Earticle

본 연구는 경기도의 A대학교에 재학 중인 1학년 323명을 대상으로 학교생활 적응 수준에 따라 고위험군과 저위험군으로 나누어 콜라주의 표현특성을 알아보는데 그 목적이 있다. 형식분석과 내용분석의 23개 항목을 체크하여 학교생활 적응정도에 따른 표현특성을 빈도분석과 교차분석으로 제시하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻은 결론을 살펴보면, 첫째 콜라주 작품의 형식분석에서 학교생활적응의 고위험군 학생이 종이이탈과 통합성에 문제가 있는 것으로 드러나 작품을 통한 학교생활적응 수준 파악이 가능함을 시사해 준다. 둘째, 본 연구대상의 대부분은 혼합된 내용을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 고위험군이 저위험군보다 구체적인 표현 대신 추상적인 표현을 많이 하는 것으로 나타나 콜라주 작품을 통한 학교생활수준 파악이 가능함을 시사해 준다. 본 연구를 통하여 콜라주작품의 형식과 내용에서 학교생활적응수준에 따라 차이가 있다는 것은 콜라주심리검사가 대학생의 학교생활부적응학생을 조기선별 할 수 있는 보조도구로서의 활용가능성을 예측해 준다. 나아가서 학교생활부적응 대학생을 학교생활적응을 도와줄 수 있는 상담프로그램 개발에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

This study examines characteristic of expression of collage, dividing sample by levels of school life adjustment from 323 current students of A university in Gyeonggi-do province between high-risk group and low risk group. This study is validated by exploring 23 factors via form and content analysis and suggests frequency and cross analysis based on characteristics of expression. The results are following. First of all, it demonstrates the possibility to understand school life adjustment of students through collage by revealing problems of secession of paper and integration in high risk group that were recognized by conducting form analysis of collage. Secondly, most of the sample in this research prefers mixed contents. In addition, it presents the possibility to understand school life adjustment of students through collage by comprehending that high risk group shows abstract expression instead of specific expression than low risk group. The difference of form and content of collage work based on school life adjustment predicts applicability of collage test as supplementary tool to make early diagnosis of school maladjustment. Moreover, collage test is expected to utilize for developing counseling programs to help school life adjustment of maladaptive university students.

This research investigates the design process of free-form architecture to understand the design strategy and changing factors during the development phase and the cause for them. It is aimed to foresee the changing factors from the design process and to reduce design changes. It analyzes the design changes of free-form architecture based on projects with finalized documentation or under construction in South Korea. Many free-form shapes of the free-form architectures have to be adjusted to rigid-form in order to satisfy function and be economical to build. The research finds three patterns in design changes. First, from the factors for design changes: function, constructability, design, program add/subtract, efficiency, circulation; Function and Constructability are the higher factors compared with the rest. The two are the design changes suitable for actual usage and cost savings. Second, each project has different predominant factors for design changes as the degree of free-form is different. Contrary to initial expectation, the greater the degrees of free-form of the competition scheme, the higher the rate of Function among the factors for design changes. Constructability is higher when the degree of the free-form is less than others. It means that the lower the degree of the free-form, the more properly planned the space of the building is. Last, Constructability of free-form architecture is considered during the earlier design phase than definite-form, one by which the design changes by comparing 'Before fixed Space Program' (BSP) and 'After fixed Space Program' (ASP) design changes. The research would be helpful as a reference for setting up competition guidelines to reduce trial and error during the design process.

“Industry 4.0” is a new form of social time which is based on the development of information technology. It brings great changes to people's production, life and work.And it also led to the new trend of the development of Vocational Education -- “vocational education 4.0”came into being.“Vocational education 4.0” form based on “industry 4.0”: The value orientation of vocational education,which is the service of personality, is a kind of service for the development of individualized career; The goal orientation of vocational education is to cultivate the technical talents with complex qualities; The content of the vocational education, which breaks the boundaries of discipline and specialty, forms the content of integration; to promote the optimization of vocational education mode of learning, namely in a variety of ways to promote effective learning.

The comprehensibility of L2 texts is a major concern for English-as-a-second-language (ESL) and English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) learners attempting to make sense of unfamiliar English texts. Conflicting research findings regarding the effectiveness of various approaches to L2 input modification can confuse educators and researchers alike. The aim of the present systematic review and network meta-analysis is to quantitatively summarize the existing research on the efficacy of simplification and elaboration input modifications for promoting L2 reading comprehension. A systematic search was performed to locate studies that examined the effect of textual simplification and elaboration input modifications using pre and post measures on L2 reading comprehension outcomes using controlled investigations from published and unpublished sources that were experimental or quasi-experimental in design. Thirty-four eligible studies were included in the final meta-analysis (n = 4742). The results of the synthesis indicate that both simplified and elaborated texts were significantly more comprehensible than authentic texts. Simplified texts were also found to be marginally more comprehensible than elaborated texts. Taking into consideration unclear risk of bias, there is sufficient evidence that input-modifications focused on text simplification and elaboration are effective for promoting L2 reading comprehension.

This study investigated intra-learner variation in the effects of implicit and explicit focus on form (FonF) on second language (L2) acquisition of the English passive, an interface construction. The study employed a pretest-posttest-delayed posttest design, with five treatment sessions between the pretest and posttests. Implicit FonF was operationalized as textual enhancement (TE), and explicit FonF as consciousness-raising (C-R). Five different outcome measures were utilized to examine the respective treatment effects on the form, meaning, and function of the passive. Data were collected with four Korean high school students, two engaging in TE and the other two in C-R, whose developmental routes through the experiment were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The results of the analysis showed that implicit and explicit FonF led to differential variation within each learner, not only across the outcome measures but also over time, yet were suggestive of a potential benefits to each for the different domains encompassed in the passive. These results are further discussed in relation to the learners’ proficiency levels and the types of errors they produced.

숏폼 비디오 콘텐츠가 디지털 미디어를 중심으로 빠르게 확산되며 콘텐츠 시장의 주류로 자리 잡아가고 있다. 본 연구는 대표적인 숏폼 플랫폼 중 하나인 틱톡에서 사용자들이 자발적으로 생산하는 브랜드 관련 콘텐츠의 특성과 이에 대한 소비자 반응을 살펴보고자 하였다. 구체적으로 본 연구는 10개의 주요 스트리트 패션 브랜드에 대한 사용자 제작 콘텐츠(UGC)를 분석대상으로 선정하여 이들 콘텐츠의 내용적 특성과 그에 따른 소비자 반응을 파악하기 위한 내용분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 스트리트 패션 브랜드 관련 UGC에서 ‘댄스’와 ‘언박싱’ 유형의 콘텐츠가 빈번하게 나타났으며 인플루언서 계정보다 일반인 계정에 의한 업로드가 더욱 많았다. 또한 영상 속에 남성보다 여성이 더 많이 등장하는 것으로 나타났다. 콘텐츠 내 브랜드 노출은 두드러진 배치, 시각적 양식 중심, 단독 브랜드 노출 등이 주요 전략으로 활용되었다. 또한 다양한 콘텐츠의 특성에 따라 소비자 반응에 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 소비자들에게 긍정적인 반응을 얻은 브랜드 관련 숏폼 비디오 콘텐츠들의 특성을 파악하고 실무적 의견을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the overall characteristics of brand-related content produced by users on TikTok, one of the platforms where the production and sharing of short-form video content is actively taking place. Short-form content has established itself as the mainstream of the content market based on the spread of efficient media consumption trends. At the same time, it is gaining more and more attention as an efficient tool for brand communications. Therefore, this study selected user-generated content (UGC) related to 10 major street fashion brands, and conducted content analysis for the purpose of understanding the characteristics of the contents and the consumer responses to them. As a result, dance and unboxing types of content appeared frequently in brand-related UGC. There were more uploads by general accounts than by influencer accounts. Also, there were more women than men in the video. The main strategies for brand exposure in content include prominent placement, focus on visual form, and exclusive brand exposure. Also, the characteristics of various contents led to significant differences in consumer responses. Based on the results, the characteristics of brand-related short-form video contents that received positive responses were identified, and practical implications were discussed.

표 서식을 활용하고 있는 수많은 문서들을 종류에 따라 자동으로 분류하거나, 서식에 기입된 정보를 서식과 분리하여 추출하는 기술은 매우 중요하게 활용된다. 이를 위해서는 표 서식 구조를 정확하게 파악하는 과정은 필수적이다. 본 논문에서는 표 서식 문서 영상에 대한 유형별 꼭짓점 검출 방법을 제안한다. 주요 처리 과정은 전처리, 에지 블록 검출, 선분 에지 블록 검출, 꼭짓점 검출 단계를 거친다. 추출된 꼭짓점들은 선분 에지들이 다양한 형태로 직교하는 교차점들로 9가지 유형으로 분류된다. 실험에서는 제안한 방법을 세금계산서, 거래명세표, 표를 포함하고 있는 일반 문서 등과 같은 몇 가지 형태의 영상에 적용하여 99% 이상의 유형별 꼭짓점 추출 성능 결과를 보인다. 서식 문서 내에서의 대부분의 꼭짓점들은 대칭 형태로 존재한다는 사실을 고려할 때, 꼭짓점의 유형, 선분 에지의 폭 및 그들의 위치 관계를 활용하여 서식의 구조 분석에 활용 가능하다.

It is very important to classify a lot of table-form documents into the same type of classes or to extract information filled in the template automatically. For these, it is necessary to accurately analyze table-form structure. This paper proposes an algorithm to extract corner points based on line edge segments and to classify the type of junction from table-form images. The algorithm preprocesses image through binarization, skew correction, deletion of isolated small area of black color because that they are probably generated by noises.. And then, it processes detections of edge block, line edges from a edge block, corner points. The extracted corner points are classified as 9 types of junction based on the combination of horizontal/vertical line edge segments in a block. The proposed method is applied to the several unconstraint document images such as tax form, transaction receipt, ordinary document containing tables, etc. The experimental results show that the performance of point detection is over 99%. Considering that almost corner points make a correspondence pair in the table, the information of type of corner and width of line may be useful to analyse the structure of table-form document.

본 연구에서는 한국형 다차원 성격검사(Bright and Dark Personality Inventory, BDPI)의 단축형 검사의 잠재프로파일을 분석하고 원 검사의 잠재프로파일 분석 결과와 동등한지를 검증하였다. 잠재프로파일 분석에는 총 1,059명의 데이터를 사용하여 한국형 다차원 성격검사의 5개의 일반 요인과 5개의 부적응 요인 상위 10요인 점수가 분석에 포함되었다. BDPI 원 검사의 잠재 집단은 세 집단으로 나타났고, 단축형 검사도 원 검사와 동일하게 3집단으로 분류되었다. 연구진은 세 집단을 적응형 성격 집단, 보통 성격 집단, 부적응형 성격 집단으로 명명하였다. 두 검사의 각 집단 별 점수 분포를 확인해본 결과 유사한 점수 분포가 나타났으며, 원 검사와 단축형 검사의 퍼센트 일치도는 86.89%로 높은 수준의 일치도를 보였고, Cohen’s kappa 계수는 .78로 상당한 수준의 일치도를 보였다. 단축형 검사의 잠재 집단에 따른 성격 요인 점수 차이를 확인한 결과 일반 성격 5요인과 부적응 성격 5요인 모두 집단에 따른 점수의 차이가 통계적으로 유의했으며, 잠재 집단에 따른 상위 요인 10개의 성격 요인 점수의 차이를 확인했을 때 일반적 성격 특성에서 점수 차이가 없던 두 집단이 부적응적 성격 특성에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 잠재프로파일 분석으로 도출된 세 집단이 실제 부적응 성격인 성격장애 점수를 예측하는지 검증하기 위해, 한국판 축약표준성격평가-자기보고형(SAPAS-SR) 점수를 종속변수로 예측 타당도를 검증하였다. 그 결과 각 집단에 따른 점수 차이가 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났으며, 부적응형 성격 집단이 SAPAS-SR에서 가장 높은 평균 점수를 보였다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 제한점과 시사점을 논의하였다.

In this study, latent profile analysis of Bright and Dark Personality Inventory-Short Form was conducted and verified whether it was equivalent to the latent profile analysis result of the original form. Collected 1,059 people data for BDPI validation study was used, and latent profile analysis was conducted on the 10 high-order factor score of General personality 5 and Maladaptive personality 5 factor. In BDPI original form, latent group was determined as three groups. and BDPI short form’s latent group was determined as three groups like the orignal form. These three groups were named as “well-adjusted personality group”, “ordinary personality group”, “maladaptive personality group”. As a result, the score distribution of each group of the two forms were similar each other like that score distribution was found before, the percentage agreement between the original form and the short form was 86.89%, and the Cohen’s kappa coefficient between the original form and the short form was .778, showing a significant level of agreement. The difference in personality scores according to three latent groups of the short form was statistically significant. When the difference in personality scores of the high-order 10 factors according to the latent group was confirmed, the two groups with no score difference in general personality trait showed a significant difference in maladaptive personality trait. The latent groups predict differently Self-Report Standardized Assessment of Personality- Abbreviated Scale(SAPAS-SR) score, which proved prediction validity of BDPI-SF. The score differences according to each group were statistically significant, and the maladaptive personality group predicted the high SAPAS-SR average score. Finally, contributions and limitations of this study were presented in the discussion section.

The purpose of this study is to present the directions in order to teach effectively Korean conjunctive adverbs for Korean advanced learners. In the case of the advanced learners, they exposed a lot of expository writing and persuasive writing, and they required to be close to Korean native speaker's language ability. In practice, however, the advanced learner’s writing is similar to oral language and Korean conjunctive adverb error rate is high. That’s why teaching Korean conjunctive adverbs is so important. In this study, first of all, I was extracted the frequency of Korean conjunctive adverbs from Sejong Corpus Written Form Analysis to identify how used in the actual text of Korean native speakers in written language. Then, in the study of "Vocabulary content development in Korean Language and Teaching", I was extracted a Korean conjunctive adverb list for each level learner. And the results compared with other research papers about Korean conjunctive adverbs. All together, I rearranged to a list of Korean Conjunctive Adverbs in the aspects of use the Korean native speakers. At the result, I was able to present the five directions in order to teach Korean Conjunctive Adverbs for the Korean advanced learners.

Purpose: The purpose of this study were to examine the pay system and pay form of hospital nurses. Methods: This study performed secondary analysis on the existing data and employed a case study design. Data were collected from May 1, 2005 to September 30, 2005. Analysis of the results was carried out using SPSS win 12.0 for frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Results: All hospitals did have pay steps considering the seniority rule. Each hospital had a variety types of an allowances, the criteria of the payment, and the bonus. The majority of payment form was a monthly pay. Several suggestions could be drawn from this study. The pay system of the hospital nurses should reflect market pay and pay system should be set up according to the value of duty, performance, and expertness of hospital nurses and should be clear and lucid. Conclusion: Pay is a major function of human resource management and is a motive to nurses. Each hospital's pay system is different outwardly but it is the same as internally. Therefore pay system and form should reflect a value of the duty and the expertness and performance of nurses.

본 연구는 서울시에서 전형적인 소수민족집단체류지역(ethnic enclave)의 형태를 보이고 있는 가리봉동 "옌볜거리"의 장소성 형성 요인을 분석하고 그것이 함축하고 있는 의미를 찾음으로써, 국내 외국인 거주자 및 주거지역의 증가에 의한 문화적 다양성을 수용하고 그러한 다양성이 긍정적으로 발현될 수 있는 도시경관 형성에 기초적 자료를 제공하기 위하여 수행되었다. 소수민족집단체류지역(ethnic enclave)으로서의 옌볜거리의 장소성을 형성하는 요인은 다음과 같이 요약된다. 첫째, 장소성을 형성하는 물리적 환경 요인으로 나타난 쪽방촌과 열악한 공간적 환경은 외부자의 부정적 인식과는 달리 거주자에게는 그들의 경제여건에 부합하는 긍정적인 의미를 보였다 둘째, 연길에서의 그것과 유사한 색채 및 한글과 한문이 혼용된 간판은 옌볜거리에서의 장소성을 형성하는 물리적 환경 요인으로서, 내부인인 조선족에게는 구성원들 간의 내적 소통의 수단으로 조선족 문화의 정체성을 나타내는 요인으로 해석되었다. 셋째, 옌볜거리에서는 물리적 건축 환경 요소보다는 집단적 삶의 일상성을 충족시키는 구매활동, 여가 및 정보교환 활동이 장소성 형성에 더욱 크게 작용하고 있었다. 넷째, 공간적 전유(appropriation)현상과 주변과의 격리현상이 뚜렷이 나타났으며, 이러한 격리현상은 외부인에게 부정적 장소성을 형성하고 있었다. 다섯째, 조선족의 고향에 대한 인식, 문자 및 언어, 음식문화 등에서의 문화적 이중성(dualism) 및 혼재(mingling) 양상은 현재 옌볜거리의 장소성을 형성하는 주요한 요인으로 나타났다. 여섯째, 옌볜거리의 장소적 현상에 있어서 임시성(temporariness)이 두드러졌으며, 이러한 임시성은 불법체류라는 조건 하에서 더욱 강화되고, 이는 주거환경에 대한 무관심 등의 부정적 결과를 야기할 수 있으나, 동시에 그러한 임시성으로 인한 불안감을 완화시키고, 내부자간의 협력과 유대를 강화함으로써 긍정적으로 작용하는 장소성 형성 요인으로 나타났다.

This study seeks those elements that form a sense of place in Yen-Ben Street, which represents a typical ethnic enclave in Seoul, to provide a basic resource in the creation of an urban landscape that can provide a positive space for cultural diversity. The results of the study can be summarized as follows: First, the element of a physical environment that develops a sense of place was in fact the poor dwellings that correspond to the economic condition of Korean Chinese. While this element has a negative cognition to outsiders, Korean Chinese feel positively toward it. Secondly, signboards were a physical element of sense of place which retains cultural identity as a means of communication inside the community. Thirdly, it was found that activities such as shopping, recreation, and the exchange of information that are found in the pursuit of daily life act as an essential element in the formation of a sense of place even more than architectural elements. Fourthly, the appropriation of space by Korean Chinese and the isolation from the surroundings were obvious. This isolation is perceived as a negative sense of place formation to outsiders in Yen-Ben Street. Fifthly, the aspects of cultural dualism, mingling the concepts of home country, language, writing, and food have also affected the formation of a sense of place in the area. Sixthly, transience was a prominent phenomenon of Yen-Ben Street and is strengthened by illegal immigration. Although transience causes negative impacts such as in a lack of concern for the residential environment, it acts as a positive factor in the sense of place by mitigating uneasiness, and strengthening insider ties and cooperation.

Tablet medications have been dispensed in powder form for patients who are unable toswallow pills whether the pills have a hygroscopic nature or not. Powder form dispensing proceduresconsist of crushing, straining, distributing and packaging. During the processing, there is a highchance of losing some of the drug. Especially, it is predicted that a significant amount of hygroscopicmedication could be lost when dispensed in powder form. This study aimed to analyze the lossamounts, to compare the loss amounts between hygroscopic medication and normal medication andto suggest methods to decrease loss. Normal tablets and film-coated tablets as control medication as well as 7 hygroscopic tablets werecompared. To adjust for bias against the percentage of loss being inversely proportional to the weightof the tablets, we analyzed the loss amounts after preparing various weights of powder form with control tablets. The average loss was 7.5% vs 0.5, 6.6% (hygroscopic tablets vs non film and film-coating tablets)during grinding and straining. The average loss at distribution was 7.3% vs 4.3, 4.2%. We suggestskipping the straining process to decrease loss during grinding. Without straining, the solving timeswith the hygroscopic drug powders were 60.5 (25±1℃) and 42.5 (35±1℃) seconds. The increasedamount of hygroscopic powder in room air due to moisture absorbance was compared to control drug:4.56% vs 2.63% (control), 3.03% vs 1.87% without or with silica gel. The amount of hygroscopic drugs lost with processing into power form was greater than for normaldrugs. A particularly large gap was observed during grinding and straining. We suggest avoiding thestraining process and encasing hygroscopic drug powders in silica gel.

七星圖는 聖과 俗이 공존하는 변증법적 이미지를 지니고 있는 우리의 종교문화유산이다. 따라서 七星圖에 그려진 동작은 변증법적 움직임이자 감성적 직관의 대상들이며 또한 정서와 감정 그리고 환경 지각 등이 함축된 원형의 형태이다. 특히 움직임의 원형연구는 춤동작에 있어 보편적 동작연구에 바탕이 되는 중요한 연구 분야이다. 움직임의 대상은 공간 속에 존재하며 도식화되어 시간으로 재해석되고 재구성되는 것이다. 따라서 본 연구는 도식화된 공간에서 보편적 움직임의 모듈을 추출하고 상대적 시간frame을 도출하여 라바노테이션을 바탕으로 한 변증법적 움직임의 형태에 대한 탐구에 있다.

Chilsungdo represents our religious and cultural heritage which keeps both saint and secular dialectic image coexists. It draws consequently admitting dialectic image movement operation object of the interest emotional intuition. It moves round, and it has a circular form where includes the emotion, sentiment, and the environment perception etc. are signified. Especially the circular study of movement based on the dance operation is important characteristic on the general motion study. The object of the movement inside space are reinterpreted and recomposed. The study shows consequently circular movement under the schematized space from extracting a module and research based on the Labanotation movement confronts to a circular form.

Scanning white-light interferometry is an important measurement option for many surfaces. However, serious profile measurement errors can be present when measuring free-form surfaces being highly curved or tilted. When the object surface slope is not zero, the object and reference rays are no longer common path and optical aberrations impact the measurement. Aberrations mainly occur at the beam splitter in the interference objective and from misalignment in the optical system. Both effects distort the white-light interference signal when the surface slope is not zero. In this paper, we describe a modified version of white-light interferometry for eliminating these measurement errors and improving the accuracy of white-light interferometry. Moreover, we report systematic errors that are caused by optical aberrations when the object is not flat, and compare our proposed method with the conventional processing algorithm using the random ball test.

본 연구의 목적은 문항반응이론과 요인분석을 활용하여 외상 후 성장 척도 확장판(PTGI-X)의 단축형을 개발하는 것이다. 외상 사건 이후에 나타나는 개인의 긍정적인 변화인 외상 후 성장을 측정하기 위해 가장 많이 사용되는 외상 후 성장 척도(PTGI)의 심리측정적 한계를 보완하기 위해 확장판(PTGI-X)이 개발되었으나, 여전히 종교 유무에 따른 측정불변성 및 차별기능문항(DIF) 문제가 남아 있다. 본 연구에서는 요인분석뿐 아니라 문항반응이론(IRT) 기법들을 활용하여 개별 문항의 특성을 정교하게 분석함으로써 타당도와 실용성이 높은 단축형 척도를 제시하고자 한다. 확인적 요인분석, 다집단 확인적 요인분석, IRT에 기반한 분석방법들을 사용하여 타당도 높은 12개 문항을 최종 선정하였다. 단축형 척도는 원판 척도보다 적은 문항으로 높은 정보값을 나타내 상대적으로 효율적이었고, 의도적 반추 및 정서접근적 대처와도 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 본 연구는 한국판 PTGI-X의 단축형을 제안함으로써 척도의 심리측정적 한계를 보완하였다. 본 연구결과가 타당하고 효율적인 외상 후 성장의 측정에 기여함으로써, 연구 및 임상 현장에서의 활용도를 높이기를 기대한다.

The purpose of this study is to develop a short form of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Expanded (PTGI-X) using Item Response Theory and factor analysis. The PTGI-X was developed to address the psychometric limitations of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), which is the most widely used measure of positive psychological changes following traumatic events. However, issues related to measurement invariance across religious and non-religious groups and differential item functioning (DIF) remained when using the PTGI. Therefore, this study developed a short-form scale with high validity and practicality by employing not only factor analysis but also Item Response Theory (IRT) techniques to analyze the characteristics of individual items in detail. Twelve items with high validity were selected using confirmatory factor analysis, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, and IRT-based methods. Compared with the original scale, the short form scale exhibited higher information values with fewer items, indicating greater efficiency, and showed significant correlations with deliberate rumination and emotional approach coping. Thus, this study addressed the psychometric limitations of the scale by proposing a short form of the PTGI-X. It is expected that the findings will contribute to a valid and efficient measurement of posttraumatic growth, thereby enhancing its applicability in both research and clinical settings.

본 연구는 경험적으로 제작된 성격검사인 MMPI-2의 척도2를 요인분석적 접근을 사용해서 간편하게 할 수 있는 가능성을 조사하였다. 즉, 문항반응이론에 기반한 완전-정보 문항 요인분석을 통해 축소하고, 축소된 검사의 신뢰도와 타당도를 살펴보았다. 2008년 1월부터 2009년 5월까지 K병원 임상 심리실에 종합심리평가가 의뢰된 환자 중 313명의 자료를 분석한 결과, MMPI-2 척도2는 3요인 구조가 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로 각 요인에서 요인계수 0.3이상의 값을 갖는 문항을 선택하여 요인구조를 살펴 본 결과 각 요인은 ‘주관적 우울감’, ‘대인관계 저하’, ‘신체활동 저하’로 나타났다. 23문항으로 이루어진 단축형 척도는 원척도 점수 분산의 95%를 설명하며(R^2), MMPI-2내의 우울관련 소척도와 .449∼.898의 상관을 보였다. 또한 우울증에 대한 선별과 치료 효과 측정에 널리 사용되는 BDI 및 STAI와의 상관 역시 각각 .379, .482(상태), .514(특질)로 나타났다. 단축형 척도의 신뢰도와 타당도, 원척도 예측력을 살펴본 결과, 원척도의 사용이 제한되는 경우나 장애의 선별이 목적인 상황에서 원척도를 대신하여 사용할 수 있음을 시사한다. 끝으로 연구의 제한점과 앞으로의 연구 방향에 대해 논의하였다.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI) is one of the most popular and widely used personality assessment instruments in various settings. The primary advantage of the MMPI-2 is to provide an accurate and comprehensive personality profile based on affluent data. On the other hand, a shortcoming of the MMPI is that length of the test instrument and amount of time required for test administration are too long. Therefore, many researchers have developed short forms of the MMPI, which were of less items and less time consuming than the full MMPI, while retaining its validity and clinical utility. The purpose of this study was to develop a short form of the MMPI-2 (Depression scale) using full-information item factor analysis method. The reliability and validity of our short form were reasonably good. Three factors were extracted and labelled as subjective depression, difficulty in interpersonal relations, and decrease of physical activities respectively. The items of our short form showed a very high utility(R^2.948) of predicting scores of the full version and high correlations(.449∼.898) with Harris-Lingoes subscales and depression subscales. These results indicate that the short form has adequate reliability and validity, and explains the variability of the full version scores sufficiently. Thus it can be used as a substitute when it is not feasible to use the full version. Finally, the implications and limitations of the study along with suggestions for future research are discussed.

본 연구에서는 단축형 어둠의 3요소 척도인 Dirty Dozen(Jonason & Webster, 2010)을 한국어로 번역하고, 번역된 척도(K-Dirty Dozen)의 타당도와 요인구조를 실증적으로 검증하였다. 이를 위해 전국 직장인들을 대상으로 어둠의 3요소로 일컬어지는 세 가지 부정적 성격특성(나르시시즘, 마키아벨리즘, 사이코패시)을 K-Dirty Dozen과 개별 측정방법을 통해 측정하였고, 이들 측정값 간의 상관관계를 다속성-다방법 행렬(multi-trait multi-method matrix)로 정리하여 수렴타당도와 변별타당도를 검증하였다. 또한, HEXACO 성격유형과의 상관관계 분석을 통해 K-Dirty Dozen 척도에 대한 수렴타당도를 추가로 분석하였다. 또 K-Dirty Dozen 척도에 대한 확인적 요인분석을 통해 요인구조를 검증하였고, 마지막으로 반생산적 과업행동과의 상관관계 분석을 통해 K-Dirty Dozen의 준거 타당도를 검증하였다. 분석 결과, 전반적으로 K-Dirty Dozen의 타당도와 이론적 요인구조를 지지하는 결과들이 확인되었다. 본 연구를 통해 타당도가 검증된 K-Dirty Dozen은 앞으로의 연구에서 유용한 측정도구로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 나아가 K-Dirty Dozen을 활용한 연구들을 통해 인간의 부정적 성격 측정을 통한 조직의 효과적 인적자원관리방안에 관한 논의가 활성화되기를 기대한다.

The current study examined the construct validity and structural integrity of a Korean version of a short-form measure of the Dark Triad(K-Dirty Dozen). We recruited working adults in Korea to complete the K-Dirty Dozen, long-form measures of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy, and the HEXACO personality traits. Then, we examined their intercorrelations to test the convergent and discriminant validity of the K-Dirty Dozen. Additionally, we conducted a series of confirmatory factor analyses to examine the internal factor structure of K-Dirty Dozen. Finally, we examined the criterion-related validity of K-Dirty Dozen by examining the correlations of its scores with counterproductive work behavior. We found results that generally provide support for the construct validity and structural integrity of K-Dirty Dozen. In addition to providing validity evidence for the K-Dirty Dozen, it is our hope that the current research will facilitate future research and discussions on the measurement of dark personality traits and their application to managing people in the workplace.