Earticle

본 연구에서는 노인에 대한 평소의 부정적인 태도나 차별행동을 생각하게 하여 부정적인 노인 고정관념을 억제하는 목표로 암묵적으로 동기화하는 목표점화조건과 부정적인 노인 고정관념을 직접적으로 망각지시하는 조건에서 노인 고정관념에 대한 오기억(false memory)에서 차이가 나타나는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 56명의 대학생을 대상으로 부정적인 고정관념을 활성화하기 위해 실험도입부에 독거노인에 대한 뉴스를 청취하게 한 후 어휘판단과제에서 부정적인 노인 고정관념의 단어에 대한 반응시간을 토대로 고정관념이 활성화된 집단과 고정관념이 활성화되지 않은 집단으로 구분하였다. 이 후 목표점화 또는 망각지시의 조건에서 참가자들에게 노인에 대한 글을 읽도록 하고, Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM)의 패러다임을 토대로 재인과제를 실시하여 학습단계에서 제시되지 않은, 부정적인 고정관념 연관문장에 대한 오재인율을 분석하였다. 실험결과에서는 고정관념의 활성화, 지시유형 및 재인과제의 문장유형 간에 상호작용이 나타났다. 고정관념이 활성화된 집단에서는 망각지시의 조건에서 부정적인 노인 고정관념에 대한 오재인율이 목표점화의 조건보다 유의미하게 높았으며, 이러한 경향은 재인과제에서 노인고정관념과 연관된 문장에서만 나타났다. 이 결과는 고정관념 억제에 대한 직접적인 망각지시가 부정적인 고정관념을 더 많이 활성화시켜 오재인율을 높이는 데 비해 목표점화는 고정관념 억제를 암묵적으로 동기화시켜 고정관념이 활성화되는 것을 억제하는 것으로 설명할 수 있다. 논의에서는 고정관념 억제에 목표점화를 유용하게 활용할 수 있는 가능성 및 본 연구의 제한점과 후속연구를 위한 시사점을 다루었다.

This study aimed to compare false memory effects of goal priming and directed forgetting to control negative stereotypical informations about elderly adults. Participants, 22 male and 34 female university students listened to a news about increasing rates of elderly citizens in Korea living alone. This was followed by a lexical decision task with stereotypical and nonstereotypical words, to investigate the activation of aging stereotypes and to devide the participants into two groups according to high or low stereotype activation. After that, the participants read articles about young and elderly people either under the condition of goal priming or under the condition of the forget instruction. Finally, a recognition test was conducted based on the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm to compare effects of these two conditions for false memory about stereotypical and nonstereotypical items between the two groups with high or low stereotype activation. The results indicated that the false recognition rates for stereotypical items were significantly higher in the high activation group with the forget instruction than in this group of the goal priming condition. However, there were no significant differences in the false recognition rates for the nonstereotypical items. These findings supported our hypothesis, that the forget instruction activates negative stereotypical information, which resulted in the memory illusion and the disruption of stereotype control. In addition, the false recognition rates under the condition of goal priming were lower than under the condition of the forget instruction, which might be interpreted as evidence for effective stereotype control. Implications of the outcome for stereotype control are discussed.

본 연구에서는 총 32명의 비우울집단을 대상으로 인지편향수정-해석(Cognitive Bias Modification-Interpretation, CBM-I)을 활용하여 절반(n=16)에게는 긍정적 해석편향을, 나머지 절반(n=16)에게는 부정적 해석편향을 훈련하였다. 이후 초래된 해석적 편향이 기억과제에서의 수행, 전산화된 운전과제에서의 운전행동 및 자기보고된 동기에 각각 어떤 영향을 미치는지 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 각각의 훈련의 정서가와 일치하는 해석적 편향이 발생하였으며, 자유회상 과제에서도 긍정훈련집단이 긍정적 침습 내용을 더 많이 보고한 반면, 부정훈련집단은 중립적 침습 내용을 더 많이 보고하였다. 또한 부정훈련집단은 전산화된 운전과제에서 멈춤표지 조건과 벽 조건 모두에서 더 많은 오류를 나타내었으며, 자기보고된 동기 중 투쟁 체계에서 긍정집단에 비해 높은 점수를 보이고 있었다. 반면, 긍정훈련집단은 행동활성화 체계에서 상대적으로 높은 점수를 보이고 있었다. 이를 통해 CBM 훈련을 통해 초래된 부정적 해석편향이 기억의 편향을 초래할 뿐만 아니라, 저하된 인지적 효율성과 관련하여 운동행동 및 동기에도 영향을 미친다는 점이 시사되었다. 이를 바탕으로 우울에서 발생하는 인지적 편향들 간의 상호작용의 중요성과 더불어 인지편향수정의 활용가능성에 대해 논하였다.

The present study aimed to investigate interactions between cognitive biases and the impact of cognitive bias on motor behaviors and self-reported motivations using cognitive bias modification (CBM). Thirty-two non-depressed undergraduates were recruited and randomly allocated to a positive (n= 16) or negative CBM group (n= 16). The results showed that CBM was effective in inducing an interpretive bias corresponding to each training condition. In free-recall tasks, the positive group showed more positive intrusions, while the negative group showed more neutral intrusions. In computerized driving tasks after CBM training, the negative group showed more errors under both the stop-sign and in-the-wall conditions. The negative group also showed higher scores in fight systems, whereas the positive training group scored higher in behavioral activation systems for self-reported motivations. These results indicate that negative interpretation bias via CBM training not only induced negative memory bias but also affected motor behavior and self-reported motivations through impaired cognitive control. The findings of this study highlight the importance of interactions among cognitive biases in depression and the possibility of modifying them.

The design of a memory control chip is described which is intended for embedded operation in VLSI Chip for 3D image application. It consists of two SRAMs and memory controller. The two memories section and their address counters are being swapped from the storage to the call clock. The systems offers improved accuracy, repeatability, portability, and flexibility not available in current commercial systems. To reduced a chip, 4T(4 transistors) SRAM cells are used instead of the standard SRAM cells 6T (6 transistors) by which the leakage current is drastically reduced and low power is achieved. The layout of the memory chip is realized using Electric layout editor, the DRC and LVS is verified using Electric and post layout simulated with LT SPICE tool of computer.

In order to reduce hardware amount in a control unit, the CMCU (compositional microprogram control unit) that makes use of a property of operational linear chain by adopting counter into next-state logic, and DIA (dedicated input area) that splits control memory into two parts having different microinstruction formats are reviewed, and then the concept of TMI field of a DIA is extended to e-DIA in order to supplement the operation of a DIA. The occurrence of idle cycles is removed and microoperation missing or duplication in some cases is protected by applying the e-DIA to CMCU. CMCU with e-DIA is implemented using VHDL, and the improvements are validated through simulation.

Magnetic shape memory alloy actuator is a new type of actuator that can offer big travel and high resolution of output displacement, which makes it suitable for driving task. However, its output displacement represents the hysteresis applied to input magnetic field. Hysteresis restricts its application in the high precision positioning. In order to eliminate the hysteresis of magnetic shape memory alloy actuator, a reinforcement learning fuzzy neural network controller is proposed. Network structure and special learning algorithm of reinforcement learning fuzzy neural network controller are introduced in detail. The proposed control system adopts the generalized approximate reasoning-based intelligent control architecture, which is mainly consisted of three parts: Action Selection Network, Action Evaluation Network and Stochastic Action Modifier. Finally, in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method, the simulation experiment is researched. The experimental results show that the proposed control method can obtain the smaller tracking error, and the controller’s maximum tracking error is less than 0.95%, hysteresis loop is less than 2.66%.

Over the past several decades, embedded system and flight control computer technologies have been evolved to meet the diverse needs of the mobile device market. Current embedded systems are at the heart of technologies that can take advantage of small-sized specialized hardware while still providing high-efficiency performance at low cost. One of these key technologies is multiple memory banks. For example, a dual memory bank can provide two times more memory bandwidth in the same memory space. This benefit take lower cost to provide the same bandwidth. However, there is still few software technologies to support the efficient use of multiple memory banks. In this study, we present a technique to efficiently exploit multiple memory banks by software support. Specifically, our technique use an interference graph to optimally allocate data to different memory banks by an optimizing compiler. As a result, the execution time can be improved upto 7% with the proposed technique.

소형무인기(SUAV: small unmanned aerial vehicle) 시장은 기술발전과 함께 다양한 분야에서의 활용이 가능 해짐에 따라 급격한 성장세를 보이고 있다. 그러나 소형무인기가 급증하면서 고장, 충돌 및 추락사고 또한 해마다 증 가하고 있으며, 이러한 사고를 줄이고 안전성 확보를 위한 기술개발이 활발히 연구되고 있다. 특히 비행 중에 예기치 못한 고장이 발생할 경우 이에 대응키 위한 고장 감내(fault tolerance) 시스템의 적용은 필수적이다. 미 국방부에서 발표한 무인기의 사고원인을 분석한 자료에 의하면 비행제어장치의 오류로 인하여 발생하는 사고가 전체 사고 원인 중에 두 번째로 약 28%의 큰 비중을 차지하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 비행제어장치 고장 감내를 위한 비행제어장치 시 스템의 이중구조 설계에 대한 제안을 기술하고 있다.

The market for small unmanned aerial vehicles (SUAVs) is growing rapidly as technology advances and makes it possible to use them in various fields. However, due to the rapid increase in small drones, breakdowns, collisions and falls are also increasing year by year, and technologies for reducing accident and securing safety are being actively researched. In particular, the application of a fault tolerance system to cope with unexpected failures during flight is essential. According to data released by the US Department of Defense, accidents caused by errors in flight control computers account for about 28% of all accidents. This paper describes the proposal of flight control computer system’s dual structure design to tolerate flight control system failure.

유비쿼터스 센서 네트워크에서 센서노드는 일반적으로 크기가 소형이고 저가이며 배터리로 운용되므로 전력이 부족한 특징이 있다. 이런 센서 노드 환경에서 신뢰도가 높은 TCP/IP 프로토콜을 적용하여 센싱된 데이터를 전송하는 경우에 센서 노드에 내장된 메모리 크기의 제약을 극복하는 기술이 제안되었으나 오류가 발생하는 경우에 적용이 어려운 문제가 있었다. 본 논문에서는 이 문제를 극복하기 위해 프레임 오류나 손실 시에 처리하는 알고리즘이 제안되었으며, 주기적으로 센싱 데이터를 전송하는 일반적인 경우에 적용이 가능하다.

In a Ubiquitous sensor network environment, the sensor node is in general small and low price, and operating with power limited battery. The reliable TCP/IP protocol is used for transmitting sensed data from the sensor node. A new method was proposed in order to overcome the limitation of small embedded memory, but it is difficult to use for the case of frame error. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed to manage the receiving frame error or loss, and it is appropriate to the sensor network to send sensed data periodically.

해방이후 3.8선이 남북한을 갈라놓았다. 한국전쟁은 다시 남북한을 휴전선으로 분단되었다. 3.8선과 휴전선이 교차하면서 수복지역과 미수복지역이 구분되었다. 강원도 민통선마을은 수복지역에 조성되었지만, 경기도 민통선마을은 대부분 미수복지역에 위치한 자연마을이었다. 경기도 민통선마을은 대부분 김포지역 자연부락에 위치한다. 주민들은 고향땅에서 전쟁, 이데올로기, 분단, 통제의 갈등과 고통을 감내하며 ‘위험한 평화’속에서 살고 있다. 그리고 원주민들의 구술사는 조강(祖江)의 애틋한 기억과 갇힌 평화의 현실을 극복하고 ‘새로운 평화’를 찾고 있다.

Korea was divided after the liberation from Japanese colonial rule by the 38th parallel of latitude. The ceasefire line existed at the end of the Korean War and became the symbol of division. The 38th parallel and ceasefire line created reclaimed areas and non-reclaimed areas. The villages within the civilian control line in Kangwon Province were established in reclaimed areas. However, The villages within the civilian control line in Kyunggi Province were established in non-reclaimed areas. The local people in Kimpo County located in the civilian control line in Kyunggi Province have suffered from the skirmishes, ideology, division, regulation and perilous peace even through they are peace-loving people. The troubled peace and the memory of Jogang, the river of ancestors allow the local people to seek for the peace of the Korean Peninsula.

1954년 이후 군사안보를 이유로 한반도에는 123개의 민통선마을이 조성되었다. 정치군사적인 이유로 때로는 경제적인 이유로 규제가 해제되고, 2012년 현재 54개 민통선마을이 DMZ 주변에 화석처럼 남아 있다. 그중 강원도에 11개의 마을이 미해제 상태이다. 주민들은 전쟁이후 생존을 위해 찾아들었지만, 군사적 위험과 규제 속에서 반공전사의 삶과 ‘위험한 평화’에 순응하는 국민의 역할을 강요받았다. 그리고 현재는 토지소유권분쟁, 교육문제, 경제적문제 등 ‘새로운 위험’에 노출되어 있다. 전쟁터를 농지로 만들어야 했던 고된 생존투쟁, 휴전선의 군사적 위협으로부터 가족의 목숨을 지켜야 했던 반공투쟁, 그리고 토지소유권 분쟁, 경제적문제 등 다시 찾아온 생활투쟁. 새로운 위험이 기존의 위험한 평화를 대체하고 있는 것이다. 강원도의 11개 민통선마을은 해체와 존립의 기로에 서있다. 민통선마을은 한반도 냉전의 살아있는 유산이자 미래 한반도 평화의 상징 가능성을 보여주는 이중적인 시공간이다. 논문은 냉전의 유산을 다루는 논의의 중심에 민통선마을을 끌어올리기 위한 최초의 시도가 될 것이다.

DMZ was to set up as a buffer against future hostilities and to establish neutral ground where North and South Korea could work toward reunification. DMZ is a cross-section of the peninsula’s geography. 123 towns were established in the CCZ of South Korea after the Korean War. The residents had struggled for survival by working unforgiving lands ravaged by War. They are confronted by farmland, anticommunism by protecting themselves from military threat, and life by resolving disputes about the ownership of land economic matters, especially people and the South Korean Government in these days. Currently, 11 towns in Gangwon province is now standing at a critical crossroads between dissolution and eistence. The residents struggle have become an exhausting routine. The analysis tries the first oral history interview with the residents to understand their life.

In this study, we investigated mask errors, photo errors with attenuated phase shift mask and off-axis illumination, and etch errors in dry etch conditions. We propose that total process proximity correction (TPPC), a concept merging every process step error correction, is essential in a lithography process when minimum critical dimension (CD) is smaller than the wavelength of radiation. A correction rule table was experimentally obtained applying TPPC concept. Process capability of controlling gate CD in DRAM fabrication should be improved by this method.

Shape Memory Alloy(SMA) actuators, which have the ability to return to a predetermined shape when heated, have many potential applications such as aeronautics, surgical tools, robotics and so on. Although the conventional PID controller can be used with slow response systems, there has been limited success in precise motion control of SMA actuators, since the systems are disturbed by unknown factors beside their inherent nonlinear hysteresis and changes in the surrounding environment of the systems. This paper presents a new development of a SMA position control system by using a self-tuning fuzzy PID controller. This control algorithm is used by tuning the parameters of the PID controller thereby integrating fuzzy inference and producing a fuzzy adaptive PID controller, which can then be used to improve the control performance of nonlinear systems. The experimental results of position control of SMA actuators using conventional and self-tuning fuzzy PID controllers are both included in this paper.

A physical phenomenon is observed through analysis of the Hodgkin-Huxley's model that is, according to Maxwell field equations a fired neuron can yield magnetic fields. The magnetic signals are an output of the neuron as some type of information, which may be supposed to be the conscious control information. Therefore, study on neural networks should take the field effect into consideration. Accordingly, a study on the behavior of a unit neuron in the field is made and a new neuron model is proposed. A mathematical Memory-Learning Relation has been derived from these new neuron equations, some concepts of memory and learning are introduced. Two learning theorems are put forward, and the control mechanisms of memory are also discussed. Finally, a theory, i.e. Neural Electromagnetic(NEM) field theory is advanced.

본 논문에서는 메모리 데이터 베이스를 사용하여 초고압 송전 설비의 제어 및 보호 장치의 데이터 이중화 기법에 대해 고찰 하고자 한다. 초고압 송전 설비는 항시 전력을 공급해야 하므로 제어 및 보호 장치의 이중화는 선택이 아닌 필수라 할 수 있겠다. 이중화 기법중에서 메모리 데이터 베이스를 이용한 고속 데이터 이중화 기법에 관해 고찰 하고자 한다. 메모리 데이터 베이스를 이용하는 방법 이외에도 여러 이중화 방법이 있으나 메모리 데이터 베이스를 이용하면 여러가지 장점을 지니고 있어 편리한 데이터 이중화 구현이 가능 하다.

Smart gels have recently associated with photonic crystals to form photonic gels. Since these photonic gels are capable of reversibly converting the volume change of gels induced in response to external chemical or electric stimuli into characteristic optical signals, they have been considered not only as a good platform for label-free chemical or biological detection, actuators or optical switches but also as a good model system to investigate gel swelling behaviour. Recently, we reported block copolymer photonic gels self-assembled from polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) block copolymers, and demonstrated that selective swelling of lamellar structure allows extremely large tunability of the photonic stop band from UV region to IR region ($\lambda$ peak=350~1,600 nm). Herein we report block copolymer photonic gels which exhibit strong tunable optical hysteresis and their applications. As nonlinear responses in swelling of hydrogels were often observed, photonic gels exhibit optical hysteresis with change of external pH. We demonstrate such optical hysteresis can be precisely programmed by controlling ion-pairing affinity. We anticipate that photonic gels with carefully tunned optical hysteresis are applicable to optical memory devices.

In this paper, the memory type boundary stabilization for an Euler-Bernoulli beam with one end fixed and control at the other end is considered. We prove the existence of solutions using the Galerkin method and then investigate the exponential stability of solutions by using multiplier technique.

This study explores the effects of consumers' memory efficacy levels on their ability to self-regulate healthy food choices, underscoring the significance of implicit self-theory. Memory efficacy is characterized as the belief in one's memory capabilities and confidence in memory functions. The findings suggest that individuals with higher memory efficacy tend to opt for healthier foods and demonstrate superior self-control. Furthermore, the impact of memory efficacy on the self-regulation of healthy food choices is modulated by a consumer's self-concept, influenced by implicit self-theory (entity vs. incremental theory). Specifically, in scenarios of low memory efficacy, those who subscribe to incremental theory (vs. entity theorists) show a propensity towards healthier food selections and enhanced self-control. This research highlights the theoretical underpinnings of how memory efficacy and implicit self-theory shape consumer behavior towards healthy eating, propelling forward academic discourse. Additionally, it provides practical suggestions for crafting interventions aimed at improving healthy food choices among consumers, thereby illuminating both theoretical advancements and practical applications. The discussion includes implications derived from the findings and outcomes potential avenues for future research.