Earticle

2021년 마틴 로비츠(Martine Robbeets) 등은 요서에서 기원한 기장농업과 함께 언어, 문화, 유전자가 동북아시아로 확산하였다는 연구를 ‘네이처’에 발표하여 세계 각국의 대중과 학계로부터 커다란 관심을 받았다. 하지만, 조금만 자세히 연구의 내면을 들여다보면, 기본적으로 많은 한계와 문제점이 있다는 사실을 발견할 수 있다. 언어학적으로 한국어와 일본어가 알타이어족에 속한다는 이들의 가설은 국 내는 물론 해외 학계로부터 많은 비판에 직면해 있다. 유전학적으로는 연해주에서 오랜 기간 유전적 안정성이 유지된 것으로 확인되어 언어와 함께 유전자가 확산하 였다는 주장과도 배치된다. 또한, 고고학적으로도 일부 연구를 편의적으로 인용하 고, 데이터 역시 그들의 주장에 맞게 편집하였다는 의구심이 든다. 특히, 한국의 고 고학 데이터와 새로운 연구성과가 거의 반영되지 않았고, 필요한 부분만을 추출하여 인용한다든지, 잘못된 데이터를 그대로 사용한 흔적들을 발견할 수 있었다. 이 들의 연구에서 신석기시대 요서의 유전자가 한반도와 일본열도로 확산하여 영향 을 미쳤다는 사실과 고고학적으로 요서, 한반도, 일본이 긴밀한 영향을 주고받았다 는 사실을 제외한다면 그들의 주장 어느 것도 입증되었다고 보기 어렵다. 특히, 트 랜스유라시아어가 기장농업과 쌀농업을 통해 두 차례 확산하였다는 믿음이나 트 랜스유라시아어의 실체는 이들만이 신봉하는 신화에 불과할 가능성이 있다.

Martine Robbeets et al.(2021) published an article in Nature that argued that language, culture, and genetic genes spread to Northeast Asia along with millet agriculture, which originated from the West-Liao River region, receiving great attention from the related countries and academia. They proposed a new triangulation method to support the agricultural spread of the so-called “Transeurasian languages.” Their study showed that West Liao basin's genes spread to the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago and archaeologically, Liaoxi, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan exchanged close influences. Despite these results, this work has numerous limitations regarding the data used to demonstrate the Transeurasian languages and agricultural spread based on triangulation composed of linguistical, genetical, and archaeological data. Linguistically, their hypothesis that would include the Koreanic and Japonic languages into the Altaic family of languages has drawn much criticism from domestic and overseas academia. Genetic stability has long been maintained in the Primorsky region. Thus, there was no migration of people to the Primorsky region, and the language of use did not change. However, Robbeets et al. claim that genes have spread along with language to this area. Additionally, the existing archaeological data were cited in a biased manner, and there is a suspicion that the existing data used were also intentionally edited to produce the desired results. Therefore, there is also a limit to deriving reasonable results because Korean archaeological data and recent research results, which are directly related to their research, were rarely reflected or only partial data were selectively used. Based on the analysis of these multidisciplinary studies, it is likely that Robbeets et al.'s claim that the Transeurasian language spread twice through millet agriculture and rice farming is a hypothesis that only they want to believe.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability in children, characterized by diverse clinical manifestations and often uncertain etiology, which has spurred increasing interest in genetic diagnostics. This review synthesizes findings from various studies to enhance understanding of CP’s genetic underpinnings. The discussion is structured around five key areas: monogenic causes and copy number variants directly linked to CP, differential genetic disorders including atypical CP and mimics, ambiguous genetic influences, co-occurrence with other neurodevelopmental disorders, and polygenic risk factors. Case studies illustrate the clinical application of these genetic insights, underscoring the complexity of diagnosing CP due to the phenotypic overlap with other conditions and the potential for misdiagnosis. The review highlights the significant role of advanced genetic testing in distinguishing CP from similar neurodevelopmental disorders and assessing cases with unclear clinical presentations. Furthermore, it addresses the ongoing challenges in establishing a consensus on genetic contributors to CP, the need for comprehensive patient phenotyping, and the integration of rigorous genetic and functional studies to validate findings. This comprehensive examination of CP genetics aims to pave the way for more precise diagnostics and personalized treatment plans, urging continued research to overcome the current limitations and refine diagnostic criteria within this field.

The incidence and mortality of various cancers are associated with sex-specific disparities. Sex differences in cancer epidemiology are one of the most significant findings. Men are more prone to die from cancer, particularly hematological malignancies. Sex difference in cancer incidence is attributed to regulation at the genetic/molecular level and sex hormones such as estrogen. At the genetic/molecular level, gene polymorphism and altered enzymes involving drug metabolism generate differences in cancer incidence between men and women. Sex hormones modulate gene expression in various cancers. Genetic or hormonal differences between men and women determine the effect of chemotherapy. Until today, animal studies and clinical trials investigating chemotherapy showed sex imbalance. Chemotherapy has been used without consideration of sex differences, resulting in disparity of efficacy and toxicity between sexes. Based on accumulating evidence supporting sex differences in chemotherapy, all clinical trials in cancer must incorporate sex differences for a better understanding of biological differences between men and women. In the present review, we summarized the sex differences in (1) incidence and mortality of cancer, (2) genetic and molecular basis of cancer, (3) sex hormones in cancer incidence, and (4) efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy. This review provides useful information for sex-based chemotherapy and development of personalized therapeutic strategies against cancer.

Purpose. The purpose of the study was to assess the level of nurses' genetic knowledge and the perception of nurses' role in genetics. The ultimate goal of this paper is to educate practicing nurses so that they can counsel individuals and families with genetic problems, on the basis of better understanding of genetic diseases. Methods. A total of 969 clinical nurses in 11 general hospitals completed a self-administered questionnaire including basic genetic knowledge and perception of their role. The instruments were made by the author with the help of some experts on genetics. T-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation were used to analyze the data. Results. The results of this study indicated that nurses revealed a vast knowledge deficit in genetics and the need for genetic content in nursing curriculum. The results also showed that nurses' sources of information about genetics largely came from the mass media. The nurses also expressed great interest in educating and counseling patients. Overall, the survey found a positive correlation between the nurses' level of knowledge and their degree of interest in genetics. Conclusion. In conclusion, education and training of clinical nurses in genetics is critical in integrating genetics with nursing science. Therefore, the development of educational programs for nursing knowledge and counseling as well as basic curriculums in genetic nursing at universities are essential in the near future.

In recent years, natural populations of indigenous freshwater species have drastically decreased worldwide, predominantly due to anthropogenic pressure, such as habitat destruction, introduction of exotic species, and potentially climate change. Consequently, a number of species are now under threat of extinction. To recover endangered or vulnerable populations, conservation and restoration management efforts through stocking (e.g. assisted migration) or translocation are currently under way in many parts of the world, including Korea. In this study, we evaluated the current population status of three Korean endangered freshwater fish species (the Manchurian trout Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis and the sculpins Cottus hangiongensis and Cottus koreanus) that play important ecological roles in their respective ecosystems. We found that extents of within-population genetic diversity were generally low in all three species examined, suggesting that their effective population sizes (Ne) have been typically small. South Korean populations of these species were all substantially genetically isolated from one another (except C. hangiongensis with an amphidromous life style), indicating that limited ongoing gene flow has been taking place among populations. We suggest that stocking or translocation for these ecologically important but endangered Korean populations should be undertaken carefully, considering not only genetic diversity of source/recipient populations, but also the ‘natural’ population structure that is possibly related to local adaptation to their particular environments. Further, the genetically unique populations or groups (e.g. National Park populations) of our study species should be managed as distinct conservation or “evolutionarily significant units (ESU)” in the future.

The cognitive sciences have provided crucial insights into several fields of cultural sciences. In particular, the faculty of language has been the area of spectacular advances which have produced arguments in favor of a naturalized vision of linguistic artifacts. It is now the turn of writing, the first complex medium of the human being to seal the union of verbal language with a system of graphic signs, to be subjected to the application of biological epistemology and thereby to confirm the existence of bridges between the genetics of the brain substrate, epigenetics, behavioral mimicry and finally cultural learning. The cerebral localization of the scriptural abilities, recently discovered in the area known as the Exner area, argues for this body/culture circularity and makes it possible to imagine new research programs covering all the media. The diffusion of digital multisensory media brings a new element to this perspective. Indeed, the intensive use of these media causes an ultrafast impact on the functional architecture of the human brain. This new situation, in which the learning of a new medium and the cognitive impact that its use arouses, coincides with the process of its conception and circulation, confers on designers the role “pro-geneticists”.

The signs of global warming are everywhere, and are more complex than just climbing temperatures. Climate change encompasses not only rising average temperatures but also extreme weather events. More frequent extreme weather events and water scarcity across the U.S. make it more expensive and difficult to sustain crop production. Therefore, effective breeding of climate resilient crop cultivars combined with adaptation of crop production systems to better cope with the challenges of future climate change are of key importance. High-throughput genotyping and phenotyping technologies offer a new approach to examine Genetics (rice and the associated soil microbiome) x Environment x Management interactions for developing climate resilient crop cultivars with enhanced production and quality as a means to mitigate the effects of a changing climate.

Purpose: The purpose of this descriptive, cross-sectional study was to examine Korean undergraduate nursing students’ perceived knowledge and attitudes toward genetics. Nursing competencies for genetics among nursing students were also assessed. Methods: Two hundred eighty-six Korean junior and senior undergraduate nursing students who went through their clinical practicum completed a packet of self-report questionnaires exploring opinions about the integration of genetics into the nursing curriculum, as well as their perceived knowledge, attitudes, and nursing competencies toward genetics. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA. Results: Overall, Korean undergraduate nursing students reported limited genetic knowledge, but most of them were comfortable with drawing pedigree. In general, nursing students were competent in providing genetic nursing. Their genetic nursing competencies were significantly different depending on the level of general understanding of genetics. There was no significant difference between juniors and seniors regarding knowledge, attitudes, and competencies toward genetics. More than 60% of nursing students reported the need for genetic nursing, and the majority considered lectures to be the most effective method to learn genetic knowledge. Conclusion: It is imperative to integrate genetics into nursing curriculum in order to improve nursing students’ genetic nursing competencies as well as genetic knowledge.

본 연구는 국내 외의 종양유전간호 관련 연구를 분석하여 연구동향을 파악하고자 하였다. 종양유전간호 관련 주제로 학술지에 게재된 논문들의 초록에서 제시한 핵심어들을 중심으로 한 텍스트 네트워크 분석을 실시하였다. 핵심어이자 중심성이 높은 주제어로 Nurse, Cancer, Genetic, Patient, Knowledge, Care, Genetic Test 등이 확인되었으며, 시기별 연구동향을 확인한 결과, 2003년 이후 Information, Care, Knowledge 등의 주제어를 포함한 연구들이 증가하였다. 간호학의 메타 패러다임으로 주제어를 분류한 결과, 건강, 간호, 인간, 환경 순으로 중심성이 높게 나타났다. 건강 영역 중 건강 위험 범주에서 Genetics, Risk, 건강 증진 범주에서 Genetic Test, Prevention 등이 가장 높은 빈도로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 종양유전간호 연구의 동향을 파악할 수 있으며, 유전성 암 환자들을 위한 간호 중재에 주축이 되는 간호사의 역할 및 중재프로그램 개발의 방향 설정에 활용될 수 있다는 점에서 의미가 있다.

The aim of this study is investigate the research trends by analyzing the researches related to Korean and international genetics in oncology nursing. We conducted a text network analysis focusing on the key words presented in the abstracts of papers published in journals related to genetics in oncology nursing. Nurse, Cancer, Genetic, Patient, Knowledge, Care, and Genetic Test were identified as keywords and centralized keywords. As a result of studying research trends over time, researches including keywords such as information, care, and knowledge have increased since the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003. Key words classified through the meta paradigm of nursing were health, nursing, human, environment order. This study is meaningful in that it can be used to identify trends in tumor genetic nursing research and to set the direction of development of nursing intervention for hereditary cancer patients.

Purpose: This study was to develop and evaluate the clinical utility of the breast and ovarian cancer genetic counselling program specific for 20 Korean women(KBOCGP). Methods: The KBOCGP was developed using three types of approaches: an ethnography among Korean women who underwent BRCA1/2 test, designing and implementing one week clinical genetic educational course for clinical cancer nurses, educational observation visits to three American cancer genetic counselling programs. And then pre-experimental design was implicated to evaluate the change of the women's knowledge about the hereditary breast and ovarian cancer and the level of the satisfaction with genetic counselling. Results: The mean score of the knowledge has significantly increased from 7.45 ± 3.86 to 11.55 ± 2.21(t = 5.63, p < .001). The level of the satisfaction with the counselling was very high (27.47 ± 1.35). Because most of the subjects have young kids, they showed strong concerns about their kids' getting cancer. Conclusion: This new KBOCGP is the satisfactory program for the education and communication of the genetic information to the Korean women with HBOC. But it is needed more to strengthen the cultural sensitivity especially to Korean family relationships. Authors recommend that this program be provided by other nurses who are counselling women at high risk of breast cancer.

델보는 주어진 사례의 집합으로부터 이들 사례들을 분류할 수 있는 베이지안 분류 규칙들로 이루어진 규칙 집합을 습득하는 유전학 기반 귀납적 학습 시스템이다. 규칙 집합의 습득과정에서 델보가 당면하게 되는 한 가지 문제점은 학습 과정이 최적의 규칙 집합이 아닌 지역 최적치를 습득하고 종료하는 경우가 가끔 발생한다는 것이다. 다른 하나의 문제점은 훈련 사례에 대한 경우와는 달리 새로운 평가 사례에 대해 분류 성능이 현저히 저하되는 규칙 집합을 습득하는 경우가 가끔 발생한다는 것이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하여 보다 성능이 향상된 분류 시스템을 구축하기 위한 기법으로 엔-버전 시스템을 구축함으로써 분류 시스템의 전체적인 성능을 향상시키는 기법이다. 엔-버전 학습법의 구현을 위해 다수의 규칙 집합을 이용하여 최종 분류 결과를 도출해 내기 위한 기법과 습득된 규칙 합들로부터 분류 시스템을 구축하기 위한 최적의 규칙 집합의 조합을 찾기 위한 기법을 제시하고 다수의 사례 집합을 이용하여 엔-버전 학습법이 델보의 학습 환경에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다.

DELVAUX is a genetics-based inductive learning system that learns a rule-set, which consists of Bayesian classification rules, from sets of examples for classification tasks. One problem that DELVAUX faces in the rule-set learning process is that, occasionally, the learning process ends with a local optimum without finding the best rule-set. Another problem is that, occasionally, the learning process ends with a rule-set that performs well for the training examples but not for the unknown testing examples. This paper describes efforts to alleviate these two problems centering on the N-version learning approach, in which multiple rule-sets are learning and a classification system is constructed with those learned rule-sets to improve the overall performance of a classification system. For the implementation of the N-version learning approach, we propose a decision-making scheme that can draw a decision using multiple rule-sets and a genetic algorithm approach to find a good combination of rule-sets from a set of learned rule-sets. We also present empirical results that evaluate the effect of the N-version learning approach in the DELVAUX learning environment.

양서류는 지구 생물 다양성의 중요한 부분을 차지하고 다양한 생태계 서비스를 제 공하는 등 생태계에서 중요한 역할을 수행한다. 이러한 양서류는 현재 전 세계적으 로 심각한 멸종위기에 놓여 있기 때문에 이들의 효과적인 보전 방안을 찾는 것은 중 요한 연구 과제이다. 양서류의 효과적인 보전을 위해서는 개체군의 지속가능성을 예 측하고 양서류의 생태학적 특성에 대한 이해를 기반으로 관리 전략을 수립하는 것이 필수적이다. 이를 위해 여러 학문 분야들의 접근 방식을 통합하는 다학제적 접근 방 식이 알맞게 사용될 수 있다. 복합적인 생리학적 접근 방식은 영양 상태, 신진대사, 내분비계 교란, 질병 상태 등을 분석하여 개체군이 경험하는 위협 요인을 추적하고 상세한 반응과 적응 과정을 분석할 수 있게 도와준다. 또한, 양서류 개체군의 유전자 풀 구성이나 유전자 흐름을 파악하는 개체군 유전학적 접근 방식은 개체군의 안정성 과 지속가능성을 예측하는 데에 효과적이다. 종합적으로, 두 분야의 접근 방식을 융 합하여 개체군의 안정성과 지속가능성을 평가하고 예측할 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 혈액 생화학 및 방사선학과 같은 수의 임상검사를 포함한 내분비학, 면역학과 같은 생리학적 분석이 소개된다. 더불어 마이크로새틀라이트 마커를 사용한 유전학적 분 석과 숙주의 질병 상태와 관련있는 미생물학적 접근 방식도 개체군의 지속 가능성 예측을 향상시키기 위해 포함된다. 결과적으로, 이러한 분야들은 행동학, 발생생물학, 습지 생태학, 환경공학, 현상학 등 여러 분야와 결합하여 다양한 환경에 놓인 양서류 개체군의 지속 다양성을 예측할 뿐만 아니라, 양서류가 경험할 수 있는 주요 생태학 적 현상에 따른 생리학적 적응 메커니즘을 이해하는 데 사용 될 수 있다.

고전 유전학과 분자 유전학의 관계를 환원 개념을 중심으로 규정하려는 철학자들의 노력은 지난했다. 그러나 환원주의자들의 주장도, 반환원주의자들의 주장도 양자의 관계를 성공적으로 규정하진 못했다. 유전학의 많은 부분에서 환원이라고 간주할 수 있는 과정이 성공적으로 진행되어 왔다는 점에서 환원주의자들의 주장은 적어도 부분적으로 옳다. 그러나 두 분야간에 총체적인 의미로 환원이 되었는지 혹은 될 수 있을 것인지에 관해서는 비관적 견해가 더 우세하다. 양자간의 개념적 차이가 심각하기 때문이다. 필자는 양자간의 관계가 이렇게 묘하게 된 까닭을 대부분의 논자들이 ‘유전학’ 개념 자체를 오해한 데서 찾는다. 고전 유전학과 분자 유전학은 개념상에서부터 서로 분리될 수 없다. 양자는 불가분적으로 하나의 전체를 이루고 있다. 유전학의 이런 측면은 필자가 ‘물음론적(erotetic)’ 접근이라고 부르는 대안적 입장에서 잘 드러나고 개념화될 수 있다고 생각한다. 그것은 과학의 탐구와 이론을 물음-대답 혹은 문제-해결 과정의 관점에서 동적으로 분석하는 것으로, 그것에 따르면 고전 유전학과 분자 유전학은 물음론적 환원이라는 개념으로 적절히 규정될 수 있다.

Philosophers' efforts to explicate the relation between classical and molecular genetics based upon the concept of reduction have been enormous. However, neither pro-reductionists nor anti-reductionists have succeeded in conceptualizing the interrelations between them. Though in a piecemeal fashion, there have been lots of successful reductions in various parts of genetics, which in some sense justifies reductionist claims. Yet philosophers are generally pessimistic in finding a global reductionist relation between the two genetics, mostly because of the conceptual gap between them. Anyway, neither side seem to win the dispute around reduction problem of genetics. I argue that a good way out of the muddy road be to turn our attention to erotetic features of a theory instead of assertive ones. I suggest a model of erotetic reduction, which sheds a new light upon the interrelation between classical and molecular genetics. In the erotetic schema, scientific research and theories are conceptualized and analyzed through their question-answering or problem-solving process. In conclusion, I argue that the change from old genetics to new genetics can be best captured by the concept of erotetic reduction.

본 연구는 생물Ⅰ ‘유전’ 단원에서 발생학습 모형을 적용한 수업을 실시하여 고등학생들의 학업성취도와 과학 학습동기 및 개념 변화에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 연구 대상은 부산에 소재한 인문계고등학교 2학년 4개 학급의 학생들로 실험집단 63명과 통제집단 64명으로 구성하였다. 연구 결과, 발생학습 모형을 적용한 수업은 전통적 강의식 방법보다 학업 성취도, 과학 학습동기 향상에 효과적이었다. 즉, 발생학습은 과학 수업 이전에 가지고 있던 학생들의 개념과 교사가 제공한 과학적 개념과의 상호작용을 일으켜 개념의 재구성 및 개념 변화가 일어나도록 하였다. 또한 스스로 잘못된 개념에 관해 질문하고, 오류를 발견하며 수정해 나가는 과정을 경험함으로써 과학 활동에 대한 흥미와 즐거움을 갖게 하였다. 발견학습 모형을 적용한 수업이 개념 변화의 조건을 충족시켰는지 확인하기 위해 면담을 실시한 결과, 학생들은 자신이 가지고 있던 유전 개념에 불만족을 느끼게 되었고, 새롭게 형성된 유전 개념은 이해 가능하고 그럴듯하며 유용성을 가진다는 반응을 보였다.

This study intends to find out the effects of utilizing generative learning model in teaching of 'Genetics' in Biology I textbook on the academic achievement, scientific learning motivation, and conceptual change of highschool students. The research subject was the second-year highschool students of the four classes of an academic highschool in Busan, consisting of sixty-three students as a test group and sixty-four as a control group. As a result of the study, the class based on generative learning model was more effective than the conventional lecture-based class in improving the academic achievement and scientific learning motivation. That is, the generative learning model caused the interaction between the prior concepts students had and the scientific concepts teachers presented, thus reconstructing or changing the students' concepts, making them inquire voluntarily about their own misconceptions, discover errors and correct them, so that they came to have fun and joy in scientific activities. Also, as a consequence of interviewing students for checking whether or not the class based on generative learning model fulfilled the condition of conceptual change, it was shown that they came to feel dissatisfaction about their own genetic concepts and find the newly formed concepts are intelligible alternatives with plausibility and fruitfulness.

The Awkward Age might exemplify Henry James’s effort to present, to quote Amy King, “the final stage of the nineteenth-century bloom lineage,” which, by incorporating Linnaeus’s system of plants, used bloom “as a lexicon that combines sex, social position, bodily facts, and affective life into one word.” But as James’s novel also marks the beginning of his generic project to generate ‘the dramatic novel,’ a hybrid genre that would reverse the tendency of Victorian novels, due to its dependency on omniscient narrators, to become increasingly interiorized and unrealistic. Attempting to mix the two genres of novel and drama, his project is thus genetically oriented, and shares much of the then emerging scientific field of genetics, headed by the work of Gregor Mendel. Highlighting these generic/genetic backgrounds of the novel, and reading how James’s generic project is re-deployed as a marriage project in the novel, this paper aims to uncover the genetical underpinning of the novel. In particular, the paper focuses not so much on Nanda, the marriageable girl that has drawn a lot of scholarly attention, as on Mr. Longdon who is described as “a great gardner” and carries on his marriage project between Vanderbank and Nanda according to Mendel’s laws. Noting how closely Mendel’s laws are reenacted in the novel with no direct knowledge of them on the part of the author, the paper thus proposes The Awkward Age as James’s botanical marvel.