Earticle

In the past annual recycling obligation rate calculation of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system, it was difficult to operate the system efficiently, because responsible producers passively participated in the scheme only bent on achieving annual obligation without long-term plan. Thus, a new scheme of long-term recycling obligation rate began to be established every five year from 2008 in order to give the basis for the notice of annual specific operation standard and recycling obligation, thereby helping responsible producers to make a preparation with a plan and giving expectation of active operation of the scheme. However, in the operation of long-term recycling target program, while the development of prediction models and the evaluation for existing items has been conducted in various ways, applications for a new target items and the evaluation are quite insufficient. Therefore, in this study, problems in implementing long-term recycling goal of new target items will be examined, and more objective and rational long-term recycling rate calculation and the operation standard will be proposed. Thus, the long-term recycling target will play a role as a pacemaker to steadily improve the recycling performance of target items, and responsible producers will be expected to increase the achievement with the realistic capacity.

The provisions regarding the standard cost for recycling stated under the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) since 2002, include different and complicated obligatory steps to be taken on a variety of subject items regarding the collection, the transportation and the treatment, making the corporations face in their calculating and executing the standard cost. This study presents more objective calculation scope and standard for the purpose of efficient operation of the standard cost for recycling, in consideration of the general industry perception toward cost issue as well as domestic/overseas case studies regarding the standard cost for recycling. Besides, the study presents the checking items and the calculation contents per step to calculate the standard cost for recycling. Therefore, it is expected not only to be used as the objective standard to calculate the standard cost for recycling, but also to contribute to increasing the work efficiency in the following ongoing re-calculation process and to maintaining the consistent operation of the institution.

기술의 진보와 편리한 삶의 추구에 기인하여 전자제품의 소비량은 점차 증가하고 있으며, 이에 따라 전자제품폐기물량도 해를 거듭할수록 증가하고 있다. 선진국에서는 전자제품폐기물의 발생원 감량 및 재활용을 위한 정책을 적극적으로 시행하고 있는데, 국내에서도 2003년부터 생산자책임재활용제도(Expanded Producer Responsibility)를 시행하여 전자제품폐기물에 대한 재활용으로의 흐름량을 증가시키고자 노력하고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 2003년부터 2007년 5년간의 EPR제도의 성과를 회수된 물질의 GHGs 삭감효과와 경제적 효과를 기준으로 평가해보고자 한다. 분석대상은 냉장고, TV, 세탁기 등 3가지 품목이며, GHGs 삭감효과는 미국 EPA에서 개발된 DGC 모델을 이용하였다. 분석결과, EPR 제도 5년간의 GHGs 삭감량은 227 Gg-CO2eq이며, 경제적인 효과는 32.6 billion dollars로 분석되었다. 이러한 환경정책의 효과에 대한 가시화 연구는 현재상황을 평가하고 미래의 국가적인 전략을 수립할 때 뿐 아니라 사회적으로 시민참여의 독려라는 측면에서도 유용하기에 향후 지속적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

The consumption of electronics has been increasing with the advance of technologies and the pursuit of convenience to live, and electronic waste (E-waste) also has been increasing as years go by. Developed countries have aggressively introduced the policy for reducing in generation source and recycling E-waste. Korean government also has introduced the policy of EPR (Expanded Producer Responsibility) and enhanced the recycle of E-waste since 2003.In this paper, the outcome for 5 years of this EPR policy was analyzed around the effect of GHGs reduction and economic benefit. Products to analyze are three items of refrigerator, TV and clothes washing machine, and used model to analyze GHGs reduction is DGC model developed by United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). As a result, amount of GHGs reduced by EPR for 5 years was calculated at 227Gg-CO2eq and economic benefit was calculated at 32.6 billion dollars. Visualization of the effect of environmental policy helps not only in evaluating the status of present and establishing the national plan for future, but also in motivating the participation of citizen socially.

As the foods and household manufacturing technology is developed, the packaging method of products is being changed from single to multi materials and layers. This study were focused on EPR carton packaging, economic and environmental expected effects were predicted by the improvements of packaging materials and structures to reduce effective packaging waste. Especially expected effects were predicted when improving the structure and material of aluminum laminated material was difficult to recycle. Thus, it was assumed the aseptic carton packaging laminated aluminum were replaced with silica laminated films. In conclusion, analysis of economic expected effects were undervalued in this study because of the limitation of assumptions, though this study has significance about a new approach by calculating the data different from the past that the conventional methods like predictive value of government's guidelines or goals.

As the foods and household manufacturing technology is developed, the packaging method of products is being changed from single to multi materials and layers. This study were focused on EPR carton packaging, economic and environmental expected effects were predicted by the improvements of packaging materials and structures to reduce effective packaging waste. Especially expected effects were predicted when improving the structure and material of aluminum laminated material was difficult to recycle. Thus, it was assumed the aseptic carton packaging laminated aluminum were replaced with silica laminated films. In conclusion, analysis of economic expected effects were undervalued in this study because of the limitation of assumptions, though this study has significance about a new approach by calculating the data different from the past that the conventional methods like predictive value of government's guidelines or goals.

Heating method using electric heater was used to reduce water content in fingernail clippings. Authors found that low water content is helpful to measure EPR signal of fingernail sample with enhanced variability. Generally, natural dehydration happens in normal room condition at least one month and needs much time for using in experiment. So, artificial heating method is applied in this study for time savings. Fingernail samples were tested to find effect of water content to the EPR signal on microwave power levels for dosimetry. Low water content in fingernail reduced variability of EPR signal and makes it possible to measure accurate EPR signal. It also made it possible to measure constant movement of EPR signals on several microwave power levels. Although this method was difficult to apply directly in fingernail/EPR dosimetry, we, authors, believe that this heating method would be useful to differentiate MIS2 and RIS which are generally located at the same g-factor and almost impossible to be identified with each other.

탄소중립 실현과 지속 가능한 순환경제 조성을 위한 에너지 정책은 국제적인 주요 이슈로 부각되고 있다. 특히 전기차의 보급 확대에 따라 사용 후 배터리의 재사용과 재활용이 환경적·경제적으로 중요한 과제로 떠오르고 있다. 한국은 2050년 탄소중립 목표를 설정하고 온실가스 감축을 위한 다양한 정책을 추진 중이나, 전기차 배터리의 전주기적 관리에 필요한 법적·제도적 기반은 여전히 부족한 실정이다. 전기차 배터리 는 사용 후에도 약 70~80%의 에너지를 저장할 수 있어 여러 가지 방식으로 활용 가능하며, 리튬, 니켈 등 희귀 금속을 포함하고 있어 재활용 가치가 높다. 그러나 현재의 법제에서는 사용 후 배터리의 체계적 관리와 재활용 촉진을 위한 명확한 법적 정의와 기준이 부족하다. 따라서 배터리의 재사용과 재활용을 효율적으로 촉진할 수 있는 법적 개선이 절실히 필요하다. 전 세계적으로 배터리 폐기물 문제는 갈수록 심각 해지고 있으며, 이에 대응하기 위한 법적·제도적 정비가 시급하다. 유럽연합(EU)은 ｢배터리법(2023/1542)｣을 제정하여 생산자책임재활용(EPR) 제도를 강화하고, 배터 리 여권(Battery Passport) 제도를 도입하는 등 배터리의 전 주기를 체계적으로 관리하 고 있다. 미국은 ｢이차전지 재활용법(Rechargeable Battery Recycling Act)｣을 통해 배터리 재활용을 의무화하고 있으며, 중국은 배터리 이력관리제(Traceability System) 를 도입하여 배터리의 전 과정 추적을 강화하고 있다. 반면 한국은 사용 후 배터리에 대한 명확한 법적 정의가 부재하고, 배터리 회수 및 재활용을 촉진할 수 있는 체계적인 법과 정책이 부족한 상황이다. 현재 배터리 관리는 ｢전기·전자제품 및 자동차의 자원 순환에 관한 법률｣, ｢대기환경보전법｣, ｢폐기물관리법｣ 등 개별 법률에 분산되어 있어 일관된 관리 체계가 마련되지 않았다. 따라서 한국도 EU, 미국, 중국의 사례를 참고하 여 배터리 전주기 관리 체계를 확립하고, 배터리 이력관리제 도입, 재사용 기준 명확 화, EPR 강화를 포함한 법제 개선이 필요하다. 본 연구는 한국의 전기차 배터리 재사 용 및 재활용 촉진을 위한 법적 개선 방안을 모색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 해외 주요국의 법제 동향을 분석하고, 한국의 현행 법제의 문제점을 검토하여 실질적인 법적 개선 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 특히 배터리 전주기 관리 체계를 구축하 기 위한 통합법(Battery Act) 제정의 필요성을 강조하며, 배터리 이력관리제 도입, 재생원료 인증제, 재사용·재제조 기준 설정, 공공거래 플랫폼 구축 등의 정책적 대안을 제시할 것이다. 본 연구의 결과는 전기차 배터리의 지속가능한 활용과 자원 순환 경제 구축에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Energy policies for achieving carbon neutrality and creating a sustainable circular economy are emerging as major international issues. In particular, with the expansion of electric vehicles, the reuse and recycling of used batteries are emerging as important environmental and economic tasks. Korea has set a carbon neutrality goal for 2050 and is pursuing various policies to reduce greenhouse gases, but the legal and institutional foundations necessary for the full-cycle management of electric vehicle batteries are still lacking. Electric vehicle batteries can store about 70-80% of energy even after use, so they can be used in various ways, and they contain rare metals such as lithium and nickel, so they have high recycling value. However, the current legal system lacks clear legal definitions and standards for systematic management of used batteries and promotion of recycling. Therefore, legal improvements are urgently needed to efficiently promote the reuse and recycling of batteries. The battery waste problem is becoming increasingly serious worldwide, and legal and institutional improvements to respond to this are urgent. The European Union (EU) is enacting the Battery Act (2023/1542) to strengthen the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system and introduce the Battery Passport system to systematically manage the entire battery cycle. The United States is mandating battery recycling through the Rechargeable Battery Recycling Act, and China is introducing the Battery Traceability System to strengthen the tracking of the entire battery process. On the other hand, Korea lacks a clear legal definition of used batteries and systematic laws and policies to promote battery recovery and recycling. Currently, battery management is divided into individual laws such as the Act on Resource Circulation of Electrical and Electronic Products and Automobiles, the Clean Air Conservation Act, and the Waste Management Act, so a consistent management system has not been established. Therefore, Korea also needs to establish a battery life cycle management system by referring to the cases of the EU, the US, and China, and improve the legislation including the introduction of a battery history management system, clarification of reuse criteria, and reinforcement of EPR. The purpose of this study is to seek legal improvement measures to promote the reuse and recycling of electric vehicle batteries in Korea. To this end, we will analyze the legislative trends of major countries overseas, review the problems of Korea's current legislation, and suggest practical legal improvement measures. In particular, we will emphasize the necessity of enacting an integrated law (Battery Act) to establish a battery life cycle management system, and suggest policy alternatives such as the introduction of a battery history management system, a certification system for recycled raw materials, establishment of reuse/remanufacturing criteria, and establishment of a public transaction platform.

기업의 주목표는 이익 및 매출과 같은 재무성과이다. 그러나 여기에 그 치지 않고, 환경, 사회, 지배 구조를 일컫는 ESG(Environmental, Social, Governance) 같은 비 재무성과도 사회적 관심이 커지고 있으며, ESG 추진 기업의 사회적 가치 향상과 지속 가능한 경영으로 이어진다. 베트남 정부 도 기업의 지속 가능 개발을 매우 적극적으로 추진하고 있으며, 2030년까 지의 지속 가능 개발 목표 17개를 적용한 후 구체적인 목표를 배정하고 본 격적인 지속 가능 개발에 대한 사회적 공감대를 형성하고 있다. 이에 베트 남의 지속 가능 개발에 대한 정책을 분석하고, 베트남 기업의 ESG 경영에 대한 성공 추진 제안을 연구하고자 한다. 환경 및 사회문제에 대한 책임을 다하는 지속 가능 개발의 중요도가 글 로벌적으로 관심사인 가운데, 베트남 정부와 기업도 이에 대한 관심도가 상 승 되고 있다. 베트남의 글로벌 ESG 투자 규모는 2030년이 되면 130조 달러 달성을 예측하고 있으며, 전 세계적으로 지속 가능 경영이 국가와 기 업 경영에 있어서 환경 및 사회문제에 대한 책임을 다하는 필수 요소가 되 고 있다. SDGs1)의 17개 항목에 대한 중요도 평가를 위해 평가항목에 대한 만족 에 미치는 요소들의 중요도 비교 (가중치 설정) 및 의사결정에 대한 계층구 조로 구성된 요소 간의 쌍대 비교를 통한 판단을 통해서 평가자의 경험, 지 식, 직관을 포착하는 의사결정 지원방법론의 ‘AHP 통계적 분석’을 실시하 였다. 그 결과 베트남 기업의 지속 가능한 경영을 위해 필요한 요건으로 EPR 제도, e-Waste 처리, 재활용 소재 사용을 도출하였다. 제품 생산자에게 그 제품 및 포장재의 폐기물에 관하여 일정량에 대한 재활용 의무를 부여 하고, 이를 이행하지 않을 경우에는 재활용에 소요되는 비용 이상의 부과 금을 생산자에게 부과하는 EPR 제도, 전기·전자제품 폐기 처리의 e-Waste, 급격한 기후 변화 대응을 위한 제품 생산 재생 에너지 100% 활용 등을 ESG 경영 성공전략으로 제안하였다.

The main goal of a company is financial performance such as profits and sales. However, not only this, but also the importance of ESG's non-financial performance, which refers to the environment, society, and governance, is increasing, and it is made up of sustainable management and development while improving the value of the company. The Vietnamese government is also actively promoting sustainable development, and after applying 17 sustainable development goals by 2030, specific goals are assigned and social consensus on full-fledged sustainable development is formed. Accordingly, we would like to analyze Vietnam's policy on sustainable development and study the success promotion proposals for ESG management of companies. While the importance of sustainability, which fulfills its responsibilities for environmental and social issues, is a global concern, the Vietnamese government and companies are also increasingly interested in it. Vietnam's global ESG investment is expected to be $130 trillion by 2030, and sustainable management, which fulfills its responsibility for environmental and social issues, is also an essential factor in state and corporate management. To evaluate the importance of 17 items of SDGs, 'AHP statistical analysis' of decision support methodology was conducted to capture evaluator's experience, knowledge, and intuition through comparison of the importance of factors on satisfaction of evaluation items (weight setting) and pairwise comparison between elements constituting the decision hierarchy. As a result, the EPR system, e-Waste treatment, and recycling material use were derived as necessary requirements for sustainable management of Vietnamese companies. ESG management success strategies include the EPR system that imposes recycling obligations on producers for certain amounts of waste of products and packaging materials, and the e-Waste of electrical and electronic waste disposal, and the use of 100% of renewable energy to respond to rapid climate change. Based on the research results, as a proposal for successful ESG management in Vietnam, it seems that carbon-neutral fuel (e-Fuel), which is in the spotlight as future energy, should be allowed by law by seeking fuel conversion of internal combustion engines from an environmental point of view. The mixed use of batteries and e-Fuel generators appears to be a realistic alternative to achieving carbon neutrality. In the social aspect, it is necessary to expand social contribution projects, expand support for the vulnerable and underprivileged to 'all stakeholders', and focus on 'win-win'. In terms of governance, corruption must be eradicated, corporate management must be established transparently and systematically, and customer-oriented management must be promoted.