Earticle

우리는 한국문학사에 이승훈 시인이 급진적인 언어 실험 시인으로 규정되고 있음에 주목하였다. 이러한 방향성에 따라 본 논문에서는 주체 의식이 두드러지 게 나타나는 「이승훈 씨를 만나러 간 이승훈 씨｣라는 작품을 자세히 읽어보고 자 하였다. 이 작품에 대한 자세히 읽기의 필요성은 다음과 같다. 첫째 이승훈 시세계 내에서 주체와 관련된 위상학적 의미에도 불구하고 단일 텍스트로 분석 된 바가 없다. 둘째 주체에 대한 논의 중 자아 분열이라는 결과론적 정설에 대 한 새로운 정신분석적 접근의 방향타가 필요하다. 셋째 형식적 층위에서 캐릭 터, 연극적 대화, 언어 미학 등을 새롭게 규명할 필요가 있다. 넷째 시인의 산문을 전거로 주체 의식에 대한 형성과 변천 과정을 소급적으로 규명하는 데 의의 가 있다. 1장에서 주체 의식과 관련된 비교적 최근의 연구적 축적물들을 자세하게 살 펴보았다. 2장에서는 분신과 실패를 통해 바라본 주체의 (불)가능성을 탐색하였 다. 이는 존재론적 회의와 3인칭 시점 지향성, ‘분신’ 관계로서의 이승훈 씨와 이 승훈 씨, ‘실패’를 통한 주체의 (불)가능성이라는 층위에 따라 보다 세분화된다. 잘 알려져 있듯, 현대시사에서 이승훈 시인은 모더니즘 경향성에 따라 인식 론적 회의 즉 그의 시의 출발점인 자아탐구를 지탱하는 시적 사유를 담당한다. 그가 ‘나’는 어디에도 없다고 했을 때 이것은 절망적 차원이라기보다는 인식론 적 회의의 해체주의로 간주해야하는 이유가 여기에 있다. 해체주의에서 자아탐 구는 결코 완결되는 법이 없기 때문이다. 나아가 ‘분신’ 관계인 바바리를 걸친 이승훈 씨와 시인 이승훈 씨는 ‘나’와 닮아있으면서도 이질적인, ‘나’ 자체의 근 본적인 분열을 체현한다. 여기서 ‘분신’은 정신분석적 차원에서 다음과 같은 의 미로 해석될 수 있다. ‘분신’은 “주체의 숨겨진 혹은 억압된 욕망들을 실현해서” 주체가 감히 해야 했거나 하지 못한 일들을 행한다. 결과적으로 분신은 주체를 간질이는 “참을 수 없는” 방해자인 동시에, 주체 가 “잃어버린 원초적 대상을 보유하고” 있다고 여겨지는 존재이다. 그러므로 두 이승훈 씨가 보여주는 의사소통의 어려움은 근본적인 의미에서의 단절에서 기인한다. 라캉을 통해 알고 있듯이 실재에는 어떠한 부재도 없으며, 대상은 오직 어떤 것이 자신의 (상징적) 자리에서 사라져버리는 상징적 공간에서만 ‘부재의 양식’으로 현존할 수 있다.

This study has noted that Lee Seung-hoon is defined as a radical language experiment poet in the history of Korean literature. Following this perspective, this study undertakes a close reading of the work Mr. Lee Seung-hoon Goes to Meet Mr. Lee Seung-hoon, in which the consciousness of the subject is prominently expressed. The necessity of this close reading can be outlined as follows. First, despite its topological significance in relation to the subject in Lee Seung-hoon’s poetic world, this work has never been analyzed as an independent text. Second, there is a need to provide a new psychoanalytic approach that can serve as a steering point for discussions of the subject, particularly with regard to the established, outcome-based consensus of “self-division.” Third, on the formal level, there is a necessity to newly elucidate elements such as character, theatrical dialogue, and linguistic aesthetics from the perspective of presentness. Fourth, it is significant to retroactively trace the formation and transformation of the subject’s consciousness, using the poet’s prose as a textual reference. Chapter 1 reviews recent research concerning the subject’s consciousness. Chapter 2 explores the (im)possibility of the subject as viewed through “the double” and “failure.” This is further subdivided into three levels: ontological skepticism and third-person point-of-view orientation, the relationship of “the double” between Mr. Lee Seung-hoon and Mr. Lee Seung-hoon, and the (im)possibility of the subject through “failure.” In the history of modern Korean poetry, Lee Seung-hoon, following a modernist tendency, undertakes epistemological skepticism—a poetic inquiry into the self that forms the foundation of his work. When he states that “I” exists nowhere, this should be regarded not as a statement of despair, but as a deconstructionist form of epistemological skepticism, because within deconstruction the inquiry into the self is never complete. Furthermore, the relationship of “the double” between Mr. Lee Seung-hoon in a trench coat and the poet Lee Seung-hoon embodies the fundamental division of the “I,” which is both similar to and alien from itself. In psychoanalytic terms, “the double” can be interpreted as follows: the double “realizes the subject’s hidden or repressed desires” and acts upon things the subject either should have done or could not bring themselves to do. Consequently, the double is both an “intolerable” irritant to the subject and a being believed to “possess the lost primal object.” The difficulty of communication between the two Mr. Lee Seung-hoons stems from a fundamental rupture. As Lacan notes, in the Real there is no absence; things can only be present in the “mode of absence” within a symbolic space in which something has vanished from its (symbolic) place.

현대 사회에 들어와서 현대 문명의 위기에 대한 소리가 높다. 우리는 그 위기 뒤에서 인간의 탐욕과 폭력성이 어른거리고 있음을 볼 수 있는데, 프랑스의 사회인류학자 르네 지라르의 욕망 이론은 문제 해결의 단초를 제공할 수 있을 것이다. 그의 이론의 핵심은 인간의 욕망은 모방적이라는 것인데, 그 요체는 두 가지다. 하나는 사람들은 스스로 어떤 것을 욕망하는 것이 아니라 타인의 욕망을 모방한다는 것이고, 다른 하나는 욕망의 주체는 욕망의 대상을 원하는 것이 아니라 욕망을 매개하는 중개자처럼 되려고 한다는 것이다. 어떤 사람이 좋은 가방을 가지고 싶다고 할 때 그 욕망은 그에게서 스스로 나온 것이 아니라 그가 그 가방을 들고 있는 어떤 멋진 사람을 본 순간 생겨난다는 것이다. 그때 그 사람은 그 가방을 원하는 것이 아니라 그 사람처럼 멋지게 되고 싶은 것이다. 또한 그는 욕망의 중개에는 두 가지 종류가 있다고 주장하였다. 첫째는 외적 중개로서 욕망의 주체와 중개자 사이의 거리가 먼 것이고, 둘째는 내적 중개로서 욕망의 주체와 중개자 사이의 거리가 가까운 것이다. 따라서 내적 중개에는 욕망의 주체가 가까이에 있는 중개자를 모방하려고 해서 그 사이에서 경쟁과 갈등이 생긴다. 지라르는 그때 두 사람은 서로가 같은 대상을 욕망하여 서로에게 장애가 되고, 갈등이 깊어질 때 폭력은 필연적으로 된다고 하면서 그 관계를 짝패라고 불렀다. 그는 짝패에서 “차이의 위기”에 주목했는데, 욕망의 주체가 욕망의 중개자를 모방하다가 두 사람이 거의 비슷해지면 두 사람 사이에서 경쟁이 치열해져서 위기가 다가오기 때문이다. 그때 두 사람은 같은 대상을 차지하려고 해서 두 사람 사이에서는 폭력적인 상황을 벌어지게 된다. 그런데 “차이의 소멸”로 인한 갈등, 경쟁, 폭력은 한 사회를 혼란 속으로 몰아넣어서 사람들은 사회에 위기가 올 때는 희생양을 선택하여 위기의 원인을 그에게 쏟아 붓고 그를 처형함으로써 위기를 극복하곤 하였다. 그러나 시간이 지나면 위기는 계속해서 오게 되어 사회에서는 종교를 만들어서 희생양을 제의로 제도화시켰다. 하지만 이런 평화는 거짓된 성스러움에 기초를 둔 평화로서 항구적인 것은 되지 못한다고 지라르는 비판한다. 그러면 사람들은 어떻게 하여야 할 것인가? 지라르는 그 문제에 대해서 다음과 같은 두 가지 해결책을 제시하였다. 첫째는 모든 신화적 종교들의 토대가 되는 희생양 메커니즘의 허위를 폭로하는 것인데, 기독교가 먼저 그 일을 하였고, 둘째는 모든 사람들이 자신의 개인적 욕망을 찾고 그리스도를 본 받아 사는 것이다. 즉 현대인들은 기독교가 신화적 종교들에 있는 거짓된 성스러움의 구조를 폭로하고 희생양의 무고함을 밝히면서 폭력의 악순환으로부터 벗어난 것을 계속 지켜나가고, 자신의 욕망이 자발적인 것이 아니라는 사실을 깨닫고 그리스도를 모방함으로써 현대 사회가 유혹하는 사탄적 욕망에서 벗어나야 한다는 것이다. 이러한 그의 생각은 현대에 만연되어 있는 무신론적 허무주의와 회의주의를 극복할 수 있는 사상이라는 생각이 든다.

Nowadays we see many things which represent the crisis of the modern civilization in our society. We know there are human greed and violence behind that crisis. It seems that a french social anthropologist René Girard's theory of mimetic desire can afford the solution which helps us to surmount that difficult position. The core of his theory is the mimetic aspect of human desire. We consider that its essence is two fold. One is that people do not desire themselves but imitate other's desire, the other is that the subject of the desire does not want to get the object of desire but to be like the mediator of that desire. For example, if one wants to get a chic bag that desire does not arise from his/her inside but when he/she sees a human being who hold that chic bag. He/She wants to be a chic person. Girard said that there are two sorts of mediation of desire; one is external mediation and the other is internal mediation. In the former case the distance between the subject of desire and the model(mediator) is far away, in the latter case the distance is very near. So there arise many conflicts between two persons or two groups as they want the same object of desire. Girard named two persons who struggle to get same thing "the double" and there breaks many conflicts and violences between them. So the principal source of violence between human beings is mimetic rivalry resulting from imitation of model who becomes a rival or of a rival who becomes a model. Gigard insists that the scapegoat mechanism of mythical religion comes from the collective violence as the scapegoat transforms the chaos of the mimetic crisis into a new social order. But he insists also that peace can not maintain long as it stands on the false sacred. So human being needed new scapegoats and new religions. This continues in the history of human being. But Girard suggests two solutions, one is to disclose the falsity of the scapegoat mechanism of mythical religion and the other is to imitate Jesus in order to surmount the crisis of our society.

1966년 미셸 푸코는 󰡔말과 사물: 인간 과학의 한 고고학󰡕을 발표한다. 푸코는 이 책에서 지식고고학적 관점에서 한 시대에 고유한 인식론적 지층 혹은 에피스테메에 대해 말한다. 푸코는 시기와 지역의 문제를 책의 서두에서 엄격히 한정하는데, 이 책의 대상은 르네상스 이후의 서유럽 사회이다. 결국 푸코의 관심은 서구적 합리성 자체의 한계(limite)이다. J. G. 메르키오르는 이를 다음처럼 정리한다. “우리의 사유 방식의 한계는 무엇인가? 어떻게 우리, 근대의 서구인(modern Westerners)은 현상들을 정돈하는가?” 결론적으로, 푸코는 문화에 대하여 이론적으로 그 가능성을 인정할 뿐, 서구 문화 이외의 ‘보편적인’ 문화가 있을 수 있다는 가능성을 사유하지 않는다. 요약하면, 푸코는 서구 문화 이외의 보편적 문화가 존재할 수 있는 가능성을 부정하지도, 사유하지도 않는다. 그것은 반복해서 말하지만 푸코 사유의 ‘사유할 수 없는’ 부분이다. 고전주의 시대의 에피스테메는 표상(表象, représentation)이며, 푸코에 따르면, 바로 이 ‘표상의 표상성’을 가장 잘 드러내주는 그림이 바로 벨라스케스(Diego de Velàzquez, 1599-1660)의 ｢시녀들｣(Las Meninas, 1656-1657)이다. 푸코의 󰡔말과 사물󰡕은 바로 이 그림에 대한 분석으로부터 시작한다. 복잡하고도 정치한 분석을 통해 푸코는 화가와 왕과 관람자는 모두 부재함으로써만 존재하게 됨을 밝힌다. 그들의 부재는 존재의 조건이며, 그들의 존재는 부재의 조건이다. 그것들은 서로에 대하여 부재 혹은 존재의 조건이 된다. 존재와 부재는 인식론적으로 볼 때 서로에 대하여 쌍둥이이다. 이것이 고전주의 시대 표상의 운동, 표상의 상호성ㆍ순환성, 표상의 이중성이다.

In 1966, Michel Foucault publishes The Order of Things whose aim is to show the épistèmès of each epoch in occidental european culture since the Renaissance. After all, Foucault’s main interest is to understand what are exactly the limits of occidental Reason. Foucault accepts the theoretical possibilities of non occidental reasons in principle, but never practices or examines himself these possibilities in reality. Impossibility of these thought, that was the dark side of his thought, of his own culture. The épistèmè of Classic Age is Representation of which the symbolic function represents itself par excellence in Las Meninas of Diego de Velàzquez(1599-1660). In this picture, the places of the painter, the king and finally the spectator are all empty. Paradoxically speaking, they present themselves as long as they don’t exist. This helps us to understand that the epistemic or epistemologic conditions of their presence and absence are the same. In a word, they belong to the same epistemic stratum, the Classic Age. The presence and the absence, the far and the near, the infinite and the finitude, they are all doubles of their doubles, the twins. They represent themselves like the mirror re-presents itself in another mirror. Reflectio Ad infinitum in simulacrum.

This paper introduces fourteen single, double, multiple and sequential acceptance sampling plans based on switching rule. Revised KS standards for acceptance sampling by attribute and by variable such as KSA ISO 2859-0, 1:2001 2859-2:2001, 8422:2001, 3951:2006, 8423:2001, MIL-STD-105E:1989, 414:1968 and ANSI/ASQ Z1.4, Z1.9:2003 are presented.

본 연구는 두 번의 할인이 동시에 적용되는 이중할인(Double-discount) 프로모션이 소비자의 품질지각에 미치는 효과에 주목하여, 이중할인 프로모션의 긍정적 효과에만 초점을 맞춘 선행연구들과 달리 이중할인이 가질 수 있는 잠재적 부작용을 밝히고 판촉 효과를 극대화할 수 있는 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 단일할인이 보편적인 시장에서 이중할인은 독특한 것으로 여겨져, 소비자의 할인동기추론을 쉽게 활성화하고 할인의 이유를 품질 문제로 귀인하게 만들 가능성이 높을 수 있다. 이중할인으로 인한 부정적인 품질지각은 소비자가 구매의사결정 시 품질을 중요하게 고려하는 정도에 따라 구매의도를 감소시킬 수 있을 것으로 예상하였다. 연구 1에서는 단일할인을 비교집단으로 하여 이중할인이 품질을 낮게 지각하게 만든다는 것을 확인하였으며, 이러한 품질지각이 구매의도에 미치는 효과를 품질중요도가 조절한다는 것을 확인하였다. 구체적으로, 품질을 덜 중요하게 고려하는 경우에는 이중할인으로 인해 품질이 낮게 지각되어도 구매의도가 높게 나타났지만, 품질을 중요하게 고려하는 경우에는 이중할인으로 인한 낮은 품질지각이 구매의도를 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 역효과는 부정적 품질지각이 일어나지 않도록 이중할인을 정당화한다면 예방할 수 있다. 연구 2에서는 정당성 단서를 제시함으로써 할인을 정당화해줄 경우, 품질중요도와 관계없이 이중할인이 적용된 제품에 대한 구매의도가 높게 나타난다는 것을 확인하였다. 즉, 할인정당화를 통해 이중할인의 판촉 효과를 극대화할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 오늘날 증가하고 있는 이중할인 프로모션의 잠재적 부작용을 밝히고 이에 대한 예방책을 제안함으로써 이론적, 실무적 의의를 가진다.

This study focuses on the effect of double-discount promotions on a consumer's perceived quality of a product. Unlike in previous studies that have focused only on the positive effect of double-discounts, the current research has the purpose to study (1)the potential side effects that a double-discount might have and (2)a strategy to prevent its negative side effect. Double-discounts are perceived as unique and rare, which makes it more likely that consumers infer the reason why the promotion is being offered. Inference of discount motivation tends to make consumers perceive quality problem of the discounted product. Thus, double-discounts are likely lead to a lower perception of quality and this can relatively decrease purchase intention when quality is considered important when purchasing a product. Study 1 confirmed that perceived quality is more negative for a double-discount(vs. a single-discount) and the importance of quality moderates the mediation effect of perceived quality on purchase intention of a double-discounted product. That is, purchase intention of a double-discount product is relatively reduced when the importance of quality is higher. Study 2 found that this negative effect was alleviated when a rationale cue for a double-discount, which prevents consumers to perceive a low product quality, was presented. By examining the potential negative effect of double-discounts, this research helps to have a better understanding of double-discount promotions and gives practical implications to marketers.

한국사회는 세계 유래 없이 빠른 고령화를 경험하면서, 최근 고령화를 동반한 노인 관련 여러 이슈들-노인부양, 소득보장, 의료보장 등-에 대한 사회적 관심이 증가하기 시작하였다. 무엇보다 노후의 독립적인 생활을 지지하면서, 심리적 자립, 사회적 지위확보를 위해 취업을 포함한 다양한 경제활동을 할 수 있게 지원하려는 정책방향이 많은 공감대를 형성하고 있다. 그러나, 우리가 처음 맞이하는 장수의 시대, 고령화 시대를 준비하기 위해 노인과 관련한 문제 해결에 집중적인 노력을 하고 있는 반면, 정작 더욱 보호를 필요로 하는 집단에 대한 관심이 배제되고 있는 것은 아닌지 생각해 볼 필요가 있다. 인구의 고령화란 장애인의 고령화를 포함하고 있음을 주목해야 할 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는‘일을 통한 복지’라는 정책기조 속에서 대표적인 근로빈곤층이라 할 수 있는 장애인 중 연령으로 인해 이중스트레스를 받고 있다고 할 수 있는 고령 장애인을 중심으로 고용정책의 측면에서 중복소외에 대해 논의하고, 고령화 사회에서 노인으로서 특수한 욕구를 해결해야 하면서, 동시에 장애를 경험하는 고령 장애인의 "중복 소외(double disadvantage)"에 대한 문제인식의 필요성을 제기하고자 한다.

It is expected that over the coming years the pace of change along with the growth of older people in Korea will accelerate. However, for the most part it fails particularly to be appreciative of the diverse and indigenous processes of transformation taking place and their enormous impact on the lives of elderly people. In order to fulfil the needs and expectations of the growing numbers of elderly people in Korea and to overcome the problems associated with later life, such as, ill-health, poverty and isolation, it is vital to construct effective and inclusive social systems for the elderly. Over the last couple of decades Korea has experienced a strengthening of the notion of ‘roductive welfare’in the context of the changing international environment and the changing domestic situation. ‘Productive welfare’aims to enable people to help themselves rather than just giving benefits to especially poor people to maintain a basic existence. Similar policies have been adopted by western governments, namely ‘the third way’, ‘workfare’ or ‘welfare to work’(Jessop, 1994; Giddens, 1998; Kim 2003). Along with this recognition, greater emphasis has been placed on the employment policy concerning and promoting independence for elderly people. However, it can hardly escape notice that because this form of welfare is related to work it consequently excludes the vulnerable social classes who have difficulties in getting work opportunities such as elderly people. It is furthermore acknowledged that elderly people who are disabled can be more stressed with work related policy in ageing society of Korea. However, great influenced by ageing society of Korea, their double-stress has seen ignored in public policy. The main aim of this paper therefore is to highlight the need for urgent concern of this phenomena and the reconsideration of ageing as a new concern in the context of these various changes. This paper will develop an overall understanding of the context and dynamics of the ageing population in Korea through a description of the demographic, economic and social dimension of this population. It will go on to explore the patterns and forms of employment policy in Korea and focus on the elderly and disabled people concerning their stressful reason in ageing society. The analysis will draw on secondary data to address the circumstances of older people especially who are disabled in contemporary Korean society.

Device-to-device (D2D) or Sidelink aided communication is regarded as one of the most promising technologies to improve the spectral efficiency of the 5G and beyond communication system. However, two main challenges exist: 1) the selection of the optimal number of devices for improving the spectral efficiency, and 2) improving the physical layer security of such a communication system. The optimal device improves the secrecy capacity, and the selection of optimal devices enhances the physical layer security. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a double threshold-based optimal device selection (ODS) scheme for a cooperative wireless network with amplify and forward (AF) protocol in the presence and absence of an eavesdropper to enhance the physical layer security for the D2D network. The proposed scheme is analyzed with different distance cases, device scenarios, and modulation schemes. The bit error rate (BER) performance analysis concludes that a performance gain of more than 4 dB is achieved at the BER of 0.004 for the proposed double threshold-based ODS scheme compared to the existing ODS scheme at a high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Furthermore, the proposed scheme enhances the physical layer security.

Objective To understand the neural generator of double-peak potentials and the change of latency and amplitude of double peaks with aging. Method In 50 healthy subjects made up of groups of 10 people per decade from the age of 20 to 60, orthodromic sensory nerve conduction studies were performed on the median nerves using submaximal stimulation. Various stimulus durations and interstimulation distances were used to obtain each double peak in the different age groups. The latency and amplitude of the second peak were measured. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA and correlation tests. p-values<0.05 were considered significant. Results When the cathode moved in a proximal direction, the interpeak intervals increased. Second peak amplitudes decreased, and second peak latencies were delayed with aging (p<0.05). In some older people, second peaks were not obtained. Conclusion Our experiments indicate that the double-peak response represented the two stimulation sites under the cathode and anode. The delayed latency and decreased amplitude of the second peak that occurs with aging represented peripheral nerve degeneration in aging, which starts at the distal nerve.

Based on the conservation of resource theory, we proposed a two-path model to examine the doubleedged sword effects of career calling on occupational embeddedness via workefamily conflict (WFC) and career adaptability. The proposed theoretical model and hypotheses were tested by structural equation modeling technology with a sample of nurses from five hospitals in China (total N ¼ 368). Career calling has a double-edged sword effect on occupational embeddedness via WFC and career adaptability. Career calling has positive effects on WFC and career adaptability. WFC and career adaptability, in turn, negatively and positively influence occupational embeddedness, respectively. In addition to the well-established positive effects, career calling may also have adverse effects on occupational outcomes. Given the worldwide shortage of nursing staff, how career calling affects nurses' occupational embeddedness needs to be more understood. This study highlights the importance of career calling and occupational embeddedness. Nurse managers need to improve the level of nurses' career adaptability and reduce their level of WFC and hence increase their occupational embeddedness.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the association among sexual double standard, dating violence recognition, and sexual assertiveness among Korean university students. Methods: Using a cross-sectional survey study in January 2018, Korean university students (N = 322, years; 54.3% female) completed structured questionnaires with the double standard scale, dating violence recognition index, and sexual assertiveness index. The relationship among the variables was analyzed with Pearson's correlations and multiple regression analyses. Results: There were significant correlations among sexual double standard, dating violence recognition, and sexual assertiveness. Sexual double standard (b = .12, p = .043) was determined to influence dating violence recognition. In addition, gender (b = .63, p < .001) and sexual double standard (b = .11, p = .015) were determined to influence dating violence recognition; the explanatory power was 43%. Conclusion: These findings will serve as a basis for the development of education programs that help university students to establish appropriate sexual values and enjoy a healthy sex life.

The high-frequency band, crucial for supporting the 5G/6G system, faces challenges of signal obstruction by obstacles. This is attributed to significant path loss resulting from radio straightness and short radio distance. To address these challenges, there is a growing interest in leveraging non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), utilizing high-altitude satellites as base stations or terminals. Within a three-dimensional NTN system, the vulnerability of wireless signals to eavesdropping due to the open nature of the environment is a notable drawback. To mitigate this vulnerability, this paper introduces an algorithm designed to maximize the secrecy rate. The proposed algorithm optimizes security performance by fine-tuning the base station and RIS beamforming vectors. This optimization is achieved through successive convex approximation and minorization?maximization algorithms. Simulation results affirm the superiority of the proposed algorithm in terms of secrecy rate over existing techniques.

A simple relay selection scheme is proposed for analog network coding using differential modulation (ANC-DM). We propose a relay selection scheme based solely on the received signal power in which their own information is canceled out at each source node. The proposed power-based relay selection scheme is further applied to analog network coding using double-differential modulation (ANC-DDM), which is suitable for channels with carrier offset. Simulation results show that our proposed simple power-based criterion for relay selection in ANC-DM system has little loss compared to the optimal relay selection scheme using ideal BER.

In this work, we study how to minimize the average system delay in a cloud computing center with heterogeneous servers, where each server may have a different average service rate. We consider M?Mi?C?K with a single server threshold and double congestion thresholds. The analytical models and performance measures are derived for the systems considered. The effect of the average arrival rate on performance measures is studied. It is shown that M?Mi?C?K with a single server threshold and double congestion thresholds outperforms M?Mi?C?K in terms of the average system delay. Finally, a computer simulation is written to verify the accuracy of the analytical results.

Purpose: There is growing interest in synthesizing qualitative research. Stroke is a very common cause of disability often leaving stroke survivors dependent on their family. This study reports an interpretive review of research into subjective experience of families with stroke survivors based on the components of the Double ABCX Model including stressors, resources, perception, coping strategies, and adaptation of these families. Methods: Metasynthesis was applied to review qualitative research looking at stroke family members' experiences and responses to having a stroke survivor as a family member. Electronic database from 1990 to 2013 were searched and 18 separate studies were identified. Each study was evaluated using methodological criteria to provide a context for interpretation of substantive findings. Principal findings were extracted and synthesized under the Double ABCX Model elements. Results: Loss of independence and uncertainty (as stressors), struggling with new phase of life (as perception), refocusing time and energy on elements of recovery process (as coping strategy), combined resources including personal, internal and external family support (as resources), and striking a balance (as adaptation) were identified as main categories. Family members of stroke survivor respond cognitively and practically and attempt to keep a balance between survivor's and their own everyday lives. Conclusions: The results of the study are in conformity with the tenets of the Double ABCX Model. Family adaptation is a dynamic process and the present study findings provide rich information on proper assessment and intervention to the practitioners working with families of stroke survivors.

Background: Studies in animals have demonstrated the antiallergenic properties of Chongkukjang (CKJ), a traditional Korean food made by fermentation of soybean with Bacillus subtilis. CKJ might therefore be used as an ingredient in a functional food designed to suppress allergies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of CKJ on histamine-induced skin wheal response in healthy participants. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Sixty participants (48 women and 12 men) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: One group received 35 g CKJ daily for 12 weeks, and the other received a placebo at the same dosing frequency. A skin prick test with histamine (10 mg/mL) was conducted on the ventral forearm 10 cm from the elbow, and assessed 15 minutes later. Outcomes included measurement of efficacy [skin wheal response, immunoglobulin E (IgE), histamine, interferon-gamma, interleukin-4, eosinophil, and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)], and safety (adverse events, laboratory test results, electrocardiogram, anthropometric values, and vital signs). Results: Fifty-five participants (28 in the CKJ group and 27 in the placebo group) completed the study. After 12 weeks of supplementation, participants in the CKJ group showed a significant reduction in histamine-induced skin wheal areas compared with placebo group (p < 0.05). At 12 weeks, the CKJ group showed a significant improvement in percentage change from baseline in histamine-induced wheal area, compared with the placebo group (p < 0.05). CKJ did not influence blood levels of IgE, histamine, interferon-gamma, interleukin-4, eosinophil, or ECP. Conclusion: Oral administration of CKJ for 12 weeks resulted in a reduction of the skin wheal response to histamine, with no apparent adverse effects. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01402141.

Purpose: The study was conducted to identify the relationship between subjective family class and suicidal ideation and to determine the double mediating effect of social support and sense of coherence on their relationship. Methods: Secondary analysis of data from 2015 Korean Psycho-social Anxiety which was a population-based representative was performed. Double mediating effects of social support and sense of coherence on suicidal ideation were analyzed using the PROCESS macro (model 6) with bootstrapping methods. Results: Subjective family class directly influenced social support (β=.20, p<.001) and sense of coherence (β=.10, p<.001). Subjective family class directly influenced suicide ideation (β=-.08, p<.001). Sense of coherence was directly influenced by social support (β=.28, p<.001). Suicide ideation was indirectly influenced by subjective family class through social support (β=-.22, p<.001) and sense of coherence (β=-.36, p=.001). The size of direct effect of subjective family class on suicide ideation was 0.24 and the total size of indirect effect was 0.12. Conclusion: Intervention to improve social support and sense of coherence is needed to prevent the suicide among adolescents.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of adding inspiratory muscle training (IMT) alongside a pulmonary rehabilitation protocol in terms of inspiratory muscle strength, lung function, and exercise capacity in burned adults.Methods: A randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled study. Fifty-two adult patients with burn injuries, more than 20 years old and at least 20% total body surface area, were assigned randomly either to the experimental or the conventional group. The participants in the experimental group were given IMT plus a pulmonary rehabilitation program; the conventional group received only a pulmonary rehabilitation program. The interventions were performed for 8 weeks. At the beginning and after 8 weeks of training, the respiratory muscles’ strength, lung function and exercise capacity were all examined.Results: After 2 months of training, the experimental group demonstrated statistically significant improvements than conventional group in maximum inspiratory pressure, maximum expiratory pressure, 6-minute walk test, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (p<0.05).Conclusion: An 8-week IMT program coupled with pulmonary rehabilitation increases respiratory muscle strength, pulmonary functions, and functional capacity in burn patients. IMT is a beneficial and efficient therapy that can be easily implemented for burn patients.

본 논문에서는 고전압에서 동작하는 마이크로칩의 안정하고 튼튼한 정전기 보호 성능을 구현하기 위해 이중 극성 소오스를 갖는 DPS_EDNMOS 변형소자가 제안되었다. 제안된 DPS는 N+ 소오스로 부터 전자 풍부 영역이 측면 확산되는 것을 방지하기 위해 N+ 소오스 측에 P+ 확산층을 의도적으로 삽입한 구조이다. 시뮬레이션 결과에 의하면 삽입된 P+ 확산층은 고전자 주입에 의해 발생 하는 깊은 전자채널의 형성을 효과적으로 막아주고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 종래의 EDNMOS 표준소자에서 문제시 되었던 더블 스냅백 현상을 해결할 수 있었다.

In this paper, modified EDNMOS device with DPS (double polarity source) structure are suggested to realize stable and robust ESD (electrostatic discharge) protection performance of high voltage operating microchip. This DPS structure inserts the P+ diffusion layer on N+ source side, which in intended to block lateral extension of the electron rich region from N+ source side. Based on our simulation results, the inserted P+ diffusion layer effectively prevents the formation of deep electron channeling induced by high electron injection. As a result, our proposed DPS_EDNMOS devices could overcome the double snapback effect of conventional Std_EDNMOS device.

In this paper I propose to analyze the style of Nicolas Sarkozy, especially the media management of his body. While images of Sarkozy are released continuously in the media, these images show a very pragmatic strategy but also reveal a complex personal management of his body. According to the theoretical traditions based on the political anthropology, as far as the post-Barthes semiology, this paper analyzes semio-anthropological representations of Sarkozy’s body from a large corpus of all images in formal context to more broad images presented in public, which fills media space, including the immediately available Internet. The body is an important ‘tool’ for symbolic strategies of political leaders so that politics is embodied beyond the realm of ideas, where there is also the presentation of a physical style and presence. The systematic semiotic analysis of the political body is an exciting interdisciplinary field of study from both a theoretical point of view and the public perspective.