Earticle

새롭고 효과적인 도플러 효과 보상 기법은 성상도 추정에 기반하며, 이론적 분석과 시뮬레이션 결과에서 알 수 있듯이 영점 성상도를 이용한 변형된 변조방식을 사용해 평균 파워를 감소시킬 수 있다. 제안된 기법은 위성 송수신기에서 고속으로 이동하는 단말로 보내는 파워를 줄여줌으로써 위성 OFDM 에서 매우 효과적으로 신호를 전달할 수 있다.

A new and effective Doppler effects compensation method based on constellation estimation as well as an average power saving strategy by modified modulation scheme utilizing zero point constellation are presented with theoretical analysis and relevant simulations. The suggested schemes are proved to be very effective for satellite OFDM signals relayed by power limiting transponder for the mobile terminal on high speed vehicles.

Purpose: This study purposed to examine the effect on health educational curriculum by grasping knowledge, attitude, and the extent of practicing it after giving a health education curriculum for 17 hours. Methods: This study was a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest conducted with the first-graders enrolled in a middle school students in Gyeonggi Province. A total of 191 completed questionnaires from the test group and the control group each were used for the final analysis. The survey period was from March 5 to March 13, 2009 before the education was given from July 20 to July 25, 2009 after the education. A total of 38 questions were used to measure knowledge and a total of 39 questions were used to measure attitude and practice. This study used test, ANOVA, and t-test, Paired t-test. Results: After the health education curriculum was given, the test group s knowledge of health education was found higher than that of the control group. There was a difference between two groups, but considering the perfect score of 38, the knowledge scores of both groups were not high. With regard to each group s attitude and practice of health education, the study compared the scores obtained before and after the education and found that the test group had higher scores than the control group, showing a significant difference. Conclusion: In order for a health education curriculum to successfully have favorable influence on the health of teenagers, the curriculum should be offered for a more extended period of time than 17 hours and as a compulsory course, not a selective one, so that all the students can develop their health management capabilities.

본 논문에서 저자는 사회적 지지의 효과를 연구하기 위해 국내․외의 문헌들을 이론적으로 고찰하였다. 연구 결과 사회적 지지는 주효과, 조절효과, 매개효과와 같은 다양한 효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 이러한 효과에 대해서는 다른 부정적인 연구 결과들도 나타났다. 또한 이러한 연구 결과 외에도 사회적 지지는 직무만족이나 조직몰입 등에도 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 사회적 지지는 소진과 이직의사, 우울, 불면증을 완화하는 완충 효과와 신뢰와 건강을 증진시키는 긍정적인 효과도 갖고 있었다. 사회적 지지는 사회적 지지의 유형, 지지원, 대상집단과 영향관계에 따라서 상이한 효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 사회적 지지의 효과에 대한 추가적인 후속 연구가 이루어져야 한다. 본 연구 결과는 직무스트레스를 완화하고, 조직몰입을 증대시켜 조직성과를 제고하는 데 활용되어야 할 것이다.

This study studied previous literatures about the effects of social support by reviewing domestic and foreign literatures. Author found that social support had various effects such as main effects, moderating effects, and mediating effects. But there were other negative findings with respect to these effects. Also social support had a positive impact upon job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Additionally, Social support had buffering effect against burnout, turnover intention, depression, insomnia, and also had an affirmative effect upon confidence and health. Social support showed different effects depending on the types and the sources of social support, target group, and impacting relation. Additional follow-up research about the effect of social support should be followed. Research findings about the effect of social support should be used in lessening job stress, in increasing organizational commitment, and in improving organizational performance.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effect of the operation of community health centers that has been operated for the purpose of the sub-regional unit (dong unit) health promotion project to improve the low health indicators of Busan Metropolitan City, and to identify the difference in health behavior and health indicators according to the operation of community health centers in Area B, which currently shows a relatively low level of health in Busan Metropolitan City. This will not only allow us to examine whether community health centers has actually had a health effect on local residents but also to derive improvements in the operation of the centers. Methods: Using the secondary data from the Community Health Survey conducted by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, we examined whether the rate of walking practice, healthy lifestyle practice rate, smoking rate, high-risk drinking rate, stress complaint rate, depressive symptom hypertension diagnosis experience rate, diabetes diagnosis rate, and subjective health status differ depending on whether community health centers are operated or not. This will be used to check the changes in health indicators between 2015 (before the operation of community health centers) and 2020 (after the operation of community health centers). Result: Overall, when examining the changes between 2015 (before the operation of community health centers) and 2020 (after the operation of community health centers), the health indicators of the indicators of operating the community health centers in 5 out of a total of 9 indicators brought positive changes, and in 4 indicators, all of them were negative changes regardless of whether they were operating or not, but the extent of the negative change in the regions where community health centers were operating was very small compared to those that did not operate community health centers. Conclusion: Regions without community health centers still tended to show negative health status or worsening health levels. It is judged that the benefits to the residents can be greater if the operation of community health centers are expanded, so it can be said that various efforts are needed to expand the policy.

The paper contributes deriving the confidence intervals according to the use types of hypothesis tests. The guidelines of usuage on the types of hypothesis tests and interval estimation are proposed. These formulars can be used to evaluate the effects of quality improvement activity.

Ssuk-injeolmi (쑥인절미), a traditional Korean glutinous rice cake containing Ssuk (mugwort) historically prepared by steaming, is nutritionally limited by its high glycemic index, low dietary fiber, and adhesive texture that poses dysphagia risk for elderly consumers. This study developed a modified Ssuk-injeolmi by partially substituting glutinous rice with brown rice and oat flour at four ratios (GR100, GR80, GR70, GR65) and evaluated the effects of grain substitution and cooking method (steaming vs. boiling) on colorimetric properties, texture profile, post-cooking moisture uptake, proximate composition, and predicted glycemic index. Steamed samples exhibited consistently higher lightness, greater moisture retention, and lower hardness and chewiness than boiled counterparts, attributed to more uniform starch gelatinization under indirect heat, scientifically validating steaming as the superior and traditionally appropriate cooking method for Ssuk-injeolmi. Among steamed formulations, GR70 (glutinous rice: brown rice: oat = 70:20:10) achieved the most favorable textural profile with the lowest chewiness, gumminess, and adhesiveness among substituted groups. Grain substitution progressively increased dietary fiber from 1.22 g/100 g (GR100) to 2.51 g/100 g (GR70) and reduced the predicted glycemic index from 82 to 77.6, consistent with the hypoglycemic effects of oat β-glucan and brown rice bran fiber. Caloric content remained comparable across formulations (224–235 kcal/100 g). Steamed GR70 Ssuk-injeolmi is identified as the most favorable reformulation, delivering reduced adhesiveness, more than double the dietary fiber of the control, and a lower predicted glycemic index while maintaining comparable caloric content. These findings demonstrate that evidence-based grain substitution and traditional steam cooking can synergistically improve the nutritional quality and textural safety of a culturally significant ethnic food without compromising its identity, offering a replicable reformulation framework for other traditional glutinous rice-based foods in Korean and East Asian cuisines targeting health-conscious and aging consumer populations globally.

Background : Medication errors can cause delayed hospital days, increased health costs, and mortality for patients. According to the Korea Patient Safety reporting & learning system (KOPS) in Korea in 2019, 3,798 of 11,953 patient safety reports were related to medication error which are 31.8% of the total reports. Methods : Team compromising of physicians, nurses, pharmacists, etc, used the Fish Bone Diagram to identify the root cause. The pay-off matrix was used to rank prioritizing strategy with less effort with greater improvement effect. The program was restructured into a lower risk program and the new program was analyzed and reviewed by the team. Results : The Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) was modified, so physicians can enter more precise order entry, and the Pharmacy Drug Master (PDM) was modified to decrease preventable error. To prevent mistakes from occurring for verbal chemotherapy nurse orders, a new computer entry system was created. The ward number was placed uniformly on the same parts of inpatient drug labels, and made more recognizable. More information was printed on the repackaged drugs for pharmacists and nurses to use. The purpose of the study was to decrease the number of the reported medication error adverse effect by 10%. At the end of the study, 17 medication error adverse effect reports were recorded, which is a 19% decrease from 21 reports in the first investigation. The Medication Error Criticality Index decreased from 10,034 points to 5,812 points showing a 42.1% decrease. Conclusion : A greater reduction of percentage was shown in some processes, but some process did not show any changes. RPNs tied to human resources showed less reduction, compared to other processes. The common denominator among physicians, pharmacists, and nurses is inaccurate communication. Systemic regular training should be required for physicians, pharmacists, and nurses to minimize preventable medication error and develop accurate communication skill.

본 연구는 후기 청소년인 대학생을 대상으로 사회적 불안과 진로적응성의 관계에서 심리적 독립과 자기개념명확성의 매개효과를 검증하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구의 대상은 대구·경북에 소재하고 있는 4년제 대학교에 재학 중인 후기 청소년 500명으로, 이들 중 454명의 자료가 분석에 사용되었다. 본 연구를 통해 도출된 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 후기 청소년의 사회적 불안이 진로적응성에 미치는 영향력을 검증한 결과 사회적 불안은 진로적응성에 유의한 부적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 사회적 불안은 심리적 독립, 자기개념명확성 각각에 부적 영향을 미쳤으며, 심리적 독립, 자기개념명확성 각각은 진로적응성에 정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 심리적 독립은 자기개념명확성에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 사회적 불안과 진로적응력의 관계에서 심리적 독립과 자기개념명확성 각각은 부분매개 역할을 하는 걸로 나타났다. 또한 사회적 불안과 진로적응력 사이에서 심리적 독립을 거쳐 자기개념명확성으로 이어지는 순차적인 이중매개 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the structural relationships of post-adolescents' social anxiety, career adaptability via meditation effect of psychological independence and self-concept clarity. For this, this study adopted the social anxiety as independent variables, psychological independence and self-concept clarity as mediator variables, and career adaptability as a dependant variable, with the specific research questions being explored as follows. For this research, this study collected data from post-adolescent enrolled to university located in Gyeong-buk province and used 454 questionnaires. The research results are summarized as follows. First, social anxiety has proven to have a direct negative influence on career adaptability of post-adolescent. Second, social anxiety has a negative effect on and self-concept clarity, respectively. Self-concept clarity and psychological independence had a positive effect on career adaptability. In addition, psychological independence has a positive effect on self-concept clarity. Third, psychological independence has positive effect on self-concept clarity each play a partial role in the relationship between social anxiety and career adaptability. it has also been shown to play a sequentially double-mediation between psychological independence and self-concept clarity.

Mycotoxin contamination in pig feeds has a negative impact on growth performance, the immune system, and major body organs. Arginine (Arg) plays an important role in animals’ body biochemistry and physiology. This study aimed to determine the effect of dietary Arg supplementation on mitigating the negative effects of mycotoxins in growing pigs. A total of 72 growing pigs (Landrace × Large white) with initial mean body weight (BW) = 55 ± 2.5 kg were allotted to four treatment groups with three replicates per group of six pigs per replicate in a completely randomized design. The treatments included a non-toxin diet with 1.2% Arg (NT1.2) and mycotoxin-challenged treatments supplemented with 1.2% Arg (TX1.2), 1.3% Arg (TX1.3), and 1.4% Arg (TX1.4). Statistical analysis of data included the effects of dietary level of Arg. The results indicated a significantly higher BW (p < 0.05), average daily gain (p < 0.05), and gain-to-feed ratio (p < 0.05) in the NT1.2 group than in the TX1.2, TX1.3, and TX1.4 groups. The relative weight of the liver was higher (p < 0.05) in the TX1.2 compared to that of the NT1.2 group, although it was not different from that of TX1.3 and TX1.4. The level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha was significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05) in the liver tissue of the TX1.2 group compared to that of the other treatments. Overall, dietary Arg supplementation remedied liver injury and alleviated the compromised immune system caused by mycotoxin toxicity.

Purpose : This study identifies the effects of the educational leadership of nursing unit managers on team effectiveness and the mediating effects of organizational communication satisfaction; it highlights the importance of educational leadership and organizational communication and provides the data needed to enhance the education capacity of managers. Methods : The participants were 216 nurses working at unit with nursing unit managers of staff nurses at a tertiary hospital located in Cheongju city, South Korea, and nurses who had worked for more than 6 months at the same unit. This study was conducted using questionnaires on educational leadership, team effectiveness, and organizational communication satisfaction. Data analysis was performed with a t test, analysis of variance, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and simple and multiple regression analyses using SPSS, version 23.0. Mediation analysis was tested using Baron and Kenny's regression analysis and a Sobel test. Results : The mean score for the educational leadership of nursing unit managers was 3.74 (±0.68); for organizational communication satisfaction, 3.14 (±0.51); and for team effectiveness, 3.52 (±0.49). Educational leadership was significantly positively correlated with team effectiveness and organizational communication satisfaction. Organizational communication satisfaction demonstrated a complete mediating effect on the relationship between educational leadership and team effectiveness (β = .61, p < .001) and was significant (Sobel test; Z = 7.40, p < .001). Conclusion : The results indicate that the educational leadership of nursing unit managers increases communication satisfaction among nurses; this supports the idea that educational leadership can contribute to team effectiveness. This suggests that the educational leadership and communication capacity of nursing unit managers must be improved to enhance the performance of nursing organizations.

Purpose: This descriptive study investigated the mediating and moderating effects of fear of fall on the relationships between health belief on fall, fall-related knowledge and fall prevention behaviors among older adults Methods: We enrolled 229 older adults residing in a senior citizen hall and community welfare center, and investigated their health belief on fall, fall-related knowledge, fall prevention behavior, and fear of fall. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA and t-test were used to analyze differences in variables. Pearson correlation and multiple regression were used to investigate mediating and moderating effects of the fear of fall on the relationships between health belief on fall, fall-related knowledge, and fall prevention behaviors. Results: The fear of fall significantly mediated the health belief on fall and fall prevention behaviors, but there was no significant mediation between knowledge of fall and fall prevention behaviors. The fear of fall did not have a moderating effect on the relationships between health belief on fall, knowledge of fall, and fall prevention behaviors. Conclusion: It is important to investigate and implement health belief on fall and fear of fall among older adults to improve their fall prevention behaviors.

This study examined how relative information preference on TV and YouTube affects political participation in South Korea, focusing on the mediating roles of political news consumption and fact-checking and the moderated mediation role of generational differences. Using data from the 2022 Korean Media Survey (n = 5,391), the current study tested a moderated mediation model comparing legacy media (TV) with platform media (YouTube) across generations. Results revealed that TV information preference directly increased political participation, whereas YouTube information preference did not. However, both TV and YouTube information preferences indirectly enhanced political participation through political news consumption and fact-checking. Generational differences moderated these indirect effects: Generation Y showed stronger mediation effects than Baby Boomers, driven by higher political news consumption, more frequent fact-checking, and a greater preference for informational content on YouTube relative to other genres. These findings extend prior research on single-medium information preference by comparing legacy and platform media within a unified framework and by identifying the mechanisms through which relative information preference leads to political participation. The study also highlights that generational moderation of these mediating pathways manifests differently across TV and YouTube, emphasizing the importance of platform-specific analyses in understanding political participation.

While existing research has focused on how algorithm experiences drive regulation demand, we know little about whether regulation support can reshape algorithm perceptions in return. Using three-wave panel data (2022-2024, N = 2,269) from the Intelligent Information Society User Panel Survey (KCC & KISDI, 2022-2024), we examined bidirectional relationships between YouTube algorithm perception and regulation support. We found temporal asymmetries between transparency and accountability regulations. For forward effects?where negative experiences trigger regulation demand?transparency operated from the outset and strengthened over time, while accountability emerged only later. Reverse effects?where regulation expectations reshape evaluations-- traced opposite trajectories. Transparency gradually improved perceptions, whereas accountability faded. We also found that dimension-specific digital competence patterns. Low rights protection competence users initially demanded stronger regulation but converged with high-competence users, while reverse effects diverged, benefiting only high-competence users. Critically, low critical understanding competence users supporting accountability regulations exhibited decreased harm perception. Our findings advance algorithmic governance and inform competence-tailored regulation communication strategies.

The use of electronic mail and messenger software tools has been increased rapidly over a decade. Compared to the variety of research related to the relationship between personal psychological traits and communication modes, effects of human psychology on online activities have only recently become a focus of interest. This research analyzed the relationship between personal psychological type and online connectivity. We employed network analysis methodology and collected and analyzed data from 146 subjects. Significant differences in network measures were found among groups with different psychological style. Findings of the research can provide several implications for managerial activities regarding social connectivity.

Objective: This case report was to investigate the Effects of Respiratory Rehabilitation Exercises on Pulmonary Function and Gait Parameters in Patients with Acute Stroke. Design: A Case study Methods: A 74-year-old male patient in the acute stage of stroke underwent respiratory rehabilitation for two weeks (a total of nine sessions), including inspiratory muscle training (IMT) and expiratory muscle training (EMT). Before and after the intervention, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁), the FEV₁/FVC ratio, maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), and maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) were assessed. Functional mobility and gait ability were evaluated using the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT), and the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). Results: After the intervention, FVC increased from 69% to 76%, and FEV₁ improved from 48% to 51%. Respiratory muscle indicators also improved, with MEP increasing from 39% to 59% and MIP rising from 57% to 74%. Gait and mobility functions showed notable enhancement as well, with TUG decreasing from 13.46 seconds to 9.21 seconds and 10MWT improving from 10.13 seconds to 7.23 seconds. The 6MWT demonstrated a substantial increase, from 140.8 meters to 390.57 meters. Conclusions: Respiratory rehabilitation brought significant positive improvements in respiratory muscle strength, pulmonary function, and gait ability in the acute stroke patient. This study suggests that early respiratory intervention is effective even in the acute phase, and highlights the need for further research to optimize the duration, intensity, and protocol of such interventions.

Purpose: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is prevalent among Taekwondo athletes because of the repetitive jumping, landing, and rotational movements. While ankle-centered strengthening is commonly used, proximal hip muscles also contribute to lower-limb alignment and dynamic stability. This study examined the effects of hip extensor and abductor strengthening on the ankle instability and balance in Taekwondo athletes with CAI. Methods: Twelve male collegiate Taekwondo athletes with CAI (CAIT ≤24) were assigned randomly to an experimental group (n=6) or a control group (n=6). All participants completed a 15-minute ankle strengthening program. The experimental group also completed 15 minutes of hip strengthening, whereas the control group performed ankle stretching. Training was conducted five times per week for three weeks. Functional ankle instability (CAIT), static balance (average velocity, path length, area 95% COP), and dynamic balance (Y-balance test and functional reach test) were measured before and after intervention. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used for analysis (p<0.05). Results: Both groups showed significant improvements in ankle instability and balance (p<0.05). No significant interaction effect was found for ankle instability (p>0.05). Nevertheless, significant time×group interactions were observed for static and dynamic balance (p<0.05), with greater improvements in the experimental group. Conclusion: Hip and ankle strengthening effectively enhanced balance in Taekwondo athletes with CAI, providing superior benefits over ankle-focused training alone. These findings support the inclusion of proximal hip strengthening in rehabilitation programs to improve balance control and contribute to ankle stability in athletes with CAI.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of individualized gait speed-based robotic gait training on gait speed, balance, functional mobility, and walking independence in individuals with stroke. Methods: Forty-five individuals with stroke were randomly assigned to moderate-intensity (n=15), high-intensity (n=15), or interval training (n=15) groups. Training intensity was determined using average gait speed calculated from the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) and 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). Robot-assisted gait training was performed for 30 minutes per session, five times per week for six weeks. Outcome measures included average gait speed, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go test (TUG), and Functional Ambulation Category (FAC). Results: All groups showed significant improvements in gait speed, balance, functional mobility, and walking independence after training (p<0.05). Significant group×time interactions were observed for gait speed and balance (p<0.001). Post hoc analysis revealed significant differences between the moderate-intensity and interval training groups at specific time points (p<0.05). No significant group differences were found for TUG or FAC. Conclusion: Individualized gait speed-based robotic gait training improved gait speed, balance, functional mobility, and walking independence in individuals with stroke. Interval training demonstrated favorable outcomes in gait speed and balance compared with moderate-intensity training, suggesting that individualized gait speed-based training may be an effective strategy for promoting functional recovery after stroke.