Earticle

본 연구는 한국 전통 목조건축에서의 목재 수종 활용을 시대와 지역 맥락에서 유형화하고, 이를 바탕으로 목조 문화유산의 소방 방재 및 보수를 위한 자료 구축 체계를 제시한다. 삼국시대부터 조선 후기까지의 사례를 분석한 결과, 기둥·보·도리· 서까래 등 주요 구조재에는 침엽수가, 마루·문지방·결구부 등 마모·습윤 지배 부위에는 환공재 활엽수가 선택되는 경향이 확인되었다. 지역별로는 영남의 적송 중심, 호남의 활엽수 혼용, 강원의 전나무·낙엽송, 수도권의 집산·표준화 체계가 특징 적이었다. 이러한 경향은 단순한 관습이 아니라 자원 여건, 기후·지형, 건축 수요를 반영한 합리적 의사결정 체계임을 보여 준다. 본 연구의 결과는 문화유산 보수·복원에서 동일 수종을 확보하기 어려운 상황에 대비한 대체 수종 선정과 소방 방재 성능을 고려한 재료 운용 전략에 기초 자료가 될 수 있다. 나아가 목재의 열적·동적 특성은 현대 건축의 안전성과 지속가능 성 논의에도 적용 가능함을 보여준다.

This study establishes a data framework for fire protection and conservation of wooden cultural heritage through the typology of timber utilization in Korean traditional architecture. From the Three Kingdoms to late Joseon, conifers were used for columns, beams, and roof members, while ring-porous hardwoods were applied to floors and joints. Regional variations included red pine in Yeongnam, hardwood mixtures in Honam, fir and larch in Gangwon, and standardized systems in the capital. These findings show that species selection followed rational, adaptive principles rather than convention, and they provide essential references for restoration, substitution, and fire-resilient conservation strategies.

화재방호계통 스프링클러 시스템의 경우 지진 발생 시 그리고 지진 발생 후에 유도되는 화재로부터 건물과 인명을 보호하고 에너지를 공급을 위한 필수 요소라 할 수 있다. 본연구의주목적은 양방향 (x, y) 그리고 3축(x, y, z)방향의 지진의 영향을 받는 저층 건물에 설치된복층구조 스프링클러 파이프라인의 거동과 내진성능을 평가 하고자 함이다. 결과적으로 건물의 비구조 요소인 스프링클러 파이프라인의 경우 각 층별로 다른 거동을 보이고 있으며,또한 수직 방향의 지진의 경우 수평방향의 지진보다 파이프라인에 미치는 영향은 미미하다고 볼 수 있다.

Fire protection (sprinkler) piping system is an essential element for the energy supplyand for the protection against the seismic-induced fire during and after an earthquake. The primary objective of this study was to understand the seismic performance ofcomplex two-story piping system installed in a low-rise building subjected tobi-directional and three-directional earthquakes. The result of current study revealed thatthe displacement of the piping system in accordance with floor level was significantlydifferent due to acceleration-sensitivity but the effect of the piping system due to thevertical direction earthquake was not significant.

An experimental study of the fire protection performance of water mist spray subjected to thermal radiation was presented. Downward-directed water mist sprays to interact with an under. gasoline pool fire were experimentally investigated in underground environment. The mass mean diameters of water mist droplet were measured by PMAS under various flow conditions. The developed water mist spray nozzle was satisfied to the criteria of NFPA 750. The mechanism of the fire extinguishment by water mist spray was concluded to be cooling of the fire surface which lead to suppressed of' file1 evaporation. It was proved that the water mist spray system under. lower pressures could be applied to underground fire protection system.

High rising of the buildings offers a number of risk factors than ever before with regard to fire prevention. Especially in the construction site of high-rise buildings, people waste golden-time during the evacuation because temporary fire fighting facilities are not installed and transferred to a large fire because of fire suppression failure. In this study, the researcher derives the problems of fire protection in high-rise buildings construction sites and proposed the measures in such the legal aspects as fireㆍbuilding construction code and etc. There are the legal improvements such as orders of construction suspension in the problems of fire safety, appointing fire safety manager, temporary fire protection installation standards, enhancing penalty provisions regarding the use of fire, operating self fire brigade, confirming on-site after completing fire-protection facalities, establishment or strengthening special fire-protection investigations

본 연구에서는 ABAQUS 프로그램을 이용한 유한요소해석에 의해 콘크리트충전 각형강관(CFT)기둥의 내화성능을 평가하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 과도상태 열전달 해석을 이용한 변수요소의 연구결과를 제시하고, 제시한 변수요소 연구의 정확성을 확인하기 위하여 기존 연구결과들과 비교하였다. 내화피복의 두께, 강재의 두께, 단면의 형상, 콘크리트의 강도 그리고 온도 측정위치 변화와 같은 다양한 변수연구로 내화피복된 CFT기둥의 내화성능을 평가하였다. 연구 결과로, 내화피복의 두께가 두꺼울수록 온도저감효과가 더 크게 나타났다. 그러나, 강재두께와 콘크리트의 강도의 영향은 내화피복된 CFT기둥의 온도변화에 영향을 미치지 못한다.

The objective of this research is to evaluate the fire resistance of concrete-filled tube columns(CFT) by finite element results using ABAQUS package program. This paper presents the results of a parametric study using transient heat transfer analysis, and compare these results with the existing results to check the accuracy of the proposed parametric studies. The parametric analysis which includes thickness of the fire protection, thickness of the steel, shape of the cross-section, strength of the concrete, and position of measurement of the CFT column with fire protections for the fire resistance performance evaluation was carried out. As a result of this study, the thicker thickness of the fire protection the better temperature reduction effect showed. However, The effect of thickness of steel and the strength of the concrete may not influence on the temperature change in the CFT column with fire protections.

The study focuses on the comparative analysis of the building codes and regulations regarding building egress system. Convention centers have the main function of exhibition and assembly which requires temporary construction. However, these facilities are exposed to the mass casualty during fire or other emergency situation because of its size and occupants load. Since most convention centers were constructed in Korea after the year 2000, few researches have been conducted on the building codes concerning the egress in them. This research aims to set the basis for the further research on the egress in the building code, and to examine the principles for the egress in large scale assembly facilities based on the comparative analysis between Korean building code and Life Safety Code of National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) in United States.

Burn is one of the serious injuries for all age groups however the younger the age is, the seriousness of the damage is larger. Children are vulnerable to burn injuries however the current Korean fire prevention content and education curriculum for children do not have specific burn prevention content. This paper is to examine the Learn Not To Burn (LNTB) program at the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) in the United States and aims to extract implications towards the burn prevention program for children in Korea. In order to do so, we investigated the LNTB contents, compositions from LNTB textbooks, and LNTB teaching materials. Further, the development and operational process to maintain the LNTB content and the rollout process are also investigated. We also investigated the burn-related content and curriculum of the fire prevention from an elementary school in Korea. We extracted the implications from the LNTB program and described the need for burn prevention education for young children in Korea. Finally, we made suggestions for creating the LNTB program in Korea by collaborating with stakeholders for young children.

연구목적: 급속한 도시화로 인해 주요 주거 형태가 된 공동주택 화재의 위험성을 분석하여 실질적인 화 재 피해 저감 대책을 찾고자 하였다. 연구방법: 경기도 화재 발생 현황을 분석하였으며, 방염과 관련된 현행 법령 및 제도의 문제점을 개선하기 위해 법령 분석 및 45도 연소시험법을 사용한 방염성능 유효성 실험 등 개선책의 실현 가능성을 검증하였다. 연구결과: 공동주택 화재 시 인명 및 재산 피해의 심각성 을 확인하였으며, 현행 방염 관련 법령의 모호성 및 형평성 문제를 확인하였다. 또한 방염 처리 물품의 화재 확산 억제 효과를 검증하였다. 결론: 본 연구로 아파트 화재 피해 저감을 위해 법령 개정, 보험료 할 인, 방염 성능의 효과 유지 기간 연구 등 제도 개선 방안을 제시하였다.

Purpose: To analyze the fire risks of apartments, which have become the primary residential form due to rapid urbanization, and to find ways to reduce actual fire damage. Method: The study analyzed the fire occurrence status in Gyeonggi Province and verified the feasibility of addressing issues in current fire prevention laws and regulations through legal analysis, fire prevention performance validation experiments, and estimation of fire prevention construction costs for new apartments. Result: The study confirmed the severity of human and property damage in apartment fires, identified the ambiguity and inequity of current fire prevention laws, and validated the fire spread suppression effect of fire-retardant materials. Conclusion: This study proposed institutional improvement measures to reduce fire damage in apartments, including legal amendments, ordinance enactment, and insurance premium discounts.

최근 섬유보강 폴리머 (FRP)를 이용한 건물의 보강이 널리 적용되고 있다. 그러나, 화재 등에 의해서 높은 온도에 노출될 경우, FRP와 에폭시의 낮은 유리전이온도특성 때문에 이 보강방법은 보강효과를 상실하게 된다. 이와 같은 측면에서, 본 논문에서는 FRP 보강시스템의 화재저항 성능을 향상시키기 위한 연구를 진행하였다. 특히 이들 재료들의 내화특성을 파악하기 위하여 실험과 열전도 해석을 실시하여 온도전달특성을 밝혔다. 연구를 통하여, 칼슘실리케이트와 알루미노 실리케이트는 열 저항성능이 높다는 것이 확인되었고 유한요소해석을 통하여 내화재의 두께를 설계하기 위한 열전도 특성의 예측이 가능한 것으로 나타났다.

Recently, retrofit by using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) has been widely applied to building structure. However, the retrofit contribution of FRP may be disappeared under high temperature such as fire loading because of the low glass transition temperature of FRP and epoxy. In this manner, this paper presents a research for improving fire resistant capacity of FRP retrofit system. Heat transitions of two types of fire proofing materials (board type and spray type) were verified by performing high temperature loading test and heat transfer analysis. As a result, it was found that the board made of calcium silicate and alumino silicate had higher resistance on the heat transition than the sprayed finish. By using the analytical approach, it is possible to properly estimate the heat transfer of fire-proofing with board under high temperature environment for fir-resistance design of reinforced FRP.

일반적으로 발코니를 확장한 공동주택은 직사광선이 실내로 직접 들어오는 것을 일부 막아주는 차양루버의 역할과 화재발생시 화염이 발코니를 타고 상층부로 전이되는 것을 늦춰주는 방화역활을 해주던 공동주택의 발코니가 없음으로 해서, 실내에 직달일사의 사입량이 증가하였으며, 화재시 창호를 통하여 화염이 상층부로 전이되어 화재의 빠른 확산의 원인이 되기도 한다. 특히 2006년부터는 공동주택에서 발코니확장이 인정되고, 2008년부터 발코니가 없거나 커튼월 형식의 공동주택의 경우 방화유리나 방화판 설치와 대피공간확보(방화문설치로 대체 가능)가 의무화(2008년 시행) 되어있어 발코니 확장 공동주택 및 커튼월 형식의 주거 및 상업용 건물등은 이러한 문제점들에 대한 대책이 필요하다고 볼 수 있다.1)이에 본 연구는 이러한 문제점들에 대한 대안으로 건물 외부에서 햇볕을 차단하고 실내 에너지 절약을 가능하게 하는 차양의 역할을 하며, 화재시에는 방화기능도 겸비하는 차양식 방화루버의 개발연구를 수행하였다.

In 2006, the government was sanctioned balcony remodeling in apartment. However, In many cases, it did not install the evacuated space. and was not good for fire-proofing properties between each floors. The venetian blind louver as one of the means to solve these problems, have been presented. The venetian blind louver is installed on the front of the remodelled apartment balcony. The purpose of this study is to improve the fire protection and prevention preformance using the fire venetian blind louver. Also, is to improve a louver design and to make it easy how to use. The prototype of the venetian blind louver were tested for fire prevention in Korea Institute of Construction Technology(KICT). The results of tests were a good fire prevention performance between in initial to 5 mins. In case of fires in apartment, the initial 5 minutes is very important to survive the peoples. This study, therefore, will improve the prototype of the venetian blind louver for fire protection and prevention preformance.

In this paper, we studied the structure of the roast hood, predicted fire hazards through statistical data, and examined the possibility of igniting the roast hood and the variation in the potential for ignition by installing the fire prevention net. It was observed visually that fluoride caused by charcoal was sucked into the roast hood due to the negative pressure caused by the operation of the motor. In addition, the frequency of charcoal burns carried into the roast hood according to the installation of the fire prevention network was compared. This paper identifies the structural fire vulnerability of the Lost Hood, provides users and manufacturers with information on fire risk from installation of the fire prevention network, and improves the device to allow more stable use of the device, helping to infer the cause of the fire.

연구목적: 원전 주제어실 내 방화벽의 설치가 화재 확산 방지, 핵심 기기 생존성 및 작업자 거주성 확보 에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 한다. 연구방법: NUREG-1934에서 제시하는 캐비닛 화재 시나리오를 적 용하여 CFD를 수행하였다. 1차 해석에서는 화원과 방화벽 간 이격 거리에 따른 열적 특성을 분석하였 으며, 2차 해석에서는 실제 MCR 형상 내에서 방화벽 유/무에 따른 기기(마주보는 캐비닛) 및 작업자의 온도와 복사열유속 변화를 정량적으로 비교 평가하였다. 연구결과: 1차 해석 결과, 방화벽의 온도는 거 리에 비례하여 선형적으로 감소하였으나, 복사열유속은 거리의 제곱에 반비례하는 물리적 특성으로 인해 비선형적으로 급격히 감소하여, 1m 이내 근접 설치가 복사열 차단에 가장 효과적임을 확인하였다. 2차 해석 L1(기기 생존성) 시나리오에서 방화벽은 ‘마주보는 캐비닛’의 최대 온도를 87% 이상 저감시켰다. L2(작업자 거주성) 시나리오 에서는 방화벽 설치시 평균 복사열유속이 94% 감소하여 작업자을 효과적으로 보호함을 확인하였다. 결론: 방화벽은 원전 MCR 화재 시 복 사열 전달을 효과적으로 차단하여 화재의 수평적 확산을 방지하고, 작업자가 안전정지 조작을 수행할 수 있는 거주성을 확보하는 데 결정적 인 역할을 수행함을 정량적으로 확인하였다.

Purpose: The purpose is to analyze the impact of installing firewalls within the nuclear power plant’s control room on preventing fire spread, ensuring the survivability of critical equipment, and securing worker habitability. Method: CFD analysis was performed applying the cabinet fire scenario presented in NUREG-1934. The primary analysis examined thermal characteristics based on the separation distance between the fire source and the fire barrier. The secondary analysis quantitatively compared and evaluated temperature and radiation flux changes for equipment (opposite cabinets) and personnel within the actual MCR configuration, varying with the presence or absence of a fire barrier. Result: Primary analysis results showed that the firewall temperature decreased linearly with distance, but the radiation rate decreased sharply and nonlinearly due to its physical characteristic of being inversely proportional to the square of the distance. This confirmed that installation within 1 meter is most effective for blocking radiant heat. In the secondary analysis L1 (Equipment Survivability) scenario, the firewall reduced the maximum temperature of the ‘opposite cabinet’ by over 87%. In the L2 (operator Habitability) scenario, installing the firewall reduced the average radiation rate by 94%, confirming effective operator protection. Conclusion: Physical fire barriers have been quantitatively proven to play a decisive role in effectively blocking radiant heat transfer during MCR fires at nuclear power plants, thereby preventing the horizontal spread of fire and ensuring the habitability necessary for operators to perform safe shutdown operations.

소방자격은 국민의 생명과 안전에 직결되어 있어서 무엇보다 중요하다. 한국의 경우 소방자격은 대부분이 국가자격이며 자격운영은 고용노동부에서 소관하고 한국산업인 력공단에서 위탁하여 관리·운영하고 있다. 또한 국가기술자격은 검정기준이 존재하지 만 국가전문자격은 검정기준이 별도로 정해져 있지 않다. 검정방법은 객관식과 주관식 을 병행하고 있지만 실기시험이 없고 계속교육제도인 보수교육을 실시하지 않아 산업 현장과 이질성 우려가 있다.

일본의 소방자격은 국가자격이며 자격운영은 총무성 산하 소방청에서 소관하고 소 방시험 연구센터에서 수탁하여 관리·운영하도록 되어 있다. 또한 국가기술자격으로 소 방설비사, 위험물취급자가 있으며 국가전문자격은 존재하지 않는다. 검정방법은 소방 설비사인 경우 객관식과 주관식을 병행하고 있지만 위험물취급자는 객관식으로만 되 어있다. 또한 소방설비사, 위험물취급자 두 자격 모두 실기시험은 존재하지 않는다. 계 속교육제도인 보수교육을 실시하고 있어서 산업현장의 변화에 적절히 대응하고 있다.

In the case of the fire to the exterior of the building through openings, the openings of the adjacent building are exposed to the risk of combustion expanding and factors that affect the combustion in the radiant heat and direct flame. Recent five years, fire of the adjacent building indicated that incidence of the 5,134(2.27%) among total 225,934 cases occurred The damage scale of fire expanded was lower than in a single building but casualties(5.46%) and property(25.0%) damage were higher. Therefore, this study provides to analyze the operating status for fire protection equipment of fire-preventing area in the Seoul and to apply measures to improve fire protection equipment according to narrow the distance between the building openings studied.

Fire Protection Qualification in the United States is Government Qualification. The State Government controls and NCEES(National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying) and NSSB(National Skill Standards Board) operates. The standard of exam has been run establishing standards for industrial sites. It is possible to take a qualification test should have to have academic ability with career. Also, there is a regulations of education training before and after acquisition of capacity and especially after acquisition of capacity is more revved up. Punishment and standards of administrative measure is strong, so if someone act behavior against the law, open him to the public on a certain website and the record is maintained forever.