Earticle

운동처방을 위한 방법 중 운동강도 설정을 위해서는 트레드밀과 바이크 형식의 운동부하검사가 필요하다. 이 두 가지 부하검사 방법은 같은 유산소 시스템에도 불구하고 운동생리학적 반응에 차이가 있다. 특히 사이클 선수들의 심근 변형이 다른 선수에 비해 내경과 두께 모두 증가되어 있는데 이는 운동 중 높은 수축기혈압(SBP)상승에 노출되어있기 때문이다. 트레드밀 운동부하검사는 바이크 형식 보다 VO2max, 심박수(HR), SBP이 높은 것으로 알려져 있다. 그럼에 도 불구하고 트레드밀 운동부하에서 얻어진 VO2max이나 HR를 갖고 구해진 목표심박수(THR)를 바이크운동에 적용했 을 때 여러 가지 부작용이 발생한다. 즉 트레드밀 운동부하검사에서 얻어진 THR를 바이크 운동에 적용했을 때 수축기 혈압의 증가로 심근부담률이 상승한다. 특히 급성관상동맥증후군(ACS)환자들이 트레드밀 운동부하검사에서 얻어진 85%의 목표심박수를 바이크 운동에 적용했을 때 부정맥(심방세동, 심실조기수축), 높은 자각도(Borg scale 17), 심근 허혈의 현상이 나타났다. 이러한 현상은 바이크에서 높은 수축기 혈압이 심근부담률을 증가시켰기 때문이다. 고혈압을 동반한 ACS환자들에게서는 더욱 그 혈압의 상승 폭이 높게 나타났기 때문에 더욱 고려되어져할 사항이다. 결론적으로 트레드밀 운동부하검사에서 얻어진 THR를 바이크 운동에 적용하는 것은 배제해야하며 바이크 운동에 적용할 경우에 는 자각도(Borg scale 13~15)를 적용하던지 아니면 바이크 운동부하검사를 통해 얻어진 THR를 적용하는 것이 타당하다

In order to set the exercise intensity among the methods for exercise prescription, it is necessary to examine the graded exercise treadmill and bike type. These two types of load testing methods differ in their kinesthetic responses despite the same aerobic exercise system. In particular, myocardial deformation of cyclists is increased both in internal diameter and thickness compared with other athletes because they are exposed to high SBP(systolic blood pressure) rise during exercise. TE(Treadmill exercise) load test is known to have significantly higher VO2max HR(heart rate) and SBP than BE(bike exercise). Even so, when applying the THR(target heart rate) obtained with the VO2max or HR obtained from the treadmill exercise load to the BE, various side effects occur. That is, when the THR obtained from the TE load test is applied to the BE, the increase of the SBP increases the myocardial load rate. Especially, when ACS(acute coronary syndrome) patients applied the THR of 85% obtained from TE test to BE, arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation, premature ventricular contraction), high awareness (Borg scale 17) and myocardial ischemia were shown. This is because high SBP on the bike increases myocardial burden. In ACS patients with hypertension, since the rise in blood pressure was found to be high, it needs further consideration. In conclusion, applying the THR obtained from TE load test to BE should be avoided, and when applied to bike exercise, it is reasonable to apply a awareness (Borg scale 13 ~ 15) or THR obtained from a BE load test.

본 연구는 중년여성을 대상으로 강도별 battle rope 인터벌 트레이닝을 수행하여 중년여성의 신체조성, 기초체 력 향상에 효율적인 운동 강도를 제시하고 battle rope 운동을 통해 노화로 인해 발생하는 근감소증 예방과 개선에 효과 적인 근저항성 트레이닝임을 규명하고자 하였다. 12주간 주 3회 10세트를 실시하였으며 강도별 그룹은 저강도, 중강 도, 고강도 세 그룹으로 각 그룹별 운동 강도는 저강도 THR 60%~70%, 중강도 THR 70%~80%, 고강도 THR 80%~90%의 강도로 설정하였고 각 운동 강도에 따라 신체조성, 기초체력에 어떠한 상이한 영향을 미치는지 분석하였 다. 저, 중, 고강도 모든 그룹의 운동 전 후의 근력, 근지구력, 심폐지구력의 능력이 향상되었음을 알 수 있어, 기초체력 향상과 더불어 근감소증 예방 및 개선에 효과적인 복합운동이라고 사료되며, 각 그룹의 효과를 종합적으로 판단하였을 때 중강도 그룹에서 근력과 근지구력 향상도 면에서 고강도 그룹과의 차이가 크지 않았으며, 심폐지구력 측면에서는 고 강도 그룹과 비슷한 효과성을 보여 중년여성의 낮은 체력수준으로 수행하기 어려운 고강도 인터벌 트레이닝보다 THR 70~80%의 중강도 인터벌 트레이닝이 중년여성의 근감소증에 대한 근육의 질적 향상을 기대하기에 적합한 운동 강도 라고 사료된다.

Purpose :This study aims to carry out a battle rope interval training depending on the intensity(LIIT: Low Intensity Interval Training, MIIT: Middle Intensity Interval Training, HIIT: High Intensity Interval Training) targeting middle-aged women, proposed the effective strength of the exercise to improve their body composition, and basic physical fitness, and investigate that this exercise is a effective muscle resistance training for the prevention and improvement of sarcopenia due to aging. I concluded that muscular power, muscular endurance, and cardiovascular endurance of middle aged women in all groups(LIIT, MIIT, and HIIT) were improved as a result of the battle rope interval training. Even more than that, it was proved that this training is an effective complex exercise to prevent and improve sarcopenia and increase in basic physical fitness. Generally judging effects shown in each group, there was no great difference in the improvement of muscular power and endurance between MIIT and HIIT. Also, a middle intensity interval training group showed the similar effectiveness in cardiovascular endurance with a high intensity interval training group, so it is considered that the middle intensity interval training ranging from THR 70% to 80% is suitable for middle aged women who have a low level of physical fitness to easily carry out, qualitatively improve their muscles and sarcopenia rather than the high intensity interval training that is quite hard for the women to do.

이 연구는 중년여성을 대상으로 8주간의 유산소성 운동을 운동 강도에 차이를 두고 실시하여 운동 전, 후의 신체구성도 및 대사성증후군 요인의 변화를 분석하여 중년여성에게 있어서 건강 유지를 위한 효과적인 유산소성 운동 강도 설정에 도움을 주고자 실시되었다. 연구에 참여한 연구대상자는 총 21명으로 저강도 운동그룹(n=11, 65.25±5.9세)와 중․ 고강도 운동그룹(n=10, 64.50±7세)으로 무선배정하여 분류하고, 두 그룹 간 동질성 검정(Levene의 등분산검정)을 실시하여 등분산이 가정됨을 확인 한 후, 실험을 진행하였다. 운동강도 설정은 ACSM(2011)에서 제시된 강도를 참조 하여 저강도(HRR 40~50%)와 중․고강도(HRR 60~80%) 로 설정한 후 8주간 걷기 또는 달리기 운동(주 3회)을 실 시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫 번째, 중년여성의 8주간의 저강도(p<.01)와 중․고강도(p<.05) 유산소성 운동은 체중을 낮출 수 있는 유의한 운동이지만, 체지방률을 낮추기 위한 효과적인 운동 강도는 중․고강도(p<.05)의 유산소성 운동이 더욱 주요한 운동이 될 수 있었다. 두 번째, 8주간의 저강도(p<.05)와 중․고강도(p<.05) 유산소성 운동은 대사성증후군 요인 중 HDL 요인을 유의하게 높일 수 있는 운동이지만, 총콜레스테롤(p<.01)을 저하시키고 LDL(p<.05) 요인을 유의하게 낮출 수 있는 효과적인 운동 강도는 저강도 유산소성 운동보다 중․고강도의 유산소성 운동이 효과적이었다.

The purpose of this sturdy was to evaluate metabolic syndrome factors(systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein(HDL), low-density lipoprotein(LDL)) after 8weeks endurance aerobic exercise(low intensity & middle-high intensity) in middle-aged women. Twenty-one subjects were assigned two experimental groups: low intensity group(LIG, n=11, 65.25±5.9yr, HRR 40~50%), middle-high intensity group(MHIG, n=10, 64.50±7yr, HRR 60~80%). All subjects were participated endurance exercise program(walking or running) three times a week for 8weeks. In results, significantly weight loss were in LIG (p<.01) and MHIG(p<.05) but body fat(%) was significantly decreased in MHIG(p<.05) after exercise. HDL was significantly increased in LIG (p<.05) and MHIG(p<.05) but total cholesterol and LDL were significantly decreased in MHIG(p<.05) after 8week endurance aerobic exercise. In conclusion, middle-high intensity aerobic exercise was effective to improve capacity of body composition and to reduce metabolic syndrome factors better than low intensity aerobic exercise in middle-aged women.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise intensity and initial timing on functional recovery following sciatic nerve injury in rats. METHODS: Total of 80 Sprague-Dawley rats was used and randomly divided 6 groups. Under deep anesthesia, the sciatic nerve was nipped by adapted hemostatic tweezers for 30 seconds and the injured nerve was transparent under naked eyes. Acute exercise groups was applied treadmill after sciatic nerve crush injury during 5days with three type intensity. Late exercise groups was also applied treadmill during 5 days with three type intensity after 5 days break. Values of sciatic functional index were measured and analyzed in each group after exercise period. RESULTS: The sciatic functional index values between control groups 1, acute low-intensity group, acute middle-intensity group in acute phase showed statistical significant (p<.05). The sciatic functional index values between control groups 2, late low-intensity group, late middle-intensity group and late high-intensity in late phase showed statistical significant (p<.05). The comparison in acute and late phase, sciatic functional index values of each low-intensity group and each high-intensity group showed statistical significant (p<.05). CONCLUSION: Whether at acute or late phase, treadmill exercise as a therapy obtained beneficial effects of functional recovery and exercise training at low speed is more beneficial effects on the recovery of motor function in acute phase.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of high and low resistance exercise using an elastic band on the strength and lymphedema of upper extremity in patients with breast cancer. Methods: Seventeen female patients with breast cancer related lymphedema were randomly allocated to the high (n=9) or low (n=8) resistance exercise group. Both groups participated in the elastic band exercise program three times a week for eight weeks. For the high resistance exercise group (HR), the resistance was gradually increased, while maintaining constant intensity of exercise for the low resistance exercise group (LR). Assessments made include the upper extremity muscle strength and lymphedema before and after training. Results: After the exercise program, the HR showed significantly improved shoulder flexion and elbow flexion strength variation compared to the LR (p<0.05). Upper arm edema rate was significantly decreased in HR (p<0.05), but the difference between the two groups was not significant. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the elastic band exercise helps improve the strength and lymphedema of upper extremity in patients with breast cancer. In particular, high resistance exercise is more effective in improving muscle strength and does not exacerbate lymphedema, rather may improve upper arm edema if it is applied with a low elastic bandage or compression sleeve.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of home-based exercise intensity on the aerobic capacity and 1 year re-hospitalization rate in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Methods: Forty seven patients with CHF (males 33, females 14, age $61.3{\pm}9.8years$) participated in this study. The patients were allocated randomly to 3 groups in accordance with home-based exercise intensity: no home based exercise (NHE, 40%, n=19), moderate intensity home-based exercise (MIHE, 43%, n=20), and high intensity home based exercise (HIHE, 17%, n=8). All patients completed the symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) test safely at the cardiac rehabilitation hospital. Results: The NHE group significantly showed lower peak $VO_2$ and a higher $VE/VCO_2$ slope than the MIHE (p<0.05) and HIHE (p<0.01) groups. On the other hand, the NHE group did not show significant differences in the other hemodynamic responses, such as heart rate (HR) max, HR reserve, maximal systolic blood pressure (SBP), and SBP reserve. Nine out of 19 NHE patients (47%) were re-hospitalized related to heart disease and two out of 20 MIHE (10%) patients were re-hospitalized, but nobody in the HIHE group were re-hospitalized within 1 year from the CPX test. Conclusion: In patients with CHF, home-based self-exercise is one of the important factors for reducing the re-hospitalization rate. In addition, improved aerobic capacity is strongly associated with a lower re-hospitalization rate. In particular, re-hospitalized CHF patients showed significant differences in respiratory parameters and hemodynamic parameters compared to the non-re-hospitalized patients.

Purpose: The talk test (TT) is an alternative, self-reported method for prescribing and guiding exercise training in both healthy adults and patients with cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. This study examined whether the TT is a valid tool for evaluating the exercise intensity during two different types of aerobic activity on a treadmill or stationary bicycle in a healthy population. Methods: A total of ten subjects (six males and four females) who had no medical history related to musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and pulmonary disorders were enrolled in this study. They were evaluated using the TT, which consisted of three-level of difficulties demanding cardiac loads while performing aerobic activities on a treadmill and bicycle ergometer across two consecutive days in a counterbalanced manner. During the activities, the psychophysiological response markers were collected in terms of the heart rate, oxygen saturation, rating of perceived exertion, and metabolic equivalents. Results: Statistical analyses revealed a significant difference in the between-subject variance regarding the TT level effect (p<0.05). On the other hand, no significant findings were detected on the between-group variance(p>0.05) and the TT level×group interaction (p>0.05). The independent t-test indicated no significant differences in heart rate, oxygen saturation, rating of perceived exertion, and metabolic equivalents at any levels of the TT in the two groups. The TT showed a strong correlation with the rating of perceived exertion. Conclusion: This study showed that the TT is a valid and alternative tool for evaluating the aerobic exercise intensity in a healthy population. In addition, differences in the psychophysiological response markers between two aerobic activities, treadmill and bicycle ergometer, were detected in the same exercise intensity scaled with the TT. The TT can be used to evaluate and prescribe the exercise intensity of aerobic activity in cardiovascular and pulmonary physical therapy.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to compare the effects of the Graston-based massage method and microcurrent application on muscle fatigue after causing muscle fatigue of the quadriceps femoris by applying high-intensity exercise. METHODS: Study subjects (56 healthy subjects in their 20s) were randomized into a microcurrent group (MG), Graston group (GG), and control group (CG). To induce fatigue of the quadriceps femoris, the subjects performed squats 100 times without a break within about 5 minutes. Muscle fatigue was measured immediately after performing squats and 15 minutes after intervention. To measure muscle fatigue, surface electromyogram (EMG) was used to obtain and compare the median frequency. Microcurrent or Graston massage was applied to their quadriceps muscles 15 minutes after performing the squats. RESULTS: Muscle fatigue increased significantly in the vastus lateralis before and after intervention in the Graston group (p<.05), while no significant difference was observed in the rectus femoris and vastus medialis (p>.05). There were also no significant differences in the microcurrent group or the control group. CONCLUSION: Both the microcurrent group and Graston group showed a tendency for increasing median frequency values compared to the control group, but there was no significant difference except in the vastus lateralis treated with the Graston technique. Although there was no significant difference, the Graston technique could be utilized to reduce the occurrence of DOMS by preventing muscle fatigue in clinical practice or sports medicine.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity complex exercise program using whole-body vibration (WBV) and respiratory resistance on pain and dysfunction, psychosocial level, balance ability, and pulmonary function in low back pain (LBP) patients with high obesity. Design: A randomized controlled trial Methods: A total of 44 LBP patients withhigh obesity (body mass index, BMI≥30kg/m²) were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=22) and a control group (n=22). Both groups underwent a lumbar stabilization exercise program. In addition, the experimental group implemented the high-intensity complex exercise program combined with WBV and respiratory resistance. In order to compare the effects depending on the intervention methods, numeric pain rating scale (NRPS), Roland-Morris disability questionnaire (RMDQ), fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ), balance ability, and pulmonary function were used for measurement. Results: Both groups showed significant differences in NRPS, RMDQ, FABQ, balance ability before and after intervention (p<0.05). In addition, the experimental groupshowed significant difference in the amount of change in RMDQ, balance ability and pulmonary function values than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions: High-intensity complex exercise program using WBV and respiratory resistance has been proven to be an effective and clinically useful method to decrease dysfunction, increase balance ablilty, and pulmonary function for LBP patients with high obesity.

Aerobic exercise affects cerebral circulation, action of neurotransmitters, glucose, oxygen, and energetic substances and influence on the central nervous system for cognition. This study suggests that both the intensity of exercise and the level of cognitive task need to be considered. Computerized neurobehavioral testing is a more effective method, compared to conventional methods, of neuropsychological testing when measuring cognition objectively, in cases that we found. The intensity of 80% max HR had effect on more complex tasks such as 3 Digit Addition and Digit Span Backward, and the intensity of 65% max HR had an effect on more simple tasks such as Color Word Vigilance and Digit Span Forward. We can assume that different intensity of aerobic exercise might involve specific areas of the brain as they could have different sensitivities, so further studies measuring regional cerebral blood flow or electroencephalogram are needed to confirm the results.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare a control group and an experimental group, consisting of arthroscopic shoulder surgery patients who had received acute rehabilitation treatment and who were to perform scapular stabilization exercise. Methods: Sixteen subjects were studied. The control group, n=8, received instruction for basic physical therapy intervention. An experimental group, n=8, received instruction for doing scapular stabilization exercise (protraction, retraction, elevation, depression) 10 times, 6 times per week. To evaluate the effects of exercise, subjects were evaluated using a joint position sense of shoulder (JPS), disability of the arm, shoulder index (DASH), shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI). Results: Participants showed after the intervention, both groups saw their JPS errors at $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, and $90^{\circ}$ significantly decrease relative to before the intervention (p<0.05). Both groups saw their JPS rates at $90^{\circ}$ significantly decrease (p<0.05), with no significant changes in JPS at $30^{\circ}$ and $60^{\circ}$ (p>0.05). SPADI and DASH significantly decrease after the intervention (p<0.05), with no significant decreases before the intervention (p>0.05). The change rates of SPADI and DASH significantly reduced (p<0.05). Conclusion: Low-intensity scapular stabilization exercise is considered effective as a clinical treatment for arthroscopic shoulder surgery patients who receive acute rehabilitation treatment.

Purpose: This study investigated effect of the scapular retraction exercise on the subacromial and costoclavicular space using different thera-band intensities. Methods: Thirty-six healthy adults participated in this study, and the subjects were randomly divided into three groups (low, moderate, and high-intensity groups). The exercise was conducted twice a week for three weeks. The subacromial and costoclavicular space were measured before and after the intervention via ultrasonography. Data analysis was performed using the two-way Analysis of Variance with repeated measures and the paired t-test. Results: The effect of the scapular retraction exercise on the subacromial and costoclavicular space using a thera-band after a 60° shoulder abduction has significant difference in all groups (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the groups, and the values in the groups before the exercise did not differ significantly from those after the exercise (p>0.05). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the scapular retraction exercise after a 60° shoulder abduction can be used to widen the subacromial and costoclavicular spaces.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the trunk and lower extremity muscle activity induced by three different intensity conditions (intensity 1, 3, 5) of whole body vibration (WBV) during bridging exercise. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to measure trunk and lower extremity muscles activity. Eleven healthy young subjects (6 males, 5 females) were recruited from university students. The collected EMG data were normalized using reference contraction (no vibration during bridging) and expressed as a percentage of reference voluntary contraction. To analyze the differences in EMG data, the repeated one-way analysis of variance was used. A Bonferroni's correction was used for multiple comparisons. The study showed that EMG activity of the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, erector spinae and rectus femoris muscles was not significantly different among three intensity conditions of WBV during bridging exercise (p>.05). However, there were significantly increased EMG activity of the medial hamstring muscle (p=.001) and medial gastrocnemius muscle (p=.027) in the intensity 3 condition compared with the intensity 1 condition. This result can be interpreted that vibration was absorbed through the distal muscles, plantar flexor and knee flexor.

This study investigated the determination of exercise intensity for a rhythmik exercise program based on cardiopulmonary functions. Nine female participants in their 20s to 40s performed a rhythmik exercise program for 60 min per session, three sessions weekly, for 8 weeks. All participants underwent a grade exercise test to measure their minute ventilation (VE), oxygen uptake (VO2), maximal volume of minute oxygen consumption (VO2max), heart rate (HR), and oxygen pulse (O2 pulse) at the time of anaerobic threshold (AT) and maximal exercise time (ETmax). To determine the exercise intensity of the rhythmik exercise program, the Polar Heart Monitor was used for quantification, and the Borg Scale was used to measure the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). We did not observe any significant effects on the reaching time of AT, VE, VO2, VO2max, HR, and O2 pulse at either AT or ETmax. However, maximal value of VE (VEmax) was significantly enhanced at ETmax. The exercise intensity of the rhythmik exercise program was found to be low at 62.85% of HR-max with an RPE of 12.22. Our results suggest that the rhythmik exercise program did not directly improve cardiopulmonary functions; however, considering the unstructured nature of the rhythmik exercise program, anticipated positive effects on cardiopulmonary fitness are achievable through changes in the program contents and exercise time according to the goals of the participants.

We wanted to find the intensity of exercise that could increase brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and improve spatial learning and memory without dietary control. C57BL/6 mice were fed a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to induce obesity. Obesity-induced mice were exercised on a treadmill for 8 weeks at various exercise intensities: HFD-control (n= 7), HFD-low-intensity exercise (HFD-LIE, n= 7, 12 m/min for 75 min), HFD-middle intensity exercise (HFD-MIE, n= 7, 15 m/min for 60 min) and HFD-high-intensity exercise (HFD-HIE, n= 7, 18 m/min for 50 min). One week before sacrificing mice, the Morris water maze test was performed, and the hippocampus was immediately removed after sacrifice. The expression levels of BDNF (encoded by the gene Bdnf) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) in the hippocampus were analyzed by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction and western blot. In the last probe test of the Morris water maze test, occupancy in the target quadrant was significantly higher in the HFD-HIE group (P< 0.05) than in the other groups. In addition, mRNA expression from the Bdnf promoter region was found to be significantly higher in the HFD-HIE group than in the other groups (P< 0.001). Although there were some differences in the levels of significance, the expression levels of both BDNF and TrkB were significantly higher in the HFD-HIE group than in the other groups. Therefore, relatively high-intensity aerobic exercise can resist the adverse effects of a high-fat diet on the brain without dietary control.

Effects of aerobic exercise intensity on Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression of hippocampus and cognitive function in mice with high-fat diet are not well known. In this study, we investigated the differences in hippocampus BDNF and its receptor, tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) expression and cognitive functions in high-fat diet-fed mice after aerobic exercise with different intensities. The mice were fed a 60% high-fat diet for 6 weeks and divided into 4 experimental groups; no exercise (HFD, n=6), low intensity exercise (HFD-LE, n=6), moderate intensity exercise (HFD-ME, n=6), or high intensity exercise (HFD-HE, n=6). Exercise intervention was conducted for 8 weeks. For the control group (CON, n=6), normal diet was fed for 14 weeks. Protein expression of BDNF and TrkB were measured by western blot and cognitive functions were determined by T-maze task and Morris water maze task. Our result show that HFD-HE and HFD-LE groups had significantly higher BDNF protein expression level than CON, and HFD-HE group had significantly higher than HFD-LE group. The HFD-HE group also showed significantly higher TrkB protein expression level than all other groups. In the T-maze task, novel route awareness was significantly higher in HFD-HE and HFD-LE groups than CON. For Morris water maze task, time to reach platform was significantly shorter in HFD-HE than all other groups. These results indicate that high intensity exercise is generally more effective for increases in BDNF and TrkB protein expression and improvements on cognitive functions than moderate and low intensity exercise even with high fat diet. Therefore, we hypothesize that high intensity exercise can be recommended to overweight or obese individuals with reduced cognitive function.

Maternal infection is an important factor causing neonatal brain injury and later developmental disability. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise intensity on short-term memory, hippo-campal neurogenesis, and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) in the rats born of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-exposed maternal rats. The rats were divided into six groups: control group, mild-intensity exercise group, moder-ate-intensity exercise group, maternal LPS-exposed group, maternal LPS-exposed and mild-intensity exercise group, maternal LPS-exposed and moderate-intensity exercise group. The rats in the exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill for 30 min 5 times a week for 4 weeks. The exercise load consisted of running at the speed of 8 m/min for the mild-intensity exercise groups and 14 m/min for moderate-intensity ex-ercise groups. The latency in the step-down avoidance task was deter-mined for the short-term memory. Immunohistochemistry for 5-bro-mo-2’-deoxyuridine was performed to determine hippocampal cell pro-liferation and neurogenesis. Western blot analysis was performed for the detection of BDNF and TrkB expression. In the present study, tread-mill exercise improved short-term memory deteriorated by maternal LPS exposure. Treadmill exercise increased cell proliferation and neu-rogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of the rats born of the LPS-exposed maternal rats. Treadmill exercise increased BDNF and TrkB expression in the hippocampus of the rats born of the LPS-ex-posed maternal rats. These effects of treadmill exercise were similarly appeared at both mild-intensity and moderate-intensity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combining low-intensity treadmill exercise with naringenin treatment on the ex-pression of axonal regrowth-related proteins following sciatic nerve in-jury (SNI). The extracts were evaluated for cytotoxicity and cell viability using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and the effects of the extracts were analyzed in vitro using pri-mary cultured Schwann cells and dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGs). In vivo, axonal regrowth-related protein expression levels and neurite outgrowth were assessed through Western blot and immunofluores-cence staining, respectively. The results indicated that neither extract exhibited cytotoxicity. In primary cultured Schwann cells, 10 μM nar-ingin and 10 μM/50 μM naringenin significantly increased growth asso-ciated protein-43 (GAP-43) expression, while in DRGs, both naringin and naringenin treatments resulted in increased neurite length. For in vivo experiment, all animals were divided into the vehicle group, the nar-ingin-treated group post-SNI (Gin), the naringenin-treated group post-SNI (Genin), the naringin and exercise group post-SNI (Gin+Ex), and the naringenin and exercise group post-SNI (Genin+Ex). Naringenin treat-ment after early SNI enhanced GAP-43 expression. Following 14 days of exercise combined with treatment, both GAP-43 and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase levels were significantly increased in the Genin and the Genin+Ex groups, whereas phosphorylated-protein kinase B significantly increased only in the Genin+Ex group. Our findings suggest that naringenin, when used in conjunction with low-intensity treadmill exercise, may effectively promote the expression of axonal growth-related proteins following SNI.