Earticle

최근 동애등에는 가축 사료에 있어 뛰어난 영양소 함량 으로 각광받고 있다. 하지만 동애등에 사육과 가공 방법 에 대한 연구는 매우 부족하다. 따라서, 본 연구는 동애등 에의 사육기질(음식물폐기물, FW; 두부 부산물, TF; 채소 폐기물, VEG)과 건조 방식(열풍건조(AD), 마이크로웨이브 건조(MW))(실험 1.) 및 EP 비율(5:5, 7:3)(실험 2.)에 따른 동애등에의 성장과 영양소 함량, 생체 외 소화율 및 저장 성(0, 14, 28일)을 평가하였다. 실험에 이용된 동애등에는 총 30 clutch가 공시되었으며, 각 사육기질 당 10개의 clutch가 이용되었다. 각 사육 기질에서 생산된 동애등에 를 AD, MW 방식으로 건조한 뒤 상기의 비율로 expanding(EP) 공법을 이용하여 생산되었다. 실험 1에서, 기존의 FW에서 사육되어 AD로 건조한 처리구에 비해 TF에서 사육되어 MW로 건조된 동애등에가 DM 함량 (3.43%)과 생체 외 소화율(1.62%)이 높게 나타났으며, 저 장 기간 동안 지질 산패도가 감소(각각, 5.77%, 4.69%, 3.24%)하는 것으로 나타났다. 실험 2에서, 7:3 비율 처리구 에 비해 5:5 비율 처리구에서 생체 외 소화율(2.70%)과 저 장 기간 동안 MDA 함량이 개선되는 것으로 나타났다(각 각, 19.19%, 7.96%, 6.42%). 결론적으로, TF에서 사육된 동 애등에의 영양소 함량이 우수하였으며, 이를 MW 건조 및 5:5 비율로 EP 가공 시 영양소 손실을 최소화하고 소화율 및 저장성을 개선하여 동애등에 가공품의 품질을 향상시 킬 것으로 사료된다.

Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) has been noted as an excellent feed ingredient. However, there is limited information on rearing and processing technology. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the substrates for rearing BSF and the optimal processing method for BSF performance. Study separated as 2 experiment, BSF rearing and drying method(Exp 1.) and EP-processing method(exp 2.). During the study, 30 clutches were reared, with 10 per substrate. Three substrates, namely food waste (FW), tofu by-product (TF), and vegetable waste with two drying methods, namely hot air dry (AD) and microwave dry (MW) at expanding (EP) ratios of 5:5 and 7:3, were examined by evaluating their rearing performance, nutrient contents, in vitro digestibility and lipid oxidation stability during storage (0, 14 and 28 days). In experiment 1, the rearing substrates and drying methods were evaluated. Compared with that of conventional methods (FW, AD), the TF substrates and MW method showed higher dry matter contents (3.43%) and in vitro digestibility (1.62%) but lower ether extract contents(3.53%; p<0.05). However, the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration under MW treatments decreased during storage (5.77%, 4.69% and 3.24%; p<0.05). In experiment 2, compared with that of the 7:3 EP-BSF ratio, the 5:5 EP-BSF ratio showed higher in vitro digestibility (2.70%) and lower MDA concentration during storage (19.19%, 7.96% and 6.42%; p<0.05). In conclusion, the optimal conditions for BSF rearing and ensuring product quality were TF substrates, MW methods and a 5:5 corn:BSF ratio. Therefore, the optimal conditions for producing EP-BSF can present an excellent feed ingredient alternative for swine feed.

The objective of this study is to develop a belt-type dryer with a capacity of 1 ton/day, thereby improving drying efficiency by more than 70% and reducing the size of dryers by more than 50%, and thus making dryers smaller and lighter to reduce the installation and operation costs by more than 20%. We identified structural improvements by analyzing existing dryers employing indirect heating and verified the superior drying performance of the proposed method through some basic experiments. Furthermore, we verified the improvements in the heat transfer and drying characteristics as we conducted the experiments at reduced pressure.

Eleuthero(Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim.) cortex is well known as a herb medicine for tonic. This study was performed to improve the quality of dried E. senticosus cortex. Investigation of quality factor and contents of efficient compounds under different steaming times and drying methods were performed to determine the proper processing and drying conditions of Eleuthero cortex harvested on March in annual stems. The proper steaming time for peeling bark to make high quality Eleuthero cortex took less than 20 mins. Eleutheroside B and E contents among drying methods were significantly different at 5% level DMRT. The 50℃ heat drying was the most advisable condition for drying, when drying and keeping contents of effective compounds.

ISRM(International Society of Rock Mechanics) 표준시험법에 의해 24시간 이상 105±3℃를 유지할 수 있는 건조로에서 암석시험편을 건조시키며 무게의 변화를 모니터링할 수 있는 시스템을 구축하고, 무게 변화 모니터링 결과로부터 점근선법에 의한 고체무게 산출법을 제안하였다. 무게 모니터링에 의한 점근선법에 의하면 이론적으로 무한한 시간동안 건조시켰을 경우에 해당되는 이상적인 고체무게를 얻을 수 있다. 또한 표면건조수포화 시료를 이용하여 모니터링을 시작할 경우에는 모니터링 자료부터 건조밀도, 유효공극률 및 수포화 함수율을 모두 산출할 수 있다. 강화군 석모도에서 채취한 암석을 이용하여 ISRM 표준시험법과 본 연구에서 제안한 점근선법에 의해 결정되는 고체무게를 비교한 결과, 0.1% 이상의 차이를 보이는 경우도 있으나 대부분의 암석에서 그 차이가 0.05% 이내로 매우 미미하였다. 그러나 고체무게에서의 이러한 미미한 차이가 산출되는 유효공극률 및 수포화 함수율에서는 매우 큰 차이로 나타나 20% 내외의 차이로 증폭되며 특수한 경우에는 40% 이상의 오차를 보이기도 하였다. 현대의 계측기술 및 디지털기술을 이용하면 본 연구에서 제안한 무게 모니터링 시스템의 구현이 가능하므로 무게 모니터링에 의한 점근선법은 정확한 고체무게 결정의 하나의 대안이 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

A new method for determining solid weight has been suggested by monitoring the sample weight during drying process. By monitoring the weight decay in a specific time step during the drying process in an oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 105℃±3℃ for a period of at least 24 hours, as is suggested in ISRM (International Society of Rock Mechanics), an asymptote can be calculated by curve fitting. The asymptote can be an ideal solid weight, which can be assumed to be dried for infinite time period. Starting the monitoring from surface-dry saturated sample, effective porosity and water content can also be calculated directly from the monitoring data. Comparison of the solid weight determined by ISRM suggested method and by asymptote method showed very small difference, less than 0.05% difference in most cases of rock samples from Seokmo Island. However, resultant effective porosity and water content showed the difference as big as approximately 20%, which is not negligible any more. Considering advances of modern digital technology and measurement, monitoring the sample weight during the drying process is no more a high-tech. And the asymptote method by weight monitoring can be an alternative reflecting advances of technologies.

The total polyphenol and physiological activities of Pleurotus ostreatus 30% fermented ethanol using different drying methods and extraction periods were investigated. Based on the observed polyphenol content and physiological activity, freezedrying showed better results than hot air-drying method for P. ostreatus extracted with 30% fermented ethanol for more than 15 days. The total phenolic compound content of ‘Gosol’ following thefreeze-drying method for 15 days showed the highest value of 0.49±0.02 mg/mL. Freeze-drying with extraction for 30 days for ASI 2344 showed the highest antioxidant activity based on the DPPH radical scavenging rate of 35.50±3.29%. Freeze-drying ‘Gosol’ for 30 days resulted inthe highest anti-inflammatory and nitrite scavenging activity of 48.40±3.38%. Our results showed that P. ostreatus is a functional food.

The influence of structural differences has been analyzed in detail to fulfill the purposes of understanding the adsorption behaviors of chitosan beads. It has an artificial sebum absorption character of chitosan beads according to drying methods. This paper has a focus to identify supported function of chitosan beads through the artificial subum adsorption. In the present study chitosan beads were prepared by simple water-in-oil (W/ O) emulsion. Aqueous chitosan solution and toluene were used as water and oil phases, respectively. Two kinds of chitosan beads obtained from different drying process were investigated in surface area, hardness, surface amine content and morphological structure. And to find the specific surface area and morphology, we performed BET measurement and SEM observation. Chemical analysis have also examined by picric acid titration. Caprylic / capric triglyceride was used as a model artificial sebum, Finally, we have compared the artificial sebum absorption of two kinds of chitosan beads. The result of sebum adsorption showed that the beads dried by lyophilization was 1.98 times higher than those from solvent dehydration. It was noted that the sebum adsorption properties were attributed to the capillary phenomena of sponge structure. Therefore, these chitosan beads can be used to soak up sebum produced by sebaceous oil glands from acne-prone skin.

Jiwhang (Rehmannia glutinosa), one of the most widely used medicinal herbs, was dried with various methods such as sun drying, hot air drying, vacuum drying, and freeze drying methods, and their effects on the antioxidant capacity in relation with the content of total phenolic compounds were studied with a steamed-and-dried rehmannia (sookjiwhang) for comparison. Generally, total phenolic contents decreased significantly by all of the drying treatments except the steamed-anddried rehmannia, in which total phenolic contents increased 2.4 fold compared with fresh rehmannia. Content of verbascoside, a functional phenolic compound, was the highest in the freeze-dried rehmannia (177.97±0.02 μg/g d.m.) followed by vacuumdried (105.55±0.07 μg/g d.m.), hot air-dried (23.01±0.02 μg/g d.m.), and sun-dried (4.89±0.13 μg/g d.m.) ones comparable to the fresh rehmannia (80.15±1.26 μg/g d.m.). Antioxidant capacity determined by both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) methods agreed with the result of total phenolic contents, that is, the antioxidant capacity was the highest in the steamed-and-dried rehmannia followed by fresh rehmannia, vacuumdried, hot air-dried, sun-dried, and freeze-dried ones. Conclusively, the total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of rehmannia were greatly affected by the drying methods used.

충격방법(衝擊方法)에 의(依)하여 고추씨를 분리(分離)할 수 있으나 그 수율(收率)을 45%이상(以上) 올릴 수는 없었다. 따라서 보다 높은 씨분리수율(分離收率)을 이룩하기 위하여 고추 조직(組織)에 대(對)한 가열효과(加熱效果)를 시도(試圖)한 결과(結果) 씨의 분리(分離)가 용이(容易)하게 이룩될 수 있는 고추 내(內)의 공격(空隔)이 증가(增加)되었다. 이와같은 가열효과(加熱效果)를 씨의 분리(分離)에 이용(利用)키 위하여 회전사식원통형(回轉篩式圓筒型) 씨분리기(機)에 65℃, 0.61m/sec의 열풍(熱風)을 송입(送入)하면서 씨를 분리(分離)할 경우 93%까지 분리수율(分離收率)을 높일수 있었다. 열풍하(熱風下)에서의 씨의 분리(分離)는 고추의 절단부위(切斷部位)에 따라 차이(差異)는 있었으나 고추 건조(乾燥)가 완료(完了)되기 이전(以前)에 씨의 분리(分離)를 완료(完了)할 수 있었으므로, 동시탈종(同時脫種) 건조방법(乾燥方法)이라는 새로운 고추의 가공방법(加功方法)을 개발(開發)하게 되었다.

Seed separation out of fresh red pepper by impact methods was effective but impossible to separate over 45% of seed. For the increase of seed separation, dehydration effect was studied with the slices of pepper. Heat deformation during the course of drying at hot air of 0. 61m/sec velocity at temperature of 65℃, increased the separation up to 93% with a halfcut pepper. Seed separation was remarkably different upon the location of cut, but it was completed prio tothe completion of drying in every cutting orientations. From these results a simultaneous seed separation and drying operation techniques is successfully developed.

고추씨를 분리(分離)하는 방법(方法)으로 자유낙하(自由落下), 상하진탕, 회전사(回轉篩)를 이용(利用)하는 방법(方法)과 그 기구(機構)에 관(關)하여 연구(硏究)한 결과(結果) 씨의 분리(分離)는 고추에 가(加)해 주는 충격량(衝擊量)으로 설명(說明)할 수있었으며, 이를 운동량(運動量)의 크기로 분석(分析)하였다. 씨의 분리(分離)에 기여(寄與)하는 운동량(運動量)의 영향은 속도(速度)를 얻은 방법(方法)에 따라 상이(相異)하였다. 한편 동일속도하(同一速度下)에서 운동량(運動量)의 씨분리효과(分離？果)를 산출(算出)하였으며, 자유낙하(自由落下), 상하진탕 및 회전사방법(回轉篩方法)에서 각각(各各) 2.50×10-6, 2.09×10-6과 3.94×10-8의 값을 보였다. 고추씨의 분리속도(分離速度)의 변화율(變化率)은 고추의 건조속도(乾燥速度)의 변화율(變化率)과 유사한 경시적(經時的) 변화양상(變化樣相)을 갖고 있었다.

Seed separation from half-cut red pepper were investigated with free falling, up-and-down shaking and rotating collision methods. The separation rates were related with impact appiied and the rotating case was distinguished from the other two methods. Beside the impact effect, velocity of the pod and tumbling factors were involved. Momentum effectiveness of seed separation were calculated as 2.50×10,-6 2.09×10-6, and 3.94×10-8 for free falling, shaking and rotating method on the same velocity basis, respectively. The tendency of separation rate was similar to that of red pepper drying rate against time.

Characteristics of good-quality red pepper powder produced using N2-circulated low-temperature drying method were compared with those made through conventional sun and hot-air drying methods. Kimchi and kochujang were prepared with different types of red pepper powder, and their physicochemical and sensory properties were compared. Results revealed Hunter L (lightness), a (redness), and b (yellowness) values of N2-circulated low temperature-dried red pepper were highest. Absorbance of crude capsanthin in hot air-dried red pepper powder (0.584±0.001) was significantly lower than sun-dried (0.848±0.001) and N2-circulated low temperature-dried products (0.832±0.002. Use of N2-circulated low-temperature drying method resulted in the highest amounts at reducing sugar and total vitamin C. Capsaicin content of N2-circulated low temperature-dried products were higher than hot air-dried ones. The aL values of kochujaug made with sun-and low temperature-dried red peppers were higher than that of kochujang made with hot-dried red peppers. Physicochemical and sensory evaluation results showed red pepper powders made using N2-circulated low-temperature drying method have the best quality among all samples tested.

해조류는 알칼리성 건강식품으로 널리 알려져 있으며, 최근 에는 변비, 비만, 콜레스테롤 등을 조절하는 기능 등의 다양 한 생리학적 조절기능이 밝혀지면서 해조류 섭취량은 크게 증가하고 있다. 최근들어 해조류로부터 유래되는 다양한 생 리활성 물질들은 항종양성 [1-2], 항바이러스성 [3], 항혈액 응고 [4] 및 면역력 증강 [5-6] 등의 기능을 갖고 있는 것 으로 알려져 있다. 이와 관련하여 한국과 일본 및 중국의 동아시아에서 오랜 기간 섭취하여 온 미역과 다시마 등의 갈조류에 함유된 고분자 다당체인 후코이단 (fucoidan)에 대한 관심이 집중되고 있다 [6]. 후코이단은 특이적으로 갈조류 (미역, 다시마, 톳, 대황, 곰피, 감태 등)의 세포벽 성분인 점질 다당에 함유되어 있는 다당류로서 다시마와 미역포자엽의 건조중량 중 3～4% 정도 의 극소량이 함유되어 있다 [7]. 후코이단은 세포 내 골지체에 서 합성되어 세포간 조직에 존재하며 종에 따라 엽체의 삼 출액 (exudate)에도 존재하는 다당류로서 L-fucose가 주로 α-(1→3) 결합으로 이루어진 골격에 mannose, glucose, galactose, xylose, glucuronic acid, rhamnose 등이 결합된 함황 hetero형 산성 다당이다 [8-11]. 후코이단은 갈조류의 채취시기 및 종에 따라 평균 분자량이 100,000-2,000,000 Da 으로 다양하며, 후코이단의 생리활성에 중요한 영향을 미치는 fucose 함량 및 황산기 함량도 차이가 난다 [12]. 일반적으로 후코이단은 L-fucose의 에스테르화 황산을 주 성분으로 하여 glucuronic acid를 함유한 U-후코이단, 황산 fucose로 구성된 F-후코이단, 그리고 galactose를 함유한 G-후 코이단으로 구분된다. 후코이단은 일반적으로 L-fucose가 α- (1→2) 결합을 하고 있으며, 4번째 탄소에 황산기가 결합되어 있는 구조로 되어 있다. 종에 따라서는 α-(1→2) 대신 α-(1→ 3) 결합이 기본 결합으로 되어 있는 경우가 있으며, α-(1→3) 및 α-(1→4) 결합이 복합적으로 존재하는 경우도 있다 [13]. 이러한 해조류를 건강식품 소재로 하는 다양한 가공 제품 개발이 시도되고 있으며, 실제로 해조분말, 해조분말 환과 같 은 1차 가공제품에서부터 해조면과 같은 해조의 화학적 특성 을 이용한 가공제품까지 시판되고 있다. 미역과 다시마와 같 은 해조류는 특별한 처리공정을 거치지 않는 경우 비린내가 심하여 다양한 용도 개발에 어려움이 있다 [14]. 특히 해조류 를 원료로 하는 건강음료의 개발에는 많은 제한이 있어 왔는 데, 이것은 해조류 특유의 갯내음 때문이다 [15]. 해조류의 갯내음과 같은 이취를 제거하기 위해 다양한 시도들이 있어 왔는데, 이중에는 미역의 유기산 추출물에 유산균 발효를 이용한 방법 [14-16]이 있으며, 해조류를 곡 물류, 과일류, 약초류 등 식물류 분말 등을 혼합하여 식품을 제조하는 방법이 있으나, 해조 특유의 이취가 완전히 제거 되지 않는 문제점이 있다 [15-17]. 해조류를 마쇄한 후 알 칼리 용액에 침지시켜 이취를 제거한 보고 [18]도 있으나 이는 해조의 이취가 완전히 제거되지도 않을 뿐만 아니라 침지되었던 알칼리 용액의 성분이 해조류에 남을 수 있어 식용으로 적합하지 않다. 또한 미역취를 차폐시킬 목적으로 계피 분쇄물을 가열 초기에 첨가하고, 합성향이나 분말을 첨가하여 잼으로 제조한 사례 등이 있다 [19]. 해조류의 냄새성분에 관한 연구로서, 다시마의 향미성분 에 관한 연구로 70% ethanol에 의한 추출과 이에 따른 향 미성분을 분석하여 보고 [20]한 바 있으며, 효소와 열수에 의한 추출 및 한외여과에 의한 알긴산 제거 시 다시마 추 출액의 휘발성 향미성분에 대한 연구 보고 [21], 그 외에 다시마의 향미성분을 분석한 연구 보고 [22] 등이 있다. 본 연구에서는 후코이단의 갯내음 및 비린맛을 효과적으 로 감소시키기 위한 공정으로서 용매탈취 (deordorization by solvent extraction) 및 분무탈취 (deordorization by spray drying)의 복합 공정을 제안하였고 다양한 처리 방법에 의해 제조되는 후코이단의 냄새성분의 변화를 분석하였다.

1)Volatile components of crude fucoidan and its raw material, Undaria pinnatifida sporophylls were identified by GC/MSD analysis, and the effects of a combined method of solvent extraction and drying (hot-air drying or spray drying) on deordorization of fucoidans were examined. The major components of seaweed smell (odor) in crude fucoidan and Undaria pinnatifida sporophylls were identified as alkanes (octadecane, heptadecane, tetradecane) and acids (hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid). Solvent extraction and drying were combined for the deordorization of fucoidans: hot-air drying/deordorization process (HDDP) and spray drying/deordorization process (SDDP). The deordorization effects of solvent extraction using solvents including water, ethanol, and acetone were investigated. Among the tested solvents, ethanol was selected as a deordorization solvent, because the seaweed smell and taste were mostly lowered by ethanol extraction followed by drying. In addition, HDDP and SDDP were compared, showing that SDDP gave higher sensory characteristics than HDDP. When the crude fucoidan was treated by ethanol extraction for 30 min followed by SDDP, approximately 60% of off-flavor components of crude fucoidan was removed based on GC/MSD peak area, and the total sugar and sulfate contents and APTT-anticoagulant activity significantly increased compared to crude fucoidan. In conclusion, SDDP after ethanol treatment was proposed and established as a deordorization process for fucoidan preparation.

An efficient nucleophilic [$^{18}F$]fluorination has been studied to reduce byproducts and preparation time. Instead of conventional aqueous solution of $K_2CO_3-K_{222}$, several organic solution containing inert organic salts were used to release [$^{18}F$]fluoride ion and anion bases captured in the polymer cartridge, concluding that methanol solution is the best choice. Comparing to azeotropic drying process, one min was sufficient to remove methanol completely, resulting in about 10% radioactivity saving by reducing drying time. The polymer cartridge, Chromafix$^{(R)}$ (PS-$HCO_3$) was pretreated with several anion bases to displace pre-loaded bicarbonate base. Phosphate bases showed better results than carbonate bases in terms of lower basicity. tert-Butanol solvent used as a reaction media played another critical role in nucleophilic [18F]fluorination by suppressing eliminated side product. Consequent [$^{18}F$]fluorination under the present condition afforded fast preparation of reaction solution and high radiochemical yields (98% radio-TLC, 84% RCY) with 94% of precursor remained.

The superconducting powders in $YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-x}$ and Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system were easily prepared from water in oil type emulsion by loading each cation into the aqueous phase. In $YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-x}$ system, the superconducting orthorhombic phase was formed by calcining at $750^{\circ}C$ for 10h in $O_2$. The size of the superconducting phase powders was submicron. The density of the sintered specimen using this powders was about 95% of the theoretical density and the resistance sharply decreases at about 90K, In Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system the low Tc phase($(Bi, Pb)_2Sr_2Ca_1Cu_2O_y$) was formed by calcining at $800^{\circ}C$ for 10h in a low oxygen partial pressure of 1/20 atm The shape of clacined powder is thin plate of which size is about $2\mu\textrm{m}$ and thickness is smaller than $\mu\textrm{m}$. It was observed that the high Tc phase ($(Bi, Pb)_2Sr_2Ca_2Cu_3O_y$) was formed by sintering at $850^{\circ}C$ for 30h in oxygen pressure of 1/20 atm without intermediary grinding. The above sintered sample exhibited superconductivity with a Tc(zero)=105K.

The single phase $Ba_2SiS_4$ doped with $Eu^{2+}$ was successfully synthesized by direct sulfurization of an oxide precursor prepared by a spray drying method using a novel water soluble silicon compound, which remains soluble in a given aqueous solution. The intensity of the emission peak of thus obtained $Ba_2SiS_4:Eu^{2+}$ was 1.75 times larger than that of a sample prepared by a solid state reaction method, and it approached 106% compared to one of the best commercially available YAG:$Ce^{3+}$ phosphor.

In this study, PLZT ceramics were fabricated by freeze-drying and normal sintering method. The compositional rate of specimen was selected 9/65/35 (La/Zr/Ti) which have good optical and dielectric properties, sintering time was varied 1, 10, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60 and 65 hr at $1250^{\circ}C$. After sintering, the optical and dielectric properties were investigated with the grain size. As the result of the experiment, freeze-dried powder appeared particle size less than 1 um. The relative dielectric constant was increased linearly with the sintering time, specimen which sintered for 65 hr had the highest value, 5780. Grain was grown with increasing time, in the case of specimen sintered for 60 hr, the grain size was 8.4 um. Transmittance was increased with the grain size. In the case of 8.4 um grain size, the transmittance was 56 %. Curie temperature was decreased linearly by the surface-layer effect of space-charge, in the case of grain size which were 1.8 um and 8.4 um, appeared at $100^{\circ}C$ and $80^{\circ}C$, respectively.

We prepared solid dispersion formulations of quercetin to enhance its solubility and dissolution rate. Various quercetin-loaded solid dispersion were tested with quercetin, poloxamer 407, and carrier such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG 8000), and polyvinylpyrrolidone K40 (PVP K40) using solvent evaporation and freeze drying methods in terms of both the aqueous solubility and the dissolution rates of quercetin. The solubility of quercetin as its solid dispersion formulations was markedly improved compared with that of quercetin powder. Especially, highest solubility of quercetin was observed when HPMC was used as a carrier. The cumulative dissolution of quercetin within 360 min from solid dispersion composed of quercetin, poloxamer 407, and HPMC was 8.8-fold higher than the dissolution of pure quercetin. The results of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated that quercetin transformed from a crystalline to an amorphous form through the solid dispersion formulation process. These results suggest that the solid dispersion formulation of quercetin with poloxamer 407 and HPMC could be a promising option for enhancing the solubility and dissolution rate of quercetin.

It has been known that the synthesis of the cathode materials for the lithium rechargeable batteries by the sol-gel process has many advantages over the conventional solid-state method. It has been, however, a continuing issue that new additional steps should be introduced to commercialize this process. In this work, spray drying was introduced to the existing sol-gel process as a continuous mass production method of the pre-heat treatment precursor materials. The precursors of $LiCoO_2$ and $LiNi_{0.8}Co_{0.2}O_2$ were continuously produced through spray drying from the solution containing stoichiometric amount of lithium, cobalt, and nickel sources as well as a chelating agent. The process variables, such as pH of the starting solution, spray drying conditions, and calcination conditions were optimized. The XRD pattern for the synthesized material indicated a good crystallinity with a layered structure.