Earticle

The purpose of this study is to examine a sustainable urban collective housing design strategy for underdeveloped areas by selecting a part of Sangyeok 1-dong, which is gradually aging and slum-forming, as a target site and linking the existing urban organization with regeneration projects. The discussion of today's sustainable urban collective housing is divided into urban contextual aspects and social integration aspects in the literature review. Based on this theoretical background, a comprehensive response strategy is derived through SWOT analysis of not only the physical and legal conditions of the site, but also the social and humanities environment. Thus, the planning direction and major programs of the design are decided, and optimal architectural alternatives are sought through multi-dimensional strategies in response to the surrounding environment. Based on a comprehensive analysis such as the specificity of the area where the site is located, location, and time, specific design examples for social integration open urban collective housing were presented, and the implications of the research results are as follows. First, reasonable responses to the surrounding urban environment diversify the design of collective housing. Second, it is necessary to design collective housing for social integration with various housing types for declining areas. Third, it is necessary to design collective housing at the public level for the historical and cultural district. Fourth, desirable collective housing design can be expected only when urban design is given importance in architecture education.

This paper investigates the compounding propensity in Maritime English under the theoretical framework of Synergetic Linguistics. It focuses on the dependence of compound number on the properties of length, frequency and polylexy of word stems. A maritime English corpus was used and a set of Visual Foxpro programs were specifically written for processing the corpus and obtaining the data automatically. The results confirm the respective hypotheses of dependence and show that the more frequent and polysemous a word stem is, the more compounds it produces, but the shorter a word stem is, the more frequently it occurs in compounds. The Köhler’s model y=αχb captures this propensity.

A medication is designed to act effectively, and it is crucial to administrate a original dosage form so as to maintain the stability of compound and to bring adequate effects. However, it is happening to break into powder in terms of patient's age and difficulty in swallowing. Therefore, among the oral dosage medications, we should categorize into "The table prohibiting crushing" and "The table permitting crushing, with wary". In addition, by providing these information to the prescribers and placing on records, we try to guarantee the efficacy, stability, as well as safety. From 16th of June in 2008 to 20th of June in 2008(5days), all prescriptions were compiled and analyzed. According to the data, we realized that "The table prohibiting crushing" had been prescribed to crush. That it, useless and impractical system laid a burden on both prescribers and pharmacists. Moreover, by means of distinctive standard, the accuracy of double-checking system was also deteriorated. Therefore, new computerized program is made. Owing to this program which is restricted to prescribe "The table prohibiting crushing" to crush, consistent checkup for compounding medication turn into possible, regardless of individual opinion. Accordingly, through this program, a patient can not only be administrated appropriately, but the medical practitioners also behave more coherently. However, in order to administrate more delicately and to establishing better compounding circumstance, further investigation will be required.

Background : Closed system drug transfer devices (CSTDs) are recommended in the US, Europe, and Japan, to reduce the risks associated with the compounding of anticancer drugs. However their high cost limits their use in South Korea. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of CSTD use in reducing leakage, compounding time, and user satisfaction compared to traditional compounding devices for in jectable antineoplastic agents in a tertiary hospital. Methods : Needle compounding was compared with two closed system drug transfer devices (CSTDs), CSTD A and CSTD B, from different companies that utilize distinct methods. Four pharmacists compounded cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin, employing CSTD A’s multi vial adaptor exclusively for doxorubicin. Drug leakage onto gloves, the compounding board, and IV bags was analyzed using liquid chromatogra phy-tandem mass spectrometry. Additionally, satisfaction surveys were completed by four pharmacists and six nurses, employing a 5-point scale. The Mann-Whitney U test (p < 0.05) was used to compare leakage and preparation time. Results : For cyclophosphamide, needle compounding showed more leakage than CSTD A on the com pounding board (257.54 vs. 0.09 ng/cm2) and IV bags (29.33 vs. 0 ng/cm2). It also showed more leakage than CSTD B on gloves (550.64 vs. 0.07 ng/cm2) and the compounding board (257.54 vs. 0 ng/cm2). For doxorubicin, needle compounding had significantly more leakage on the compounding board compared to CSTD A (9.88 vs. 0 ng/cm2), whereas CSTD B displayed more leakage than needle compounding on the compounding board (12.13 vs. 9.88 ng/cm2) and IV bags (52.79 vs. 0 ng/cm2), although this difference was not statistically significant. Needle compounding was faster than both CSTDs for both cyclophospha mide and doxorubicin. Pharmacists favored CSTD A (4.01), while nurses preferred CSTD B (4.06). Conclusion : CSTDs significantly reduced drug leakage compared to needles. Although CSTDs in creased compounding time, overall satisfaction supported their usage. These findings highlight the need for the adoption of CSTDs in South Korea to ensure safety, despite their higher costs.

The purpose of this study is to acquire a comprehensive understanding of compound words and compounding which is subject to phonological and morphological processes. For this purpose, the structure and type of compound words were examined in terms of their morphological or phonological properties. Next, the semantic annotations of compound words were investigated mainly with respect to the position and meaning relation of constituents, certain restrictions, and their solutions. Finally, the possible linguistic annotations on phonetics, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics were explored because they could be strongly related to many other linguistic properties of compounding processes. These reviews support the assumption that a wide range of annotations concerning compound words and compounding can provide some pedagogical implications for language researchers in terms of the successful language instruction as well as human being’s natural language acquisition.

Kata, ota, tulta, and nata are verbs that have very active productivity as materials for compounded verbs. This article tries to carry out a detailed analysis of the process of semantic compounding with ‘kata/ota’ and ‘tulta/nata.’As a result, it turns out that ‘kata/ota’ strengthen path constituents in the movement action of their preceding verbs or allow an agent to have, possess, or own certain things. Also, it is found out that in the case of ota, a kind of scope is generated depending on whether a subjective entity is included in the goal argument, and that those compounded verbs influenced by such an image schema cannot be combined with kata. Tulta reflects an image schema of the in-out relation to be combined with its preceding verb while having such meanings as ‘entrance and inclusion,’ ‘approach,’ ‘concentration, denseness, and entanglement,’ ‘permeation,’ and ‘contraction.’ Influenced by both the ‘inside/outside’ and ‘interior/exterior’ schemata, nata is combined with its preceding verb with the meanings of ‘advancement and escape (liberation)’ reflecting the former image schema, and with the meanings of ‘protrusion, prominence, and expansion’ reflecting the latter image schema.

본 논문에서는 최근 건설기계용으로 연구되고 있는 E-TCS의 Power Electronics System에 대한 Topology와 제어방법을 제안한다. 디젤엔진과 같이 사용되는 E-TCS는 압축기와 터빈 그리고 요구되는 회전속도로 고속회전 및 발전이 가능한 모터와 이를 제어하는 인버터로 구성된다. 기존의 E-TCS를 위한 Power Electronics System의 경우 배터리의 전압강압으로 인버터의 전류량이 증가하여 Power Electronics System 및 모터의 Volume이 커지는 단점이 있으며, 특허가 존재하여 사용이 어렵다. 본 논문에서는 이와 같은 단점을 개선한 E-TCS를 위한 새로운 Topology 구성 및 제어방식을 제안한다.

This paper deals with compounding in Korean. Compounds are regarded as the combinations of words. In Korean, however, a root or a stem can be involved in compounding formation. As in other languages, compounds in Korean have the binary structure and the head. Most compounds can be analyzed as the binary structure with hierarchy. The head in compounds occurs on the right-hand element. Compounds inherit most of syntactic and semantic information from the head. Moreover, the head determines the properties of compounds. Compounds in Korean are classified into a noun compound, a verb compound, an adverb compound, and a postposition compound. We can find a number of noun and verb compounds. But there are a small number of adverb and postposition compounds. We can divide compounds into sub-compound and co-compound in terms of the head relationship. It is difficult to distinguish compounds from phrases because they consist of words. In order to make a distinction between compound and phrase, we mention phonological, syntactic, and semantic criteria.

In ultrasonic medical imaging, spatial compounding of images is a technique where ultrasonic beam is steered to examine patient tissues in multiple angles. In the conventional ultrasonic diagnostic imaging, the steering of the ultrasonic beam is achieved electronically using the phased array transducer elements. In this paper, a spatial compounding approach is presented where the ultrasonic probe element is rotated mechanically and the beam steering is achieved mechanically. In the spatial compounding, target position is computed using the value of the rotation axis and the transducer array angular position. However, in the process of the rotation mechanism construction and the control system there arises the inevitable uncertainties in these values. These geometric parameter errors result in the target position error, and the consequence is a blurry compounded image. In order to reduce these target position errors, we present a spatial compounding scheme where error correcting transformation matrices are computed and applied to the raw images before spatial compounding to reduce the blurriness in the compounded image. The proposed scheme is illustrated using phantom and live scan images of human knee, and it is shown that the blurriness is effectively reduced.

This study aims to explore the impact of gamification design on online consumers' perceived value and continued use of hospitals. Based on consumer perceived value theory and gamification design elements, this paper constructs a model of the influence of gamification design on consumers' intention to continue using the hospital. The data were collected through an online questionnaire, and 204 valid samples were obtained. The reliability and validity were tested by SPSS, and the hypotheses were further tested by structural equation model analysis using AMOS. The results showed that perceived utilitarian value and perceived hedonic value significantly influenced online consumers' intention to continue to use, rewards significantly influenced perceived utilitarian value and perceived hedonic value, entertainment significantly influenced perceived utilitarian value and perceived hedonic value, social interaction and visual attraction significantly influenced perceived utilitarian value, but did not significantly influence perceived hedonic value.

At present, the value of the achievement system children's digital educational game (DEG) achievement system has not attracted extensive attention. The lag of theoretical research makes the research and design of the DEG achievement system lack of theoretical basis and reference experience. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of DEG achievement system on learning engagement under the mediating effect of academic emotions. In this process,509 children took part in this research. A structural equation model was used to verify the role and relationship. The results show that: First, the DEG achievement system has a significant impact on learning engagement through the mediating effect of academic emotion. The achievement system is an important factor affecting learning engagement in deg. Second, Under the mediating effect of different valence and arousal academic emotions, the impact of the achievement system on learning engagement is significantly different, which makes learning engagement change. Third, the achievement system has a greater impact on positive-high arousal emotion and negative-low arousal emotion. Strengthening the two emotions through an achievement system will enhance learning engagement. The conclusion of this study has theoretical and practical guiding significance for the research and design of the DEG achievement system.

At present, the value and role of children's digital game achievement system for game education have not attracted public’s attention. Due to lack of related experience and theories, the design and research of game achievement system lack theoretical basis and reference experience. In this paper, we study the influence of the achievement system of the children's educational games on learning motivation, and the mediating effect between game user experience satisfaction (GUES) and enjoyment. We used structural equation model to find out the relationship and role. The purpose of this paper: To empirically examine the influence of children's DEG achievement system on learning motivation and the double mediating effect of game user experience satisfaction (GUES) and enjoyment. Find out the main factors of the achievement system that affect GUES, enjoyment, and learning motivation. Provides a valuable reference and necessary support for the research and design of children's DEG achievement system. The findings and contents of the study are as follows, first of all, The results show that the achievement system has a significant impact on learning motivation through the mediating effect of GUES and enjoyment. GUES and enjoyment are important predictors. Secondly, the five components of the achievement system are all related to the use of GUES and enjoyment. The reward is an important factor affecting GUES, with social interaction is an important factor affecting enjoyment. Enhancing Social and Reward can help improve the influence of the achievement system on learning motivation. Finally, there are recommendations for establishing an effective DEG achievement system for children.