Earticle

The purpose of this study was to investigate moral reasoning among 77 senior medical students. Data were collected through selfreported questionnaires in June, 1995. The short form of the DIT (Rest's Defining Issues Test) was adopted to measure the stage of moral development, which was classified with the stage 2(instrumental relativist orientation), the stage 3(interpersonal concordance), the stage 4(law and order), the stage 5A(societal consensus), and the stage 5B(intuitional humanism), stage 6(universal ethical practice). In particular, the level of principled thinking(P) was measured by summing those scores of the stages 5A, 5B, and 6. The possible range of P is O to 95. The data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA. The results were as follows. 1. The mean score of P(%) was 44.67 (SD=12.82). And the mean score of the stage 5A was higher than the scores of other stages. The mean score of P was not significantly different by general characteristics of the students. 2. The mean score of the stage 5B revealed significant difference by religion (3.17, P=.019) ; The score was highest in buddhist (8.0), which was followed by protestant (6.1), catholic (5.6) and no religion (4.7). 3. The mean score of the stage 4 revealed significant difference by educational background of mother (3.24, P=.017) ; the Score was highest in graduate school (25.0), which was followed by high school (14.1), under-graduate school (13.9), elementary school (12.4), middle school (8.3).

The high rate of urban crime is a main issue that needs to be dealt with in this high-tech society. With the rapid increase of urban crime, research has mainly focused on topics either on a global or a local scale, such as cities or communities and houses or buildings, without reliable observational data. This study makes the best use of the nationwide surveys carried out by Korean government agencies for the analysis of urban crime patterns and factors in major Korean cities. The aims of this research are threefold: understanding the relationship between urban crime patterns and socio-economic differences in cities, determining the effect of residence types on the urban crime patterns; and uncovering potential influential factors of a crime victim's individual characteristics. The statistical methods used for the analysis of social statistical data are as follows: simple regression, logistic regression, one-way ANOVA and post-hoc test. This research found that the patterns of urban crime rate in cities have a certain tendency toward the cities' socio-economic and geographical differences. The residence type is an influential factor showing a close relation to the crime rate. Personal issues, such as the types of occupation, education, marriage, etc., are directly relevant to victims of crime.

To identify the ‘physiatry’ in a single word is difficult. This may be due that physiatry originated from two different fields, physical medicine and rehabilitation and focuses on assisting the general improvement of functional recovery in disabled patients. In addition, physiatry has new markets to develop; health and welfare. Therefore,the identity of physiatry will change depending on how physiatrists act in these fields. We attempt to define the physiatry from several aspects.

Purpose The aim of the present study was to delineate and evaluate the feasibility of a web-based error reporting system using the International Classification of Patient Safety (ICPS) in a Korean university hospital. Method Seventy-five staff nurses were encouraged to complete error reports on the website during an 8-week period from December, 2008 to February, 2009. To solve the research question, χ2 test, t test and descriptive statistics were used. Results Of the 75 enrolled participants, 36% (n = 27) completed at least one web-based report during the 8-week period. There were no significant mean differences in demographics and job-related characteristics between the two groups (compliance group vs. non-compliance group). Error reports were distinguished between those observed that involved others (77%) and those that involved themselves (23%). The majority of incident types involved medications (60.9%), in particular their administration (77.6% of the medication errors). About 90% of events caused “no harm and no change in monitoring” or “no harm, but monitoring initiated or increased”. About 45% percent of errors increased in required resource allocation for patients (13.1/10,000 patient-days) and 33.9% of errors augmented to a “formal complaint” (9.8/10,000 patient-days). Conclusion The web-based error reporting system using ICPS proved to be an easy, feasible system for hospitals in Korea. This system will be helpful for inducing general agreement upon errors within clinical nursing practice and bring more attention to any errors made or near misses. Also, it will be able to ameliorate the punitive culture for errors and transform error reporting into a habit for healthcare providers.

This study intended to discover the communicative characteristics of libraries, such as locality, communality, interactivity, and organic vitality, and measure as to whether the components constituting them were appropriate, and based on the research results, it was intended to establish the role of public libraries based on communicative characteristics. As a result of the study, it finally turned out that the libraries had the four communicative characteristics of 'locality', 'communality', 'interactivity', and 'organic vitality'. The four communicative characteristics may be classified into 16 factors and 63 detailed factors accordingly. Examining the characteristics of library communication, first, locality means that local residents create and maintain the identity of a social, historical, and cultural locality while sharing the space of a library. In the library, the users can receive local life information or create a cultural identity of the locality through communication between the users. Second, communality is a fundamental factor in forming a community of local residents and represents the characteristics of a group formed based on place and geographical characteristics, culture and belief system, and interests. Third, interactivity refers to a kind of behavior in which users interact with other users, information providers, and books and information in the library to give and receive influence. The actions in which two or more objects share knowledge, thoughts, emotions, and opinions may be seen as being accomplished through interaction. Lastly, organic vitality means seeking the continuous maintenance and development of the community, and creating a lasting characteristic even in the changing environment of the library.

Service-oriented computing offers efficient solutions for executing complex applications in an acceptable amount of time. These solutions provide important computing and storage resources, but they are too difficult for individual users to handle. In fact, Service-oriented architectures are usually sophisticated in terms of design, specifications, and deployment. On the other hand, workflow management systems provide frameworks that help users to manage cooperative and interdependent processes in a convivial manner. In this paper, we propose a workflow-based approach to fully take advantage of new service-oriented architectures that take the users' skills and the internal complexity of their applications into account. To get to this point, we defined a novel framework named JASMIN, which is responsible for managing service-oriented workflows on distributed systems. JASMIN has two main components: unified modeling language (UML) to specify workflow models and business process execution language (BPEL) to generate and compose Web services. In order to cover both workflow and service concepts, we describe in this paper a refinement of UML activity diagrams and present a set of rules for mapping UML activity diagrams into BPEL specifications.

Purpose: This Study was performed to measure the moral judgment of nursing students, and to identify an effect of ethics education being provided to nursing students. Method: This study is a kind of nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest using the Korean version of DIT which can measure the level of human's moral development. Result: In experimental group, the posttest scores on 4 stage and P are higher than the pretest of them, but these gaps between posttest and pretest are not statistically significant. The posttest scores of lower group on 4 stage and P are higher than the pretest scores of them, and these gaps are statistically significant in experimental group. The posttest scores of higher group on 4 stage and P are lower than the pretest scores of them, and these gaps are statistically significant in control group. Conclusion: It is concluded that the ethics education being provided to nursing students has an effect in this study. And it is suggested that it may be a good strategy to use the various scores of DIT to verify an effect of ethics education.

2010년 이후의 IT는 그 이전에 개발되어 오던 IT에 비하면 아주 성숙된 기술들로 사용자들에게 다가왔다. 예를 들어 클라우드, 빅데이터, 소셜미디어, 모바일컴퓨팅, 사물인터넷 등의 기술들은 이전의 기술들과는 다른 형태의 특성들을 타나내고 있다 [1]. 스마트폰들이 일상화되어 가면서 켬퓨팅 디바이스들이 태블릿과 여타 임베디드 내지는 웨어러블 컴퓨팅으로 진화하고 있는 것이다. 이러한 미래형 변화의 시초는 사용자인터페이스(UI)나 사용자 경험(UX)을 중요시하는 트렌드와 그 궤를 같이 한다 [2]. 이렇게 UX와 UI가 정보시스템개발을 개발하는 데 있어서 아주 중요한 활동, 특히 프론트엔드의 활동으로 등장하게 된 것이다. 모바일이나 웹개발에서만 중요하게 등장한 것이 아니라 소프트웨어엔지니어링에 초점이 맞추어져 있던 기존의 IT서비스 프로젝트들에 있어서도 중요한 활동으로 등장하게 된다[3, 4]. 이러한 맥락에서 웹과 모바일 서비스 프로젝트들에서 일반화되었던 서비스의 “기획, 디자인, 개발, 퍼블리싱, 운영[5]” 등의 세부 업무 분화가 일반적인 IT서비스 프로젝트들에게도 전이가 되고 있는 것이다[6, 7]. 이러한 업무 세분화는 실제 직군의 변화로 이어지고 있다. 세분화된 특정분야의 전문가 직군이 새롭게 생겨난 것이다. 또한 이런 직군의 세분화와 더불어 동일 프로젝트안에서 참여자들간의 협업과 협력 작업에 있어서 그 전에 볼 수 없었던 새로운 양상이 나타나기 시작한다. 이에 따른 갈등의 양상도 기존의 모습과는 다른 형태로 나타나기 시작한 것으로 파악된다. 새로운 업무관계와 이로 인한 갈등은 협력작업이 중요한 IT서비스 프로젝트 진행 중에 업무 이해 차이에서 오는 커뮤니케이션 문제를 발생시키고, 결국 추가비용 발생, 일정 지연, 품질 저하 등의 프로젝트 성과 저하로 이어지는 것이다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구에서는 IT 서비스 구축 업무 프로세스의 변화의 사례들을 조사하고 업무 프로세스를 심층 상세 분석하고 비교한다. 실제 프로젝트 참여자들을 인터뷰하고 관련 문서들을 수집, 내용 분석을 하여 각 직군 업무의 내용과 프로세스를 파악한다. 업무 프로세스 요소간 상호연관성을 분석하여 업무의 패턴을 찾아내고 각각의 역할 모델을 분석하여 새로이 나타나고 있는 업무 패턴을 조망해보고자 한다.

As our musical and artistic tastes become increasingly formed and cemented by closed circuits of media networks, most of us acknowledge that the tributaries of traditional arts need to join an established waterway to survive. Hallyu is often this river into which all other genres flow. But hallyu (韓流) is not actually “the current out of Korea” but rather seoryu (西流), a tidal incursion from the west that, on its ebb tide, carries a redefined Koreanness back to where it started. With the erosion of its “cultural integrity” by the tidal force of globalization, South Korea has drifted into an intertidal mixing zone, with officials increasingly supporting a “fusion” of the old local traditions with non-Korean and popular modern forms. The hybrid results of such melding exemplify the “ironic compromise” Homi Bhabha found in Jacques Lacan’s writings on mimicry, wherein Lacan asserts the result of mimicry is never of the local culture becoming the same as that under whose influence it has fallen, but rather an accumulator of certain affects of that influence. Since its coining by the Jangakweon (掌樂院 institute in charge of music) in the late Joseon dynasty, as a musical sensibility separate from western “music” (音樂), gugak, the music of Korea, has thrived as a living, breathing category of sound by perpetually transforming itself. Now more than ever, one of the biggest challenges for Korean traditional music—how we define it and otherwise think about it, how we perform it, and how we work to develop its audience in Korea and abroad—is to determine how best to nurture its musical aesthetic. How do we sustain Korean music’s unique identity as it fuses with outside and more popular genres to become the new face of the nation? This is not a new question, but finding answers to it in fusion’s murky estuary has never been trickier. This paper travels back upstream in search of historical evidence of gugak’s expansion and redefinition over the past 100 years.

Objectives: On September 27, 2012, leakage of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid occurred in a chemical plant in the Gumi National Industrial Complex. Following the accident, local factory workers and residents complained of abnormal health conditions. In addition, visual discolorations were widely observed in crops and trees in surrounding areas. The main objectives of the present study were to identify the area that was affected by the spill using data obtained from plants, soil, and water samples after the accident. Methods: Fluoride concentrations were analyzed in pine tree needles, soil, nearby streams, ponds and reservoirs collected from an area within a radius of three kilometers from the plant where the leak occurred. Fluoride concentrations in the air at the time of leakage were then estimated from fluoride concentrations that were measured in the pine tree needles. A Kriged map was developed to describe the spatial distribution of hydrofluoric acid at the time of the leakage and was compared with the area designated as a Special Disaster Zone by the government. Results: The Special Disaster Zone did not include all the affected area that was estimated by the Kriged map. Analytical results of the environmental samples also supported this discrepancy. Conclusion: Using plants, atmospheric concentrations of fluoride at the time of the leakage could be estimated. For the area that was identified as affected, further public health risk assessment and environmental risk assessment should be considered. Also, in the absence of air monitoring at the time of leakage, studies employing plants may be conducted in order to better understand the spatial extent and severity of the contamination.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to define the core components required of nurses to provide quality nursing care to patients and analyze the significance of these components in the hospital's various units to maintain a high level of competence among nurses. Method: The study evaluated 3 categories included 35 subcategories with 148 core components that were derived from literature review and interviews of nursing professionals. The nursing professional category included 18 subcategories with 98 components, the organizational culture category included 4 subcategories with 16 components, and the temperament-attitude category included 13 subcategories with 34 components. The study included 335 nurses with more than one year of hospital experience and measured disparities among different hospital units. The data was analyzed with SPSS-Win 10.0, differing perceptions of the importance of general traits among the participants were measured using standard deviation, and differing perceptions of the importance of professional traits among the participants were assessed using ANOVA and subsequently with the Bonferroni Test. The reliability of the aforementioned research tools were evaluated using the Cronbach's ${\alpha}$. Result: The results of the study were as follows: 1. Among the three categories, temperament-attitude category was perceived to be the most important, followed by nursing professional category and organizational culture category. Among the ten most important subcategories within the three categories, safety and infection prevention as well as responsibility were perceived to be the most important, followed by promotion of physiologic adaptation, document management and presentation, self-control, ethics, observance law, coping with emergency, humanity, and medication. 2. The relative importance of category associated with the core competencies within the hospital unit were as follows : 1) The units that rated nursing professional category as being the most significant were: internal medicine, surgical unit, mother-child unit, emergency room, intensive care unit, and operating room, in that order. 2) The units that rated the organizational culture competencies as being the most significant were: mother-child unit, internal medicine, surgical unit, emergency room, operating room, and intensive care unit, in that order. 3) The units that rated temperament-attitude category as being the most significant were: internal medicine, surgical unit, emergency room, mother-child unit, operating room, and intensive care unit, in that order.

본 논문은 1990년대 이후 사회적 돌봄 정책의 경향을 돌봄 실천 공간 및 급여유형의 다양화와 돌봄 노동력의 상품화로 진단하고, 이러한 경향의 배경 논리를 후기 복지국가의 공사 구별 정치경제 관점에서 파악한다. 먼저, 후기 근대사회에 관한 두 가지 관점, 리스크 사회론과 서비스 사회론을 고찰한 후, 후기 근대 복지국가가로의 이행 강제 요인과 이행 유도 요인을 밝힌다. 다음으로, 리스크 사회론과 서비스 사회론을 헤게모니 프로젝트 관점에 확대 접목하여, 사회적 돌봄 정책의 동력과 역학 관계를 살펴보고 이를 바탕으로 사회적 돌봄 정책의 성격을 ‘후기 근대 사회의 축적과 정당화의 딜레마를 조정하는 이데올로기적 기제’로 정의한다. 마지막으로 사회적 돌봄 정책이 사회적으로 바람직하게 실천되기 위한 이론적 정책적 과제를 제시한다.

This article seeks to define the substance of social care policy since the 1990s, after finding that it is characterized as the diversification of care spaces and care provisions, and the commodifcation of caring labor. To do so, I first review both the risk society and the service society perspective, discovering both the push force and the pull force toward the late modern welfare state. Next, I construct a new perspective of the political economy of the late modern welfare state, and examine from the perspective the dynamics of the social care policy. I also argue that the social care policy is the ideological mechanism through which the state accommodates the dilemma between accumulation and legitimation. Last, I suggest two theoretical and practical research works, which would contribute to the development of social care policy in a socially desirable way: the elaboration of the citizen-worker-care principle and the activation of welfare discourses.

본 연구는 도서관의 지역성, 공동체성, 상호작용성 및 유기체성이라는 소통적 특성을 발굴하고, 이들을 이루는 구성요소가 타당한지 측정하고자 하였으며 연구결과를 통해 소통적 특성을 기반으로 한 공공도서관의 역할을 정립하고자 하였다. 연구결과, 최종적으로 도서관은 '지역성', '공동체성', '상호작용성', '유기체성'의 4개의 소통적 특성을 지는 것으로 나타났다. 4개의 소통적 특성은 16개 구성요소, 이에 따른 63개의 세부요소로 구분할 수 있다. 또한, 본 연구에서는 델파이 조사결과를 종합하여 소통적 특성에 따라 공공도서관의 역할을 정립하였다. 첫째, 도서관이 건강한 지역사회를 형성하는 공간으로 커뮤니티 활동을 위한 다양한 공간을 제공하고, 커뮤니티의 생성과 강화에 기여하며 이에 필요한 정보를 제공하는 역할을 한다. 둘째, 도서관은 공동체성 강화를 위해 지역의 문화공동체 형성과 대인관계 향상, 사회적응력 향상 지원을 통해 지역사회의 소속감 형성에 기여하며, 지역주민 간의 활발한 지역 활동을 지원해야 한다. 셋째, 도서관은 다양한 세대들이 의견을 공유하고, 여가활동을 위한 공간, 지역공동체의 문화 성장을 위한 공간으로 역할을 한다. 넷째, 소통적 특성으로서 도서관 유기체성은 내·외부 환경변화에 따라 도서관의 전통적인 역할과 기능인 정보전달, 정보서비스뿐만 아니라 새로운 개념이 도입되어, 확장된 서비스를 통해 이루어지는 것으로 볼 수 있다.

This study determined the communicative characteristics of public libraries through locality, communality, interactivity, and organism and sought to measure the validity of their components to define the role of libraries based on the analysis. According to the analysis results, there are four communicative characteristics of public libraries: locality, communality, interactivity, and organism. This study defined the role of public libraries according to communicative characteristics. First, libraries should encourage the formation of a healthy society by providing a space for diverse community activities, contributing to the building and strengthening of their local communities, and offering the necessary information to do so. Second, libraries should contribute to the formation of local cultural communities and strengthen interpersonal relations among community members to reinforce a sense of community, while also supporting the heightening of social adaptability to foster a sense of belonging and community activity participation among members. Third, libraries act as a space for sharing ideas between generations, provide a space to carry out leisure activities, and enable the cultural prosperity of local communities. Lastly, as a representative space of local communities, libraries raise the value of the residential environment and contribute to their communities and members.

(연구목적) 이 논문은 오늘날 ｢출입국관리법｣,｢재한외국인 처우 기본법｣, ｢다문화가족지원법｣에 규정되어 있는 법률개념으로서의 이민자 ‘사회통합’을 정의한다. 헌법 전문에서 사회통합 영역을 도출하고, 각 영역을 구성하는 개별 실정법에서 이민자들에게 제도적으로 보장하고 있는 권리를 살펴본다. (연구방법) ‘이민자 사회통합’을 정의하는 과정에서 사회학적 논의와 실정법을 대조하는 방법을 채택하였다. 1) 사회통합의 개념을 이론적으로 살펴보고 2) 이민자 사회통합의 이론과 정책모델을 검토한 후 3) 현행 이민법체계를 구성하고 있는 헌법과 개별 법률을 분석한다. 이러한 접근방법을 통해 당시의 이민 현상과 사회통합 정책이 이민자 사회통합에 합당한지에 대한 판단기준을 설정하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다. (연구결과) ‘이민자 사회통합’이란 헌법이라는 큰 틀 안에서 ① 이민자의 참여, 권리와 의무를 바탕으로 한 ② 여러 제도와 이민자 사이의 통합 및 ③ 이민자와 선주민의 통합을 의미한다. 그리고 사회통합 영역은 이민자 사회통합은 헌법에 따라 ‘사회적･시민적 통합’, ‘문화적 통합’, ‘경제적 통합’으로 구성되고 구체화 된다. (결론 및 제언) 개념의 정의는 사회통합 정책의 방향성을 설정하고 정책평가의 목적을 상기하기 위해 필수적으로 선행되어야 한다. 이주민들은 이주 사회에서 적극적인 구성원이 되어가는 과정에서 장기적이고 역동적이며 다차원적인 과정을 거친다. 법은 이민자들이 장기적으로 사회적･시민적, 문화적, 경제적 영역에서 시민적 통합을 이룰 수 있도록 권리와 정책의 틀을 제공하는 핵심적 역할을 수행한다.

(Research objective) This paper defines the legal concept of ‘social integration’ of immigrants as stipulated in the positive laws. The scope of social integration is derived from the preamble of the Constitution, and the rights institutionally guaranteed to immigrants under the individual statutes that constitute each domain. (Research methodology) To define ‘immigrant social integration,’ this study adopts a methodology that draws parallels between sociological discourse and positive law. The study proceeds in three stages: 1) a theoretical examination of the concept of social integration; 2) a review of theories and policy models pertaining to immigrant social integration; and 3) an analysis of the Constitution and individual statutes comprising the current immigration law system. This approach provides a basis for evaluating whether existing immigration phenomena and social integration policies are adequate for achieving genuine immigrant social integration. (Research findings) ‘Immigrant social integration’ is defined as encompassing ① the integration of immigrants into various institutions, grounded in their participation, rights, and obligations within the broader constitutional framework, as well as ② the integration between immigrants and the host society. Furthermore, the domains of immigrant social integration are constitutionally structured and concretized into three categories: social and civic integration, cultural integration, and economic integration. (Conclusion and recommendations) Defining the concept is an essential prerequisite for establishing the direction of social integration policy and reaffirming the objectives of policy evaluation. Immigrants undergo a long-term, dynamic, and multidimensional process as they become active members of the host society. Law plays a pivotal role in providing a framework of rights and policies that enables immigrants to achieve civic integration across social, civic, cultural, and economic domains over the long term.

본 연구는 철도 민간투자사업(PPP)의 지속적 확대와 이에 따른 국가철도공단의 역할 정립 필요성에 주목하여, 공단의 바람직한 기능과 제도적 위상을 검토하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 전문가 그룹 인터뷰(FGI)를 실시하고, 공단의 역할을 ‘전문기관’과 ‘참여기관’의 이중적 관점에서 분석하였다. 전문기관으로서 공단은 사업기획 및 타당성 검토, 표준계약 및 가이드라인 제시, 공공성 평가 및 사전검토, 갈등 조정 등의 기능을 수행할 수 있으며, 이를 위한 제도화·표준화·역할 프로토콜 마련의 필요성이 제기되었다. 참여기관으로서의 역할은 차량지원, 운영참여, 운영위탁, 유휴부지 개발, 노후시 설 개선 등으로 구체화되며, 각 역할별로 기대효과뿐 아니라 법적 제약, 재무적 부담, 책임 구조 등의 쟁점도 함께 검토되었다. 본 연구는 이러한 분석을 바탕으로 공단의 조직 구성 및 제도적 기반 개선 방향을 제시하였으며, 향후 철도 민자사업의 공공성과 효율성을 조화롭게 달성하기 위한 기반 마련에 기여하고자 한다.

This study examines the role of Korea National Railway (KNR) in the expanding field of railway Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects. Based on Focus Group Interviews (FGIs), KNR’s functions are analyzed from two perspectives: as a professional agency and as a participating entity. As a professional agency, KNR can support project planning, provide standard contracts and guidelines, conduct public value assessments, and mediate conflicts. As a participating entity, its roles include rolling stock support, operational participation, outsourced operation, idle land development, and facility upgrades. The study suggests directions for institutional and organizational improvements to strengthen KNR’s role in enhancing the public value and efficiency of PPP railway projects.