually used for the diagnosis of lung cancer simply. Using this in order to diagnose the lung cancer, it needs doctors majored in reading radiology on basis of rich experience. Although there is a radiologist who has a lot of experience there can be occurrence in misdiagnosis due to the excessive work and fatigue, etc. He purpose of this study was to prepare for the base of research on the Computer Aided Diagnosis(CAD) through the result of analyzing the CT image in disease by using Image recognition algorithm like PCA. From the result of this research above, the rate of distinction in disease was low by the experiment of choosing Bronchogenic Carcinoma and Granuloma out of the chest X- ray image and lung cancer image for the normal patient as an experimental image.

본 논문은 의료 영상의 화질 개선을 위한 5가지 주요 이미지 처리 알고리즘(히스토그램 스트레칭, 히스토그램 평활화, 대비 제한 적응 히스토그램 평활화, 비등방성 확산 필터, 양방향 필터)의 성능을 비교 분석한다. 뇌종양, 흉부 X-ray, 요추, 망막 혈관 이미지 등 8가지 의료 영상에 각 알고리즘을 적용하여 MSE, PSNR, SD, SSIM, Entropy의 5가지 정량적 지표와 주관적인 시각적 품질을 평가하였다. 실험 결과, 대비 제한 적응 히스토그램 평활화(CLAHE) 기법이 전반적으로 가장 우수한 성능을 보였으며, 특히 국부적인 대비 개선 및 노이즈 억제 측면에서 뛰어남을 확인하였다.

This paper comparatively analyzes the performance of five prominent image processing algorithms—Histogram Stretching (HS), Histogram Equalization (HE), Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), Anisotropic Diffusion Filter (AD), and Bilateral Filter (BF)—for enhancing medical image quality. We applied these algorithms to eight medical images, including brain tumors, chest X-rays, lumbars, and retina blood images. Performance was evaluated using five quantitative metrics: Mean Squared Error (MSE), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Standard Deviation (SD), Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), and Entropy, alongside subjective visual quality assessment. The experimental results demonstrate that Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) generally exhibits the most superior performance, particularly in terms of local contrast enhancement and noise suppression.

본 연구에서는 자기공명영상(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)을 이용하여 중년 및 초고령의 허혈성 뇌혈관 호발 부위를 분석하여 임상에 기초자료로 제시하고자 하였다. 2006년 5월부터 2008년 1월까지 허혈성 뇌혈관 질환으로 자기공명영상검사를 받은 69 명(평균나이: 44.2세, 남: 43명, 여: 26명)의 중년 환자군과 129 명(평균나이: 84.7 세, 남: 58명, 여: 71명)의 초고령 환자군에 대해 후향적으로 분석하였다. 뇌혈관 부위는 앞교통 동맥(anterior communication artery, ACoA), 뒤교통 동맥(posterior communication artery, PCoA), 앞대뇌 동맥(anterior cerebral artery, ACA), 중간대뇌 동맥(middle cerebral artery, MCA), 뒤대뇌 동맥(posterior cerebral artery, PCA), 속목 동맥(internal carotid artery, ICA), 온목 동맥(common carotid artery, CCA), 그리고 뇌바닥 동맥(basilar artery, BA)으로 나누었으며, BA를 제외한 모든 혈관들의 허혈성 뇌혈관 위치는 좌, 우, 양쪽으로 분류하였다. 그 결과 허혈성 뇌혈관은 중년 환자군에서 남성이 여성보다 많았고 남성, 여성 모두 MCA에서 가장 많이 발생하였으며 초고령 환자군에서는 좌, 우, 양측의 혈관에서 고른 발생빈도와 여성이 남성보다 많았으며 남성은 ICA, 여성은 MCA에서 많이 호발하고 있었다. 특히, MCA에서 초고령의 남자환자군보다 중년의 남자 환자군에서 많이 발생하고 있었다. 이러한 허혈성 뇌혈관 호발 부위의 분석은 임상적 진단과 치료에 도움을 줄 수 있으리라 사료된다.

The purpose of this study was to present basic research data to utilize magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with analyzing intracerebral regional distributions of ischemic cerebrovascular disease of middle aged and oldest-old aged people. We retrospectively analyzed middle-aged group (average age of 44.2 year-old, 43 males, 26 females) and oldest-old aged group (average age of 84.7 year-old, 58 males, 71 females) who taken MRI screening for ischemic cerebrovascular disease from May 2006 year to January 2008 year. The intracerebral vascular were classified into 8 vessels, which anterior communication artery (ACoA), posterior communication artery (PCoA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), internal carotid artery (ICA), common carotid artery(CCA), and basilar artery (BA). The result of middle-aged group showed that more ischemic cerebrovascular diseases appeared in men than women, and it affected in MCA mostly. In oldest-old aged group, ischemic cerebrovascular diseases occurred evenly spaced in intracerebral region of right, left, and both vessels, and women have more than men. For men, the most occurred in ICA and for women the most occurred in MCA. Specially middle-aged group in men showed that more ischemic cerebrovascular diseases in MCA appeared than oldest-old aged group in men. It is suggested that the analysis on ischemic cerebrovascular could be helpful in the clinical diagnosis and treatment.

최근 CCTV 영상을 기반으로 인파사고를 예방하는 방안이 추진되고 있다. 그러나 CCTV는 공간적 한계점이 있어 이를 보완하기 위한 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 드론 영상 을 사용하여 보행자의 밀도를 측정하는 연구를 수행하였다. 기존 연구문헌을 통해 군중의 인 파사고 임계값인 1m2당 6.7명을 위험수준으로 선정하였다. 또한 드론의 파라미터를 도출하기 위해 선행연구를 수행한 결과, 고도 20m, 각도 60°에서 보행자의 인식률이 높은 것으로 나타났 다. 이후 선행연구를 기반으로 보행자가 밀집한 대상지를 선정하여 밀집도를 측정한 결과, 단 위 면적당 0.27~0.30명 수준으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 드론 영상을 사용하여 대상지의 보 행자 밀집도에 따른 위험수준 측정이 가능한 것으로 확인되었으며, 향후 인파사고 안전관리 대체 수단으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

Recently, the use of CCTV to prevent crowd accidents has been promoted, but research is needed to compensate for the spatial limitations of CCTV. In this study, pedestrian density was measured using drone footage, and based on a review of existing literature, a threshold of 6.7 people/m2 was selected as the cutoff risk level for crowd accidents. In addition, we conducted a preliminary study to determine drone parameters and found that the pedestrian recognition rate was high at a drone altitude of 20 meters and an angle of 60°. Based on a previous study, we selected a target area with a high concentration of pedestrians and measured pedestrian density, which was found to be 0.27~0.30 per m2. The study shows it is possible to measure risk levels by determining pedestrian densities in target areas using drone images. We believe drone surveillance will be utilized for crowd safety management in the near future.

본 연구에서는 벽화유산의 손상상태를 보다 정밀하고 입체적으로 기록 할 수 있는 디지털 이미징 기술로 반사율변환이미징(Reflectance Transformation Imaging, RTI)의 효용성을 검토해 보고 자 영주 부석사 조사당 벽화를 대상으로 표면에 발생된 주요 손상유형을 구분하고 손상면적 점유율 이 높은 대표적 손상부에 대한 반사율변환이미징을 수행하였다. 조사당 벽화의 손상유형별 손상면적 점유율 조사결과, 염 손상(58.9∼18.2%), 채색층 손상(37.9∼13.0%), 과거 보강제 부위(9.8∼4.2%), 생물학적 손상 및 기타 오염(19.8∼2.5%), 마감층 노출 손상(19.7∼0.7%), 과거 고착제 부분(2.5∼ 0%), 균열(0.5∼0.3%) 순으로 손상면적 점유율이 높게 확인되었고, 각 손상유형에 대한 반사율변환 이미징 조사를 통하여 손상정도를 시각적으로 파악할 수 있는 이미지 데이터를 구축 할 수 있었다. 특히 현미경 기반 반사율변환이미징의 경우 일반 현미경 이미지에서는 확인이 어려운 채색층 박리 상태, 안료 입자 상태, 염 결정 형태 등을 파악할 수 있어 현재 상태에 대한 보다 정확한 기록 기술로 사용될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이는 기존의 반사율변환이미징 연구나 벽화 연구에서 시도되지 않았 던 방법으로 향후 벽화유산뿐 아니라 회화와 같은 채색층을 가진 문화유산에도 적용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, we examined the effectiveness of RTI(Reflectance Transformation Imaging) method as a digital imaging technology that can accurately and three-dimensionally record the damaged state of mural heritage. For this purpose, major damage types were classified on the mural painting in Josadang shrine of Buseoksa temple in Yeongju, and an RTI was conducted on areas with highly damaged areas. According to the results by the type of damage to the murals, salt weathering damage (58.9-18.2%), painting layer damage (37.9-13.0%), past reinforcement area (9.8-4.2%), biological damage and other contamination (19.8-2.5%), exposed damage to the finishing layer (19.7∼0.7%), past fixative area (2.5∼0.0%), and cracks (0.5∼0.3%) were found to have a high share of damaged area. From the RTI investigation for each damage type, image data was constructed to visually identify the degree of damage. In particular, in the case of microscope-based RTI, it was confirmed that it can be used as an accurate recording technology because it can identify color layer exfoliation, pigment particle shape, and salt crystal shape that are difficult to see in general microscope images. This is a research method that has not been attempted in existing RTI or mural research, and is expected to be applicable in the future not only to murals but also to the field of cultural heritage with painting layers.