Earticle

본 연구에서는 전통방식으로 재현한 아교를 대상으로 가죽부위에 따른 다양한 추출조건별 특성변화를 확인하고자 하였다. 평균분자량(Mw, Mz)은 추출시간에 따라 증가하였으며, 다분산성 (PDI)은 추출시간에 따라 증가하다 추출 48시간에서 감소하였다. 평균분자량과 PDI 모두 가죽부위별 차이는 없었지만, 개체별로는 총분자량 차이가 있었다. 추출물의 차이는 아교(젤라틴)를 대표 하는 Amide 영역들을 통해 비교한 결과, 추출시간에 따라 뱃가죽의 삼중나선구조가 파괴되는 것이 확인되어 가죽부위별 차이점이 확인되었다. 물성평가 결과, 황색도는 추출시간이 증가할 수록 높아졌고, 점도는 분자량의 변화와 비례하지 않았다. pH는 화학적 전처리가 없는 생산아 교의 일반적인 특징과 동일하게 나타났다. 각 추출조건에 따른 생산아교의 특징들을 전체적으 로 분석한 결과, 소 개체별 차이가 큰 영향을 미쳐 소량 추출의 경우 일정한 품질을 유지하기 힘들다는 것을 확인하였다. 추후 더 다양한 추출조건에 대한 연구가 진행되어 일정한 품질을 가진 전통아교의 보급을 기대한다.

We investigated the properties of Korean traditional animal glue which are associated with the use of different parts of cattle hide and extraction conditions. Both average molecular weight(Mw, Mz) and polydispersity (PDI) of the animal glue increased with extraction time, whereas only PDI decreased after 48h. There were no differences in the average molecular weight and PDI for the different cattle hide parts used, although a individual difference was observed with regard to total molecular weight. Differences in extracts over time were compared by investigating the amide regions representing the gelatien component of the animal glue. The triple helix structure of the belly skin deteriorated in a manner proportional to the extraction time, and differences were observed for each cattle hide part. The yellowness increased with the extraction time; however, the viscosity was not proportional to the average change in molecular weight. This study has some limitations because of difficulties in the quality control of cases where small amounts of glue were extracted as small differences might impact the overall results considerably. Further research exploring various extraction conditions is required to ensure the prodiction of traditional animal glue with optimum qualities.

Snow fungus (Tremella fuciformis) with functional contents has satisfactory effects on various diseases, including atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, healthy skin, cancer, diabetes, and anti-inflammation. In this study, the extraction yield and functional contents (ergothioneine and β-glucan) of white jelly fungus were compared based on the extraction conditions using response surface methodology. Results revealed the extraction conditions for optimization of the dependent variables to be 60oC and 4.33 h, when 16.6 mg/mL of sample concentration was used. Under these conditions, the extraction yield was 24.9%, including ergothioneine (66.8 μg/g) and β-glucan (34.9 g/100 g). These results can be useful in understanding the functional ingredients and mass extraction process in mushroom.

For the development of a new antidementia functional food or alternative drug using agricultural products, Job's tears (Coix lachrymajobi L.), which shows high acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity (55.1%) was selected and the extraction conditions of AChE inhibitor were optimized. AChE inhibitor of Job's tears was maximally extracted when it was treated with 60% methanol at 40℃ for 6 h. The AChE inhibitor of the methanol extracts was partially purified by systematic solvent extraction, thin layer chromatography, silica gel chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC and the partial purified AChE inhibitor with inhibitory activity (IC50) of 0.608 ㎍ was obtained. The partial purified AChE inhibitor was soluble in methanol and hexane, and insoluble in water. Its maximum absorption spectra was 230 ㎚ and also it was stable in the range of 30℃ and 70℃ and pH 4.0-8.0 for 1 h.

The optimum extraction condition of pungent component from Zanthoxylum piperitum D.C pericarps by using supercritical fluid extraction(SFE) was investigated. The optimum condition of SFE was 300 ㎏/㎠ of pressure, 60 ℃ of extraction temperature, 80% of CO₂fluid, 20% of modifier(methanol) volume and 20 min of extraction time. The extraction efficiency between the classical solvent extraction method and SFE was studied. About 40% of extraction efficiency was improved when SFE was applied.

본 연구에서는 비교적 가격이 저렴하고 부작용이 없으면서 효능이 우수한 피부 노화 억제 제품을 개발하고자 먼저 다양한 종류의 약용식물을 대상으로 각종 유기용매 추출물을 제조한 후 이들의 elastase 저해 활성을 측정하여 우수 식물을 선발하고 이들로 부터 elastase 저해제 추출 최적조건을 검토하였다. 64종의 약용식물에 대한 다양한 추출물 가운데 복분자 메탄올 추출물의 elastase 저해 활성이 85%로 가장 높았고 이 저해물질은 메탄올로 50℃에서 12시간 진탕 시켰을 때 가장 많이 추출 되었다.

Background: In order to develop a method for enhancing the levels of constituents in Rhus verniciflua Stokes extracts, we assessed the effect of ultrasonic thermal fusion treatment and thermal water extraction on the stem of R. verniciflua over different lengths of time. Methods and Results: The phenolic constituents of R. verniciflua stem extracts were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatogrpahy method. Total phenolic contents were found to be, highest in extracts obtained using ultrasonic thermal fusion treatment for 8 h (URV-8, 12.279%), and thermal water extraction for 4 h (WRV-4, 5.645%). Notably, the total phenolic content of the URV-8 extract was shown to be 2.32 times higher than that of an extract obtained using thermal water extraction for 8 h (WRV-8, 5.295%). Moreover, we found that whereas an extract obtained using ultrasolic thermal fusion for 1 h (URV-1) contained 0.156% urushiol, an allergy-inducing component, no trace of urushiol could be detected after extraction for 2 h. Conclusions: Compared with thermal water extraction, ultrasonic thermal fusion treatment is a more effect method for obtaining plant extracts with high concetrations of phenolic constituetns.

In this study, we investigated antioxidant capacity and determined the phenolic and flavonoid contents using each of various solvent conditions from fermented Rhus verniciflua stem bark (F-RVS). Each extracts displayed markedly similar content of extraction yield. However, M80 extract showed a significantly higher antioxidant activity in comparison to other extract investigated. M80 exhibited strong DPPH radical scavenging activity with RC50 value of 10.5 ± 1.4 ㎍/㎖,reducing power value 1.04 Abs (concentration of 1 ㎎/㎖), and anti-lipid peroxidation activity value of 94.6% (concentration of 10 ㎎/㎖). M80 extract showed the high content of total phenolic (319.7 ㎎ GAE/㎖ extract) and total flavonoid (111.6 ㎎QE/㎖ extract). Phenolic and flavonoid compounds showed significant relationship in DPPH radical scavenging (R2= 0.911and 0.912, each extract) and reducing power (R2 = 0.903 and 0.837, each extract) from fermented R. verniciflua stem bark. However, antilipid peroxidation activity (R2 = 0.589 and 0.441, each extract) was not significant like DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power. Therefor the result indicated that the potential antioxidant activities and functional values were ovserved significantly at M80 solvent condition from the fermented R. verniciflua stem bark.

In this paper, a new condition diagnosis algorithm for the lens injection molding process using various features extracted from cavity pressure, nozzle pressure and screw position signals is developed with the aid of probability neural network (PNN) method. A new feature extraction method is developed for identifying five (5), seven (7) and two (2) critical features from cavity pressure, nozzle pressure and screw position signals, respectively. The node energies extracted from cavity and nozzle pressure signals are also considered based on wavelet packet decomposition (WPD). The PNN method is introduced to build the condition diagnosis model by considering the extracted features and node energies. A series of the lens injection molding experiments are conducted to validate the model, and it is demonstrated that the proposed condition diagnosis model is useful with high diagnosis accuracy.

미선나무 잎과 줄기 중 유효성분의 최적 추출조건을 평가하기 위해 다양한 비율의 물과 에탄올 혼합물(0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100% ethanol(v/v))을 추출용매로 사용하여 환류냉각, 초음파 및 침지법을 적용하여 추출을 진행하였 다. 추출물의 총 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드 함량을 분석한 결과 80% 에탄올로 2시간 동안 환류냉각 추출하였을 때 가장 높은 값을 나타내었으며 미선나무 줄기의 DPPH free radical 소거능을 평가한 결과 침지 추출 시 71.3%로 가장 높았다. 미선나무 잎의 DPPH free radical 소거능은 용매별로 분획하여 측정한 결과 용매별로 다른 값을 나타내었으 며 부탄올 층에서 103.3%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과로써 미선나무의 잎과 줄기를 생리활성을 보유한 천연 물 소재로써 활용이 가능하다는 것을 확인하였다.

To evaluate optimum conditions of extract active components, extraction of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai was performed with various ethanol and water mixture at ethanol concentration of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%(v/v) and extraction methods. Higher polyphenol and flavonoids contents of extract achieved at 2 hours of reflux extraction in 80% ethanol. The highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the stem extracts by soaking method and butanol fractions of leaf extracts are 71.3% and 103.3% respectively. The results suggested that Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai can be used for valuable natural resource.

To compare antioxidant and antibacterial effects of pine needles of pine trees (Pinus densiflora Seib. et Zucc.) that naturally grow in Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea, on human skin pathogens, extracts of pine needles were produced by two different extraction methods, using 80% ethanol and hydrothermal fluid methods. Then, they were used in the experiment after freeze drying both extracts and dissolving with 80% ethanol. Our analysis found that hydrothermal extraction method showed 4 times higher recovery rates compared with extraction with 80% ethanol. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity of these extracts by 1, 1-diphenyl- 2-picryl hydrazyl assay was higher than L-ascorbic acid. In paper disc method examining antibacterial effects of these on human skin pathogens, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Candida albicans (C. albicans), and Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), 80% ethanol and hydrothermal extracts both displayed antibacterial effects against E. coli, S. aureus, and P. acnes. Pine needle extracts presented especially high antibacterial effects against P. acnes. However, Pine needle extracts showed insignificant antibacterial effect against P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. In general, 80% ethanol extracts displayed greater antibacterial effects compared with hydrothermal extracts. In conclusion, pine needle extracts prepared by both 80% ethanol and hydrothermal methods can be used as antioxidant production. In addition, our results showed that hydrothermal extraction was more suitable for extract production and ethanol extraction was more suitable for antibacterial effects.

본 연구에서는 올리브 잎의 적정 추출조건을 모색하고자 추출온도, 추출용매, 추출시간 등을 달리하여 올리브 잎 추출물들을 제조하였고 이들 추출물의 추출수율, 총 페놀 함량, 전자공여능 등을 비교, 분석하며 올리브 잎의 적정 추출조건을 조사하였다. 또한, 올리브 잎 추출물의 저장 안정성을 온도 및 pH 조건에서 검토하여 올리브 잎의 식품소재화를 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 추출조건에 따른 올리브 잎 추출물의 고형분 함량은 추출온도가 높아질수록, 추출하는 에탄올의 농도가 높을수록 올리브 잎 추출물들의 고형분 함량은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 추출시간의 경우, 고형분 함량과 추출 시간과의 관계는 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 고형분 함량이 가장 높게 나타난 조건은 , 80% 에탄올, 5시간 추출한 처리구(30%)이었다. 총 페놀 함량과 전자공여능은 추출용매의 에탄올 농도가 높아질수록 증가하는 경향을 보여 가장 많은 총 페놀 함량과 전자공여능을 나타낸 추출조건은 에서 80% 에탄올로 1시간 추출한 추출물이었으며 이때의 총 페놀 함량은 22.1%, 전자공여능은 70.5%이었다. 에서 저장한 올리브 잎 추출물들은 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 총 페놀 함량과 전자공여능 모두 소량의 감소치를 나타냈지만 올리브 잎 추출물에 함유된 페놀성 화합물들은 비교적 열에 안정하였다. 반면, pH의 경우, 산성과 중성 조건에서는 총 페놀 함량과 전자공여능 모두 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 약알칼리(pH 10) 조건에서는 약간의 감소치를, 강알칼리(pH 14) 조건에서는 급격한 감소치를 보였다. 결론적으로 기능성 식품소재로 올리브 잎 추출물을 제조시 추출용매로는 80% 에탄올을, 추출시간은 1시간 내외로 저온에서 추출하는 것이 바람직하며 올리브 잎 추출물을 저장시 산성 또는 중성 조건에서 저장하는 것이 적절한 것으로 나타났다.

Basic optimal extraction condition and stability data were determined for prediction of usefulness of olive leaf as functional food material. Solid contents of olive leaf extracts increased with increasing extraction temperature and ethanol content, and was the highest (38%) under , 80% ethanol, and 5 hr treatment conditions, Total phenol contents and electron-donating abilities of olive leaf extracts also increased with Increasing ethanol content, and were the highest under , 80% ethanol, and 1 hr treatment conditions, then slightly decreased during storage at . Olive leaf extract showed high stability under acidic storage condition, while low under alkalic condition.

본 연구는 홍삼 및 인진쑥에 70% 알콜로 추출하고 남은 알코올박과 물로 추출하고 남은 홍삼박 및 인진쑥박 은 거의 이용되지 않는데 이 홍삼박 및 인진쑥박에는 다량의 활성 성분이 존재하므로 홍삼박 및 인진쑥박으로 부터 진세노사이드 Rg3 활성 성분을 효과적으로 추출할 수 있는 기술을 산업적으로 이용해 대량 생산 제조 공정에 대해서 조사하였다. 홍삼박 및 인진쑥박 모두 추출전보다 추출후 활성성분의 추출효율이 높았으며, 추출시간과 추출회수가 증가함에 따라 추출되는 진세노사이드 활성성분의 양이 증가하는 것으로 조사 되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 사포닌 함량 과 사포닌 중 Rg3의 함량을 고려할 때, Rg3의 새로운 공급원으로서 유용함을 보여준다. 폐기되거나 재활용도가 낮은 박을 사용하고 Rg3의 함량이 높은 조사포닌을 제조할 수 있어 경제성이 탁월하다는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

This study was carried out to investigate the optimum conditions for extraction of ginsenoside active ingredients from red ginseng residue and mugwort bark extract produced by manufacturing alcoholic and water extract from red ginseng residue and mugwort bark extract. Extraction efficacy of ginsenoside active ingredients from extracted red ginseng residue and mugwort bark extract was higher than that before extracting. We suggests that red ginseng residue and mugwort bark extract produced by manufacturing alcholic and water extract of red ginseng and mugwort has higher potencies in the utilization of waste materials.

The usage of wild ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) has been limited due to short supply and high price. Therefore, sufficient production as well as efficient extraction of mountain ginseng are required for the development as products. In this study, wild ginseng adventitious root cultures were prepared for efficient production with advantages of fast growth and stable production. Treatment of methyl jasmonate (MJ) to wild ginseng adventitious root cultures increased the extraction yield and antioxidative activity. Further investigation on effect of extraction conditions suggested the importance of ethanol concentration on antioxidative activity and extraction yield of MJ-treated wild ginseng adventitious root cultures. Optimized extraction condition of MJ-treated wild ginseng adventitious root cultures for maximum extraction yield and antioxidative activity was determined using response surface methodology with three-level-three-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD). Extraction of 1 g MJ-treated wild ginseng adventitious root culture with 30 ml of 9% ethanol at $30^{\circ}C$ produced 310.2 mg extract with 71.0% antioxidative activity at $100{\mu}g/ml$. Taken together, MJ-treated wild ginseng adventitious root culture is valuable source for wild ginseng usage and optimized extraction condition can be used for the development of functional products or folk remedies.

Hesperidin, which is the most abundant flavonoid of Citrus unshiu (Rutaceae), has been reported to possess diverse activities and widely used as functional foods and cosmetics. For the development of functional products, extraction procedure is indispensable. Extraction conditions affect the composition of extract as well as its biological activity. Therefore, we tried to optimize extraction conditions such as extraction solvent, extraction time and extraction temperature for maximum yield of hesperidin using response surface methodology with threelevel-three-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD). Regression analysis showed a good fit of the experimental data and the optimal condition was obtained as ethanol concentration, 59.0%; temperature $71.5^{\circ}C$ and extraction time, 12.4 h. The hesperidin yield under the optimal condition was found to be $287.8{\mu}g$ per 5 mg extract, which was well matched with the predicted value of 290.5 μg. These results provides optimized extraction condition for hesperidin and might be useful for the development of hesperidin as functional products like health supplements, cosmetics and medicinal products.

Caffeine and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) are major constituents of green tea, the leaves of Camellia sinensis (Theaceae). Although EGCG is well known for diverse beneficial effect, caffeine is sometimes harmful with adverse effects. Therefore, the extraction efficiency was investigated using different extraction method such as extraction solvent, extraction time, extraction method, and repeated extraction. The content of EGCG and caffeine in green tea extract was quantitated by HPLC analysis. The extraction condition exerted difference on the extraction yield. The content of EGCG was also affected by different extraction condition. Especially, the extraction solvent greatly affected the content of EGCG in the extract. However, the content of caffeine was less affected compared to that of EGCG. The inhibitory effect of green tea extract on pancreatic lipase was almost similar regardless of extraction condition. Taken together, optimization of extraction condition will provide best efficacy for further development of green tea as anti-obesity therapeutics.

The fruit of corni (Cornus officinalis Sieb.) was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector (UPLC-PDA) and method validation for 3 major components which are morroniside, loganin, and cornuside. The optimal extraction condition for sum of 3 components was carried out response surface methodology (RSM). Experimental factors were designated by RSM and a central composite design (CCD). The suitability of the experimental model was verified by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the regression coefficient was calculated as 0.6994. The maximum predicted value for the sum of the yields of the 3 major components was 1.555% with an extraction temperature of $70^{\circ}C$ and an extraction time of 38 min in 64% ethanol. Under these conditions, the actual value was detected to 1.527% (${\pm}0.034$).