Earticle

[목적] 이 연구의 목적은 기능적 저항 훈련이 50대 여성 골프 초보자들의 근력, 동적평형성 및 골프수행력에 미치 는 영향을 규명하는 것이다. [방법] 연구 대상자는 50대 여성 골프 초보자 18명이며, 기능적 저항 훈련집단 (functional resistance training group; FRTG, n=9)과 통제집단(control group; CG, n=9)에 각각 9명씩 배정되었다. 모든 참여자는 주 2-3회 총 8주 동안 기능적 저항 훈련을 실시하였다. 대상자는 운동중재 전과 후에 엉덩관절 근 력 (폄, 굽힘, 가쪽돌림, 안쪽돌림), 무릎관절 근력 (굽힘, 폄), Y-balance test (전, 후 내측, 후 외측), 클럽헤드 스피드, 볼 스피드, 스매쉬 팩터 및 비거리 (드라이버, 7번 아이언)를 측정하였다. 기능적 저항 훈련은 다관절, 세 가지의 운동면 및 복합 운동사슬형태의 패턴을 고려하여 골프스윙과 유사한 동작으로 구성하였다. [결과] 기능적 저항 훈련은 50대 여성 골프 초보자들의 엉덩관절(폄, 가쪽, 안쪽)과 무릎관절(폄)의 근력, Y-balance test 및 비거 리와 스매쉬 팩터를 긍정적으로 개선하였다. [결론] 8주간의 기능적 저항 훈련은 50대 여성 골프 초보자들의 근 력, 동적평형성 및 골프 수행력 향상에 효과가 있다는 사실을 증명하였다.

[Purpose] This study aimed to investigate the effects of functional resistance training (FRT) on muscle strength, dynamic balance and golf performance of beginner golfers middle-aged women in the 50's. [Method] The participants of this study were 18 female golf beginners. they were assigned to a functional resistance training group (FRTG, n=9) and a control group (CG, n=9). All participants performed functional resistance training 2-3 times a week for a total of 8 weeks. Baseline and post-intervention measures included hip strength (extension, flexion, external rotation, internal rotation), knee strength (extension, flexion), Y-balance test (anterior, posteromedial, posterolateral), club head speed, ball speed, and carry (driver, 7 iron) measurements. FRT constituted a movement similar to the golf swing considering the multi-joint, three types of motion surface, and the kinetic chain pattern. [Result] The results of this study showed that FRT positively improved the muscle strength, dynamic balance and golf performance of beginner golfers middle-aged women in the 50's. [Conclusion] These results suggest that FRT program can be used as a training program to improve the muscle strength, dynamic balance and golf performance of beginner golfers middle- aged women in the 50's

[목적] 본 연구는 충진재 종류(천연 vs 고무)와 파일 높이(45mm vs 55mm)가 노인의 동적 균형능력, 보행 변인, 수행능력, 주관적 안정감에 미치는 효과와 상호작용을 규명하였다. [방법] 노인 60명(65-75세)을 천연충진재(n=30) 또는 고무충진재(n=30) 집단에 무선할당하였다. 모든 참여자는 45mm와 55mm 파일 높이에서 Y-Balance Test, FRT, 보행분석, 퍼팅정확도, 스윙안정성, 주관적 안정감을 평가받았다. 이원 혼합 분산분석으로 주효과와 상호작용을 검증하였다. [결과] 천연충진재는 고무 대비 6개 변인에서 유의하게 우수하였으며(Y-Balance Test: 63.01% vs 56.65%, p<.001; 주관적 안정감: 7.27 vs 5.98점, p<.001), 55mm는 45mm 대비 5개 변인에서 우수하였다. Y-Balance Test(F(1,58)=10.30, p=.002)와 주관적 안정감(F(1,58)=8.19, p=.006)에서 유의한 상호작용이 관찰되었으며, 천연충진재가 파일 높이 증가 시 고무 대비 2.86배 더 큰 개선을 보였다. [결론] 파크골프장 또는 그라운드골프장 설계 시 천연충진재 55mm 조합을 우선 고려해야 하며, 낙상 예방과 운동 지속성 증진에 기여할 것이다.

[Purpose] This study investigated the effects and interactions of infill material type (natural vs. rubber) and pile height (45 mm vs. 55 mm) on dynamic balance, gait variables, performance, and perceived stability in older adults. [Method] Sixty older adults (65–75 years) were randomly assigned to a natural infill group (n=30) or a rubber infill group (n=30). Participants completed the Y-Balance Test, Functional Reach Test (FRT), gait analysis, putting accuracy, swing stability, and perceived stability under both pile-height conditions (45 mm and 55 mm). A two-way mixed ANOVA was conducted to examine main and interaction effects. [Result] The natural infill group showed significantly better outcomes than the rubber infill group across six variables, including dynamic balance (Y-Balance Test: 63.01% vs. 56.65%, p<.001) and perceived stability (7.27 vs. 5.98 points, p<.001). The 55 mm condition demonstrated superior outcomes compared with the 45 mm condition in five variables. Significant interactions were observed for the Y-Balance Test (F(1,58)=10.30, p=.002) and perceived stability (F(1,58) = 8.19, p=.006), indicating that the natural infill condition yielded a 2.86-fold greater improvement with increased pile height than the rubber infill condition. [Conclusion] When designing park or ground golf facilities for older adults, a combination of natural infill and a 55 mm pile height should be prioritized to support fall prevention and exercise adherence.

본 연구는 한 발 지지 유무에 따른 상하지 협응운동이 만성 뇌졸중 환자의 보행 능력에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 만성 뇌졸중 환자 14명을 대상으로 하여 한 발을 지지하여 상하지 협응운동(주 3회, 4주간)을 적용한 군(n=7)과 한 발 지지없이 상하지 협응운동을 적용한 군(n=7)으로 무작위 배정하였다. 보행능력검사는 10MWT, F8WT를 이용하여 측정하였고, 동적균형능력검사는 FSST를 이용하여 측정하였다. 정규분포를 한 10MWT는 두 군의 측정시점에 따른 유의성 검정을 위해 이요인 분산분석을 실시하였다. 정규분포를 하지 않은 F8WT, FSST는 두 군의 측정시점에 따른 유의성 검정을 위해 Friedman 검정을 하였고, 두 군간 비교를 위하여 Mann-Whitney 검정을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 모든 측정에서 두군 모두 측정시점간 유의한 차이가 있었다. 본 연구의 결과로 보아 상하지 협응운동은 뇌졸중 환자의 보행 능력에 유용한 전략으로 사용될 수 있음을 증명하였다.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of upper and lower limb coordinated exercise for gait ability in stroke patients. Upper and lower limb coordinated exercise method was conducted in two different groups; one is an one leg support group and the other is a non support group. In this study, 14 patients were participated. One leg support group was applied to 7 patients, and non support group was applied to 7 patients. Both group carried out 3 times a week for 30 minutes during 4 weeks. Data were analyzed statistically via Repeated two-way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U test, and Friedman test. The results of the measurement analysis were summarized as follows: 1. There were significant differences in 10MWT among 2 groups after intervention(p<.05). 2. There were significant differences in F8WT, FSST among 2 groups after intervention(p<.05). According to Bonferroni test, one leg support group had significant increased from pre­intervention to post-4 week. However, there were no significant differences in nonsupport group. In conclusion, improvement of gait ability in chronic stroke patients was effect to upper and lower limb coordinated exercise.

Background Obesity has been suggested as a social issue, but problems in the foot and ankle have not been clearly identified in people with obesity. Purpose To compare foot posture, joint position sense, dynamic balance ability, and plantar pressure in obesity group (OG) and normal weight group (NWG) Study design Cross-sectional study Methods This study included 52 adults (26 for OG and 26 for NWG). All subjects had their foot posture index-6 and joint position sense (20° of inversion, 20° of plantar flexion, 10° of eversion, and 10° of dorsiflexion) measured, as well as their dynamic balance ability using a dynamic balance test and plantar pressure of the medial forefoot during the dynamic balance test. These variables were compared between OG and NWG. Results OG showed significantly larger joint position sense error for eversion and increased plantar pressure of the medial forefoot during the dynamic balance test in the posteromedial direction. Significant differences were unobserved in other variables between the two groups. Conclusions Adults with obesity have deficits in joint position sense and increased plantar pressure of the medial forefoot.

Background Students preparing for college entrance exams for physical education suffer from repetitive injuries due to ankle instability. To treat this, exercises that regulate the movement of hip joint muscles and stimulate proprioception are necessary. There is a lack of research on the effects of closed kinetic chain exercises for the hip joint using balance cushions and slings, which can improve static and dynamic balance of the ankle through hip joint and trunk stabilization, on college entrance examinees with functional ankle instability. Purpose To investigate the changes in static and dynamic balance during closed kinetic chain exercises for the hip joint on stable surfaces, balance cushions, and slings in college entrance examinees with functional ankle instability, and to propose an effective exercise program. Study design Three-groups pre- and post-test design Methods Forty-five college entrance examinees with functional ankle instability were randomly divided into three groups. They performed closed kinetic chain exercises for the hip joint on stable surfaces, balance cushions, and slings. Static and dynamic balance were measured before and after the interventions. Results The balance cushion group and sling group showed statistically significant differences in the star excursion balance test and single-leg stance test (p<.05). The stable surface group showed statistically significant differences in the star excursion balance test (p<.05). Additionally, post-hoc tests were conducted to compare the groups before and after the interventions. The balance cushion group and sling group showed statistically significant differences in posteromedial distance and posterolateral distance of the star excursion balance test, and in center of pressure sway distance, sway velocity, and sway area of the single-leg stance test compared to the stable surface group (p<.05). Conclusions Closed kinetic chain exercises for the hip joint performed on balance cushions and slings can be proposed as effective exercise programs to improve static and dynamic balance abilities in college entrance examinees with functional ankle instability.

Background Logistics service workers face elevated injury rates, with ankle-related incidents comprising 23% of workplace injuries. Traditional binary foot posture classifications may oversimplify the complex biomechanical relationships affecting dynamic balance performance in occupational settings. Purpose To apply unsupervised machine learning clustering to identify distinct foot posture phenotypes among logistics service workers and compare dynamic balance performance between identified clusters using the Y-Balance Test. Study design Cross-sectional observational study Methods A total of 112 logistics service workers were analyzed using K-means clustering based on age, body mass index, work duration, navicular drop, and resting calcaneal stance position. Silhouette score analysis determined optimal cluster number. Dynamic balance was assessed using the Y-Balance Test, measuring reach distances in anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions. Results Four distinct phenotypes emerged: rearfoot valgus-dominant pronated (n=22), midfoot collapse-dominant pronated (n=32), age-related (n=23), and supinated (n=35) foot types. Significant differences in dynamic balance performance were observed in the posterolateral direction (F=3.900, p=0.011). The supinated phenotype demonstrated superior posterolateral reach performance (77.76±13.63%) compared to midfoot collapse-dominant (66.18±16.37%, p=0.003) and age-related phenotypes (67.78±14.97%, p=0.018). Conclusions Unsupervised machine learning successfully identified naturally occurring foot posture phenotypes with distinct dynamic balance characteristics. Midfoot collapse-dominant pronation demonstrated greater balance impairments than rearfoot valgus patterns, supporting the implementation of phenotype-specific interventions for workplace injury prevention in logistics workers.

Objective To determine the effects of dynamic ankle foot orthosis (AFO) on balance control by comparing it with conventional plastic AFO and barefoot conditions in hemiparetic patients. Method Fifteen hemiparetic patients with brain lesions were recruited for this study. All subjects were capable of standing up independently and had a modified Ashworth score of less than two. The postural control capabilities of the subjects were assessed using the timed up and go (TUG) test, and Tetraxⓡ tetra-ataxiametric posturography. The stability index, weight distribution index, and synchronization index were measured at six different head positions with dynamic AFO, conventional AFO and under barefoot conditions. Results There were nine males and six females, whose average age was 45.1 years. There was a significantly even weight distribution for the dynamic AFO and conventional AFO conditions relative to the barefoot condition in neutral, right-sided head, and left-sided head with eyes closed (p<0.05). And there was significantly increased stability in left sided-head, neck flexed positions with eyes closed for dynamic AFO and conventional AFO (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in weight distribution or stability between dynamic and conventional AFO conditions, except the stability in right-sided head position with eyes closed. Conclusion In this study, the balance control of hemiparetic patients with dynamic AFO was better than in the barefoot condition, and was similar to conventional AFO. Therefore, we suggest that dynamic AFO may be a useful orthosis for hemiparetic patients with mild to moderate spasticity with poor balance control and foot drop.

This study measured balance ability using both an existing clinical test tool, the Y-balance test (YBT), and an automated version of the YBT named the dynamic balance test (DBT) developed in this study. Correla-tions between the two methods were examined to determine whether the DBT can be used as an objective tool for balance ability evaluation. The subjects included in the study were 32 healthy male adults in their 20s, who were randomized into two groups, YBT and DBT, to compare the balance ability between the two groups. The maximum stretching distances of both legs in the anterior (AT), posteromedial (PM), and pos-terolateral (PL) directions were measured. Furthermore, to compensate for the difference in length between left and right legs, the mean and standard deviations were determined using the standardization formu-la, and the standardized values were represented as percentages. For the statistical analysis of the data, an independent t-test was performed using SPSS ver. 18.0. The test results showed no significant differences between the two groups in both left and right legs in the AT, PM, and PL directions (P>0.05). Therefore, measuring balance ability with the DBT, which uses digital sensor measurement technology (an automated data recording, wireless data transmission, storage, and management sys-tem; measurement is possible even by one subject of balance ability test), was found to be advantageous in respect to the YBT in terms of time, efficiency, and convenience.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare and analyze imbalances in dynamic balance ability, systemic muscle strength, and body alignment in female field hockey players. Methods: Fourteen female field hockey players were registered in the Players Association, and their upper and lower limb dynamic balance ability, whole-body muscle strength (measured across five types), and body alignment (front and side) were assessed. Results: The imbalance difference in the hockey player group was significant in the composite score of the Upper Quater Y-balance Test(p=0.047), and the Upper Body(p=0.001) and Lower Body(p=0.001) whole-body muscle strength. The difference in imbalance between the groups was significant in shoulder (p=0.013) and Pelvic tilt(p=0.044), Poserolateral of the Lower Quater Y-Balance Test, Pull(p=0.045) of systemic muscle strength, and trunk rotation(p=0.030). Conclusion: Similar to athletes in other unilateral sports, field hockey players demonstrated body imbalances likely attributable to the sport's repetitive unilateral movements, as well as trunk flexion, and rotation. Regular assessments of imbalances before and after the season as well as following training programs, are recommended to promote balanced growth and improve performance in domestic field hockey players.

균형과 발목 근육 특성 (근력과 유연성) 사이의 관계는 낙상 위험의 증가에 대한 규명과 낙상방지 훈련프로그램 을 발전시키기 위해서 중요할 것이다. 발목 근육 특성(근력과 유연성)과 균형사이의 관계는 이전에 연구되지 않았다. 이 연구의 목적은 발목근육특성과 균형사이의 관계를 평가하는 것이다. 16명의 건강한 참가자들이 본 연구에 자원하였 다. 동적 균형은 와이-발란스 (Y-balance) 키트를 이용하여 측정하였다. 발목 근육 특성 (근력과 유연성)은 악력계와 고니어미터를 사용하여 측정하였다. 발목내번근력과 와이-발란스 (Y-balance) 측정 수행능력 사이에 양의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 임상가들은 동적균형의 발전을 위해서 치료적 중재를 하는 동안 발목 근력을 고려해야 한다.

The relationship between balance and ankle muscle characteristics (strength and flexibility) may be important to identify those at an increased risk of falling and to develop fall-prevention training programs. The association between ankle muscle characteristics (strength and flexibility) and balance has not previously been studied. The purpose of this study assessed the relationship between ankle muscle characteristics and balance. Sixteen healthy participants volunteered to participate in the study. Dynamic balance measured using Y-balance kit. Ankle muscle characteristics (strength and flexibility) measured using hand-held dynamometer and goniometry. The results indicated a positive correlation between ankle invertor muscle strength and Y-balance test performance. Clinicians should consider ankle muscle strength during therapeutic interventions to improve dynamic balance.

This study investigated the relationships among exercise capacity (EC), dynamic balance (DB), and gait characteristics (GCs) of patients with type-2 diabetes (T2D) and healthy controls (HCs). This observational controlled study involved 125 patients with T2D receiving treatment at a Nigerian university teaching hospital and 125 apparently healthy pa-tients’ relatives and hospital staff recruited as controls. EC maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) was estimated following a 6-min walk test. DB and GC were assessed using the Time Up to Go Test and an accel-erometer (BTS G-Walk) assessing gait speed, step length, stride length, and cadence respectively during a self-selected walk. Data were ana-lyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Alpha level was set at P<0.05. The mean ages of patients with T2D and HCs were 57.6±6.6 and 60.0±7.0 years, respectively. All physical characteristics were comparable (P>0.05). There were significant differences in the VO2max and DB between patients with T2D and HCs; 7.6±0.6 mL/kg/min vs. 9.6±0.6 mL/kg/min (t=-16.6, P=0.001) and 14.2±2.1 sec vs. 10.4±1.5 sec (t=-6.37, P=0.001), respectively. Furthermore, significant differences were found in GC between patients with T2D and HCs; gait speed: 0.7±0.1 m/sec vs. 1.2±0.1 m/sec (t=-16.60, P=0.001), step length: 0.6±0.2 m vs. 0.9±0.3 m (t=-7.56, P=0.001) and stride length: 0.9±0.1 m vs. 1.1±0.5 m (t=-6.09, P=0.001). There were significant correlations between EC and gait speed in both groups (T2D: r=-0.26, P=0.032 and HCs: r=0.51, P=0.003). In conclusion, patients with T2D demonstrated lower EC, unstable DB, and altered GCs compared with HCs. Exercise interventions to improve EC and gait balance are recommended.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ankle Kinesio taping application on dynamic balance ability and functional performance. Methods: The subjects consisted of 16 university students aged 20-24 years participating in regular sports activities. The y-balance test (YBT) was performed before and after taping to measure the dynamic balance ability. The static balance ability was measured with a one leg standing test. The functional performance test (FPT) consisted of the figure-of-eight hop test, side hop test, 6-meter cross over hop test, and square hop test. Results: The results of this study revealed a statistical significance in YBT of the left leg posterolateral (p=0.011) and one leg standing test (p=0.001). FPT showed significant improvement in figure-of-eight hop, side hop, 6-meter cross over hop, and square hop tests for both right and left legs (p<0.05). The correlation analysis between each measurement variable showed that YBT of the right leg anterior was positively correlated with figure-of-eight hop right leg (r=0.625, p<0.01) and square hop of the right leg (r=0.627, p<0.01). Conclusion: In conclusion, ankle Kinesio taping application may provide stability to the left ankle, as it improved the YBT of the left leg posterolateral of dynamic balance ability. In addition, YBT of the right leg anterior showed 62.5% and 62.7% explanatory power for the figure-of-eight hop and square hop tests in FPT, respectively. This suggests that the stability of the right support foot may help with forward functional performance.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the dynamic balance ability and whole body muscle function of field hockey players. Methods: The subjects consisted of 12 university soccer players and eight field hockey players. The anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral reach directions dynamic balance ability of both feet for the two groups were determined using the Y-balance test kit. Each hand-push, each hand-pull, upper body-push, upper body-pull, trunk rotation, lower body-push, and lower body-pull were measured for the two groups, using the smart muscle testing device. Results: For the Y-balance test, soccer players scored significantly higher than field hockey players for left-posterolateral (p=0.024). Whole-body muscle function measures showed that field hockey players scored significantly higher than soccer players for the right hand-push (p=0.002) and left hand-push (p=0.035). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that soccer players frequently shoot and dribble with their left leg as a stepping foot, and the dynamic balance ability of the left-posterolateral is dominant due to the activation of the tibialis anterior muscle used in the stepping foot. In addition, in the case of field hockey, due to the use of a hockey stick, , the muscle strength of the right hand-push and left hand-push is dominant due to the adaptation of the muscles to the pushing force of the upper body, which is mainly used in movements such as dribbling, passing, and shooting.

The study aim to analyze the influence on dynamic stability relative to positions carrying with weight during gait, for which experiment partici-pated with healthful adult males (n=9), were performed under three-di-mensional (3D) conditions of no load (NL), right of trunk (RT), and front of trunk (FT). The kinematic and kinetic conclusions obtained from 3D cinematography and ground reaction force system were as follows; 1-step time elapsed showed longest in NL of all, and maximum velocity of RT showed slower than NL and FT, which resulted in significant level at (P<0.05) respectively. While NL showed slower average velocity than RT and FT, RT showed larger incline angle (extrapolated center of mass θ) than NL and FT, which resulted in significant level at (P<0.01) respectively. Also FT showed larger peak vertical force than NL and RT, which resulted in significant level at (P<0.001). Because gait pattern is regarded it as a success when fulfilled both forward propulsive force and dynamic stability, we may ensure that each other active strategy for securement and performance in a situation carrying with 20 kg of the same weight in forward and lateral plane was mobilized. However, participants in pathological gait such as leg injury, and exercise rehabil-itation during walking should avoid carrying loads bag to ensure dy-namic stability.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between body composition indices, functional movement, and dynamic balance in college students engaging in sports, thereby providing baseline data for safe and efficient exercise participation. The participants consisted of 108 male college students engaging in sports activities. Body composition indices, including skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), body mass index (BMI), and body fat percent (%BF), were measured using a body composition analyzer (InBody 970). Functional movement was evaluated using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) kit to calculate the total score. Dynamic balance was assessed using the Y-Balance Test (YBT) kit, analyzing the composite scores for the upper extremity (UQ-YBT) and lower extremity (LQ-YBT). Correlation analysis was performed between body composition indices and all variables, followed by linear regression analysis for variables showing significant correlations. The results of the study indicated that the FMS score showed a significant negative correlation with %BF (r=-0.276, p=0.004). UQ-YBT showed significant negative correlations with %BF (r=-0.283, p=0.003) and BMI (r=-0.190, p=0.049). LQ-YBT also demonstrated significant negative correlations with %BF (r=-0.254, p=0.008) and BMI (r=-0.240, p=0.012). Simple and multiple linear regression analyses revealed that FMS score (β=-0.276, p<0.01), UQ-YBT (β=-0.283, p<0.01), and LQ-YBT (β=-0.254, p<0.01) were significantly and negatively influenced by %BF. In conclusion, a higher %BF in male college students in their 20s was associated with decreased functional movement and dynamic balance. These findings suggest that body fat management can be utilized as a key reference indicator for enhancing efficient exercise performance and safety.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of kettlebell training on whole body muscle strength, dynamic, agility, balance ability, and functional movement screen in college soccer players. Methods: The subjects were 24 college male soccer players, and kettlebell exercises were performed for 60 minutes, three times a week, for a total of six weeks. All subjects measured body composition, whole body muscle strength(5 types), agility(3 types), dynamic balance ability and functional movement screen. Results: The results of this study showed that kettlebell training significantly improved R-PS(p<.05), L-PS(p<.05), R-TR(p<.01), L-TR(p<.05), LB-PS(p<.001), and LB-PL(p<.01) in the whole body muscle strength test, T-test(p<.001), illinois test(p<.01) in agility, and ODS(p<.01), HS(p<.05), IL(p<.05), SM(p<.05), TS(p<.001) in the functional movement screen. Conclusion: The results of this study show that 6 weeks of kettlebell training is considered a good way to improve the whole body muscle strength, agility, and functional movement screen of college soccer players.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of visual feedback-based eccentric pulley training (EPT) on static and dynamic balance in patients with low back pain (LBP). Methods: A total of 54 participants were randomly divided into three groups: 18 in the visual feedback-based EPT (VF-EPT) group, 18 in the EPT group, and 18 in the eccentric training (ET) group. The VF-EPT group performed pulley eccentric training with visual feedback; the EPT group received pulley eccentric training without visual feedback; and the ET group performed eccentric training only, without visual feedback or a pulley. All groups trained for 30 minutes per session, three times per week for four weeks. Static balance was assessed using the Single-Leg Standing Test (SLST), and dynamic balance was assessed using the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Results: Balance ability improved significantly only in the VF-EPT group (p < 0.05), and significant between-group differences were also observed (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that visual feedback-based eccentric pulley training may be effective in improving both static and dynamic balance in patients with LBP.