Earticle

브레송은 기존의 다른 영화들과 구분하기 위해 자신의 영화를 ‘시네마토그라프’로 명명하면서 현실에서 추출해낸 가장 순수한 요소들만으로 영화를 만들어내고자 했다. 이를 통해 그는 인간의 일상사 속에서 보다 본질 적인 인간의 정념들을 밝혀내고자 노력했는데, 이러한 노력들은 등장인물들의 성격(욕망, 정념, 반항, 고독 등)으로 고스란히 드러나고 있다. 그런데 이들의 성격을 자세히 살펴보면, 이들 모두는 타인과의 관계가 단절된 한 단독자 로서의 면모를 보이고 있다. 그러면서 브레송은 자신의 소외된 인물들을 통해 이들이 어떻게 구원에 이르게 되는 지를 차가운 시선으로 그려내고 있다. 그러나 이러한 은총은 신에 의해 일방적으로 주어지는 것이지 어떠한 노력 을 통해 얻어지는 것은 아니다. 앙브리쿠르의 사제는 자신의 교구를 혼자 힘으로 구하려 노력했지만 신이 내린 ‘기적’이 없이는 마을 사람들의 마음에 변화가 없다는 사실을 깨닫게 된다. 그러나 브레송의 초기 영화에서 드러나 는 구원의 힘은 그의 말기 영화에서 조금 더 비관적인 양상을 취하게 된다.

Robert Bresson calls his films cinematograph. Unlike the cinema which uses impure images, its cinematography consists of purifying the cinema to make it an independent work of other arts, notably the theater. It is through this process that he wants to bring back the human nature of the characters in everyday life. His effort is shown by the characters of the protagonists such as passion, desire, revolt, loneliness, etc. If we check them in detail, we find in common an isolated being in society. Bresson isolates his characters to put them at the dead-end of life and he describes them without any pity.

수학예비교사인 수학교육학과 4학년에게 그들이 알고 있는 학교수학을 바탕으로 평가 문항을 작성하고 각 문항에 대한 풀이과정과 정답을 제시하도록 하였다. 그리하여, 이 수학예비교사들이 제시한 문항에서 나타나는 특징과 오류를 분석하였다. 각 문항을 문항유형별, 학교급별, 내용별 등으로 분류하여 특징을 살펴보고, 수학예비교사들이 제시한 문항에서 나타나는 오류를 분석하여, 4개의 영역으로 분류하였다. 여기서 각 영역의 세부항목과 그에 해당하는 수학예비교사들이 제시한 문항도 예로 제시하였다. 그리하여, 그들이 가지고 있는 수학적 내용 지식에 관해 살펴보았다.

This study analyzed about characters and errors on assessment items that mathematics preservice teachers made. Each assessment item consisted of a problem, a problem solving process, and a answer. Those assessment items were classified by types, schools, and contents. So, I found several characters on those assessment items. And, based on analyzing errors of those assessment items, those things were classified by 4 types. And then, I presented details of 4 types, and examples about each detail. As results, I found that mathematics preservice teachers will be achieve more mathematical content knowledge to use on junior high school and high school.

컴퓨터과학의 원리를 교육하기 위한 도구로서 언플러그드 교육은 널리 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 초등학교에서 자연수를 이진체계로 표현하는 사전 학습이 이루어진 학생들을 대상으로 문자를 이진체계로 표현하는 교육자료 개발에 대해 제시하였다. 학습방법은 활동중심학습으로 구성하였으며, 학습내용은 생활 속의 문자를 이진체계로 표현하는 원리를 학습하기 위하여 문자를 수와 대응시킨 문자표를 사용하여 이진체계로 표현하기이다. 개발된 자료의 적합성 평가를 위하여 교육자료를 현장에 적용하였으며, 그 결과는 문자의 이진체계 표현에 대한 지식과 적용 및 확장은 효과적인 것으로 평가되었다.

Unplugged has been widely used as an instrument for teaching the basic principles of Computer Science. We’ll present ‘the binary system teaching contents for the characters' developed for the elementary. And they will successfullyguide the student to understand the characters using in computer system. The activity-based learning is provided for describing characters with coding and decoding rules, and the using will be found out in everyday life. To check the adequacy of these materials they were tested to the elementary classroom, and the results showed effectively at Knowledge, Attitude, Generalization levels.

중국 고대소설 ｢서유기｣와 관련된 영화, 드라마, 에니매이션, 게임 등 작품 유형과 변화 내용을 비교 분석하고, 소설 ｢서유기｣의 영향력과 매체 활용 및 사용 범위를 파악하는 것에 연구 목적을 두고 있다. 연구 방법은 TV뉴스, 신문, 인터넷 등의 매체를 통해 보도된 자료를 수집하여, 중국을 비롯한 한국과 일본을 대상으로 ｢서유기｣영상물이 방영된 지역에서 시청자들의 관심과 시청 관련 기사의 영향, 그리고 수용 상황을 조사한 결과, ｢서유기｣는 중국의 4대 명작 소설 중 하나로서 다양한 문화 배경 하에서 주인공을 비롯한 캐릭터가 지속적인 매체의 소재로 활용되고 있다. 또한, 중국 ·한국 ·일본에서 제작된 ｢서유기｣ 관련 영상물은 기본적인 소재는 동일하나 표현 방식에서 차이를 보이고 있다. 끝으로 ｢서유기｣관련 영화, 드라마, 게임 애니메이션 등의 영상매체 및 문학 작품, 캐릭터 디자인 등 다방면의 창작에 참고 자료로 활용할 것으로 예상되며, 이는 중국, 한국, 일본 각국의 전통 문학을 주재로 제작되는 영상매체 융합과 발전에 기여할 것으로 사료된다.

This study aims to compare and analyze the types and changes of works related to the ancient Chinese novel "Journey to the West", including movies, dramas, animations, and games, and to understand the influence of the novel and the range of media utilization. The research method involves collecting data reported through media such as TV news, newspapers, and the internet, focusing on China, Korea, and Japan, where "Journey to the West" related media has been broadcasted. The research investigates the interest of viewers, the impact of related articles, and the acceptance situation in these regions. "Journey to the West" is recognized as one of China's four great classical novels, and its characters, including the protagonist, have been continuously used as subjects in various media against diverse cultural backgrounds. Additionally, "Journey to the West" related media produced in China, Korea, and Japan share the same basic material but differ in their expression methods. Finally, it is expected that "Journey to the West" related movies, dramas, games, animations, and other visual media, as well as literary works and character designs, will serve as reference material for various creative endeavors. This is anticipated to contribute to the fusion and development of visual media based on traditional literature from China, Korea, and Japan.

중국 선교는 교황청이 예수회를 해산한 이후 선교수도회가 관할하게 되었다. 선교수도회 소속의 프랑스 신부이자 베이징 주교 루이 가브리엘 들라플라스는 선교를 위해 다양한 책을 저술하고 간행했다. 『성교감략』은 구약성경, 신약성경, 초기 그리스도교, 그리고 중국 교회사를 요약하고 있 다. 신약성경의 저자들이 구약성경을 해석할 때 주로 사용한 모형론은 교 회 역사 가운데 계속된 전통이었으나, 근·현대의 역사비평으로 인해 성경 해석 방법론에서 설 자리를 잃게 되었다. 『성교감략』은 구약의 내용을 요 약한 후에 문답의 형식으로 설명하고 해석했는데, 모형론적 해석이 주를 이룬다. 『성교감략』의 저술 동기는 첫째, 중국 선교를 위해 교리와 더불어 성경을 교육해야 할 필요성 때문이었다. 둘째, 중국 내에서 아편전쟁과 홍 수전의 태평천국의 난으로 인해 그리스도교에 대한 박해가 심해졌는데, 그리스도교인들에게 고난 중에서도 신앙을 지킨 신앙인들을 소개할 필요가 있었다. 셋째, 들라플라스는 예수회가 사용했던 동방 선교 정책인 ‘적응주의’를 유지하고 계승하면서 지역 문화에 복음을 침투시키고자 했다. 넷째, 들라플라스는 글을 쉽게 써서 문자를 잘 모르는 그리스도교인도 쉽게 그 뜻을 알 수 있도록 했다. 『성교감략』은 중국에서 성경 번역과 해석에 있어서 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 성경 번역에 대한 교황청의 금령에도 불구하고 바쎄는 『바쎄역본』을 남겼고, 뿌와로는 『고신성경』을 남겼는데, 이들은 성경에 대한 번역이 주를 이룬다. 이에 반해 『성교감략』은 신구약 성경의 내용을 요약하면서 해석하는 과정에서 모형론을 통해 구약을 해석하고 있어서 성경 번역뿐만 아니라 명·청대 천주교의 모형론적 성경해석을 보여주는 대표적인 문헌임을 알 수 있다. 『성교감략』은 인물, 사건, 제도, 사물을 통해서 모형론적 해석을 했다.

After the Vatican dissolved the Society of Jesus, missionaries in China came under the jurisdiction of The Congregation of the Mission. Louis- Gabriel Delaplace, a French priest belonging to the Missionary Congregation and Bishop of Beijing, has written and published various books for missionary work. Sunggyo Gamryak summarizes the Old Testament, the New Testament, early Christianity, and Chinese church history. The typology, which was mainly used by the authors of the New Testament when interpreting the Old Testament, has been a tradition in church history, but has lost its place in the Bible interpretation methodology due to modern and contemporary historical criticism. After summarizing the contents of the Old Testament, Sunggyo Gamryak was explained and interpreted in the form of questions and answers, and the typological interpretation is the main one. The motive for writing Sunggyo Gamryak was, first, the necessity of educating the Bible along with doctrine for missionary work in China. Second, the persecution of Christians intensified in China due to the Opium War and the Taiping Rebellion was led by King Hong Xiuquan, and it was necessary to introduce believers who kept their faith even in hardships to Christians. Third, Delaplace tried to infiltrate the local culture with the gospel while maintaining and inheriting the Eastern missionary policy of the Jesuits, ‘adaptationism’. Fourth, Delaplace wrote easily so that Christians who are not familiar with letters can easily understand the meaning. Sunggyo Gamryak has an important meaning in the translation and interpretation of the Bible in China. Despite the Vatican's ban on Bible translation, Bassett left Basset–Su Chinese New Testament, and Poirot left the Old and New Testaments, which made a translation of the Old Testament in the Manchu language, and a translation of the New Testament into the Chinese language. They are mainly translations of the Bible. On the other hand, Sunggyo Gamryak interprets the Old Testament through typology in the process of summarizing and interpreting the contents of the Old and New Testaments, so it can be seen that it is a representative document that shows not only Bible translation but also the typological interpretation of the Bible by Catholicism in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Sunggyo Gamryak had a typological interpretation through characters, events, institutions, and objects.

This study performed an interdisciplinary research on action movies released from 1930 to 2009 based on the Internet Movie Database (iMDB). It targeted synopses and keyword tags of 799 movies and found there were major recurrent themes of “Rescue,” “Revenge,” “Chase,” “Thwart,” “Abduct,” “Escape,” “Sacrifice,” “Thieve,” “Betray,” and “(Dis-)inform.” The results show that fight scenes have increased their use of guns and martial arts since WWII; heroes have changed from groups to individuals; and background locations have changed from large scale outdoor towns and war zones, to more confined areas such as buildings and cars, though the variety of locations has increased to include multiple cities and countries.

Two Inonotus species newly found in Japan were described. I. formosanus T.T. Chang & W.N. Chou was identified with the following characters; thin basidocarps with hispid when young and later the erect hyphae agglutinate to scrupose tuft, pore surface light yellow to rusty brown later, absence of setal hyhpae, ventricose hymenial setae, and small ellipsoid, hyaline to yellowish basidiospores. I. nodulosus (Fr.) P. Karst. was identified with the following characters; basidocarps nodulose, wart-like shape, scrupose to warted by agglutinated hayphae, margin up to 5 mm, pore surface cinnamon to rusty brown when dry with a whitish or silvery shine, absence of setal hyphae, acute straight hymenical setae, ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores, which are weakly dextrinoid in Melzer’s reagent.

중국 《민사소송법》의 실시 의미와 그 내용, 실시에 따르는 문제점과 쟁점, 그리고 사례 등을 법리적 해석을 중심으로 분석해 보았다. 중국 현행 《민사소송법》의 제정을 위한 기본 “민사”와 “민사소송”의 개념과 입법 취지, 입법 과정 등과 함께 《민사소송법》의 체제와 법리 내용의 해석, 사례와 한국, 대만 등지의 《민사소송법》과의 개념을 중심으로 하는 간략한 비교를 해 보았다. 민사소송의 개념은 소송 당사자의 권리 보호와 법률의 정확하고 불편부당한 적용에 두고 있다. 《민사소송법》 사법해석의 일반 분석으로 적용에 따른 약간 문제의 의견 등의 형식으로 최고법원의 보충 규정의 형식으로 계속 공포되어 온 중국 특유의 법제 제도의 특징을 나타내고 있다. 입법 과정은 《민사소송법》이 1991년 공포된 이후 2007년 그동안의 사회의 개혁, 개방의 발전 상황에 맞추어 전면 개정해 오늘에 이르게 되었다. 그 내용은 4편으로 나누어져 28장, 268조로 구성되어 있고 총칙과 재판 정서(과정), 3편은 집행 정서, 4편은 섭외 민사소송 정서로 나누어 초보적인 민사 권리 주체의 권리와 의무를 절차를 중심으로 규정하고 있다. 《민사소송법》의 특징은 “민사”의 개념 정의를 그동안 전통적인 사법 체계인 “합법성”에 근거를 둔 것으로부터 단순한 일반적 법률 결과를 가져오는 행위로 민사 법률 행위를 규정하는 데로 선회하고 있다.《민사소송법》의 쟁점으로 재심 사유에 대한 규정의 문제, 신청 기한의 문제, 1심과 2심 판결의 연결 문제, 집행 신청기간 문제 등 과정적인 문제 들이 중점적으로 논의되었고 전국인민대표대회 법률위원회의 일괄적인 주도로 해결되었다. 《민사소송법》 적용 이후 민사소송의 사례분석으로는 아직 사안이 일천한 상태이다. 《민사소송법》의 국제 비교는 중국 대륙과 한국, 대만 등지의 《민사소송법》에 대한 간략한 비교인데 《민사소송법》에서 규정하는 조정 대상의 비교, 대만의 민사소송 운용에서 나온 제도적인 보장의 노하우 문제, 삼급 체례의 유형 비교와 한국의 경우 《민사소송법》의 정신과 운용의 원칙, 특징 등이 소송 당사자의 권익신장에 최우선의 중점을 둔 개정안을 입법하여 오늘날 이르고 있다. 결론으로 다음 세 가지를 제시하려 한다. 첫째, 중국의 《민사소송법》은 아직 초보적인 규정의 한계를 벗어나지 못하고 있다. 둘째, 구체적인 법률 규정이 아직 모호하고 정확한 귀속과 투명성을 가지지 못하고 있다. 셋째, 그럼에도 불구하고 중국 대륙의 《민사소송법》은 향후 개정을 거듭하여 완비되는 추세로 나아갈 것이며 한국과의 교류와 각종 관련 현안의 법률적 준비를 위해 중국 현행 《민사소송법》에 대한 연구와 법률 제도 운용의 실제와 판례 등에 대한 인식이 본격적으로 필요하다.

The purpose of this article is to understand the civil proceedings act(CPA hereafter) in contemporary China. CPA in China is in the establishing level. The first step was established in the form of reluctant management rule for the civil power. Even though the first level has been set up, the state owned property has not been acquired the accurate concepts through the contemporary China. I have tried to set the concepts of the civil proceedings act in China and the background of the social historical situation about CPA in contemporary China. The economic development devoting by the nation-state has helped the extension of wealth and strength of the nation. In contrast, the strength of the civil(renmin) has been neglected by economy drive policy and government for the longtime. China is at the stage of accumulation of experiences in the pro-state national policy and rights laws. The CPA would be defined the strict standardization on the points of maintenance, management and development of the civil rights and the nation power number-one phenomena should be undone, and it would be taken balance and check between national side and civil side. But the CPA has the flaws of practical process level in the set up, maintain, renew and operate law processes. We should recognize the core contexts and concepts about the state owned corporations and social-political situations.

Background: Safflower is an important crop that does not require rich soils. It grows well in dry soils or arid areas with seasonal rain. Exploring the fatty acid profiles and agro-morphological characteristics of diversified collections of safflower provides baseline data for developing improved varieties. In this study, we investigated the variation in agro-morphological characteristics, fatty acid composition and total phenolic content of the seeds, and the relationship between the agro-morphological and biochemical characteristics. Methods and Results: Agro-morphological characteristics were recorded in the field and laboratory. Total phenolic content was estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu’s method and fatty acids were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Orange, red, and white petal colors were observed; orange was the dominant pigment. Wide ranges of other agro-morphological characteristics were also recorded. More than 87% of the accessions contained > 50% linoleic acid while approximately 12% of the accessions contained > 50% oleic acid. A strong correlation was observed between palmitic and linoleic acid, and crude fat and oleic acid. A strong negative correlation was observed between crude fat and linoleic acid, palmitic and oleic acid, and oleic and linoleic acid. Conclusions: Safflower accessions were found to be a poor indicator of essential linolenic acid. The wide variation in agro-morphological and biochemical traits of safflower accessions could potentially help to develop an improved, nutrient-dense safflower cultivar.

Kebumen Ongole Grade cattle represent a distinctive local breed of beef cattle in Indonesia known for their adaptability to tropical climates and low-input farming methods. These cattle, which are descended from Indian Ongole cattle, have a long history of development. While these cattle have many similarities to their ancestors, they have evolved unique features and performance traits, particularly in the Kebumen region. Despite their recognized value, the population has declined as a result of crossbreeding with other cattle breeds and uncontrolled mating. This has raised concerns about genetic erosion and the future viability of the breed. These cattle are also distinguished by their large body size and high birth weight, which are associated with excellent reproductive and production performance. Despite these advantages, better management and feeding systems are required to maintain and improve breed quality. These cattle also have a successful breeding program, with certified progeny distributed nationwide. The comprehensive documentation in this study is intended to serve as the foundation for future policy formulation and sustainable breeding strategies. This review suggests that Kebumen Ongole Grade cattle represent a successful communitybased breeding effort with room for growth. This study emphasizes the importance of preserving the breed’s genetic integrity while addressing breeding management issues and production system sustainability.

For editors and manuscript editors, the romanization of Korean characters is a topic that should be understood thoroughly, because Korean proper nouns have become more widely used worldwide due to phenomena such as Hallyu (the Korean wave). In this report, I describe the 2 major romanization systems used in Korea: the Korean government’s romanization system and the McCune-Reischauer system. I also describe the transliteration guidelines presented in a variety of reference styles, such as the CSE (Council of Science Editors), ACS (American Chemical Society), AMA (American Medical Association), APA (American Psychological Association), IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) styles and the NLM (National Library of Medicine) style guide. I found that 2 journals have adopted the Korean government’s romanization system, while 10 use the McCune-Reischauer system. Other journals do not specifically mention a romanization system. Editors should select a romanization system and use it consistently. When presenting a reference that includes romanized text, the journal’s house style should be followed, based on international reference citation styles. Chinese characters in documents published in Korea should be romanized according to the Korean pronunciation.

Two Atractylodes species, A. japonica Koidz. ex Kitam. (AJ) and A. macrocephala Koidz. (AM) were used in this study. AJ population had higher amounts of sesquiterpenoids and stronger tolerance to root rot but less vigor of root growth than AM population. Two populations (AJ and AM) were crossed to make interspecific hybrid population. A total of 98 lines propagated clonally were selected from a cross of AJ and AM, and evaluated for contents of sesquiterpenoids, atractylon (ATLN) and atractylenolide III (AT3) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and growth characters such as plant height, stem number and root weight. HPLC profiles of the hybrids were compared with those of parent plants, and it demonstrated the production of introgression hybrid by crossing between AJ and AM. Of 98 clonal lines, 10 lines were selected by 10% level based on the growth vigor and tolerance to root rot, and AJM2102-51 line showed the heaviest root weight (117.1 g/plant) among them. A total of 98 hybrid lines contained on average 0.16 ± 0.10㎎/g of AT3, 2.00 ± 1.37㎎/g of ATLN, and 2.16 ± 1.40㎎/g of total sesquiterpenoids, showing high coefficients of variation (above 65 %). Ten lines having high contents of sesquiterpenoids were selected, and AJM2101-15 had the highest amount (9.83㎎/g) of ATLN, and showed 40.8 g/ plant of root weight similar to mean value (39.9 g/plant) of hybrid lines. The result showed that the introgression of both characters of vigorous growth from AM and high sesquiterpenoids content from AJ could be possible to make new hybrid lines by crossing between AJ and AM.

This essay proposes that Royzman and Rozin’s (2006) article on the differential role of prior emotional attachment in sympathy and sympathetic joy is a hidden gem for Communication scholars. Royzman and Rozin’s studies demonstrate that individuals feel sympathy for negative events that happen to both close others and strangers, but symhedonia (sympathetic joy, or happiness for the good fortune of others) depends more strongly on a prior positive relationship with the person. These findings have implications for understanding empathy and identification with narrative characters, and are relevant to studies of emotional flow and narrative structure.

본 논문은 Sauer가 1956년에 저술한 Chinese Characters for Beginners, Book One의 특징과 구성 내용, 교수 학습 전략 등을 살펴보았다. 이 책은 Sauer가 교장으로 재직한 Korean Language School에서 사용된 한자 교재로, 우리나라 최 초의 한국어교육용 한자 교재라고 할 수 있다. Korean Language School은 선교사를 위한 한국어 교육기관으로, 총 3학기에 걸쳐 외국인 학습자에게 한자·한자어를 교육했다. KLS에서 사용한 교재 가운데 현재 남아 있는 것은 초급용 교재인 Chinese Characters for Beginners, Book One 뿐이다. 이 책은 7단원으로 구성되어 있으며 총 102개의 한자를 수록하고 있다. Sauer는 일상생활에서 사용 빈도가 높은 한자 위주로 기초 한자를 선정하되, ‘시 간과 장소에 사용되는 한자’로 선정 기준을 정하고 주제·상황별로 한자·한자어를 범주화하여 단원을 나누었다. 이 책은 워크북의 성격을 겸하는 교재로서, 학습자가 스스로 학습 내용을 복습하고 확장 학습을 할 수 있는 방법을 제시하고 있다. 이 교재에 보이는 교수 학습 방법은 다음의 두 가지 특징이 있다. 먼저 이 교재는 다양한 학습 자료를 활용한 학습 활동 중심으로 구성되어 있다. Sauer는 한국 曆 書, 철도 시간표, 초대장, 명함 등 선교사들이 일상생활에서 쉽게 접할 수 있는 물건 들을 학습 자료로 활용했다. 다음으로 이 교재는 한자의 조어력에 초점을 두어 한 자를 선정하고 한자어를 교육했다는 특징이 있다. 기초 한자를 다양하게 조합하여 한자어를 만드는 방법을 교재에 제시함으로써, 학습자가 이미 배운 한자를 토대로 한국어 어휘를 확장해 갈 수 있도록 돕고 있다. 이 교재에 제시된 교수 학습 방법은 현대의 관점에서 보면 이론적 근거나 전문성 이 부족하다고 여겨질 수 있다. 하지만 이 책은 敎材史측면에서 볼 때, 초기 한국 어교육에서의 한자·한자어 교육 실상을 보여준다는 점에서 의미가 있다. 아울러 이 교재가 한국어교육에서 최초로 한자·한자어 교수 학습 방법을 제시했다는 점은 높이 평가할 만하다. 이 교재에 보이는 학습 활동 중심 교육, 조어력에 초점을 맞춘 교육 등은 현재의 한국어 교육에서도 요구되는 사항이므로, 이 교재의 교수 학습 방법은 오늘날 한자·한자어 교재를 개발하는데에도 시사점을 제공해 준다.

This paper delves into the characteristics and contents of Chinese Characters for Beginners, Book One written by Sauer in 1956, as well as the teaching and learning strategies on the Chinese character education employed in the Korean Language School (KLS) where Sauer served as the principal. Chinese Characters for Beginners, Book One is considered the first Chinese character textbook for Korean language education and was used in the KLS, an educational institution for missionaries. The Korean Language School is an educational institution aimed at providing specialized language education to missionaries seeking to acquire proficiency in the Korean language. The institution offers a curriculum covering the Chinese characters and Sino-Korean vocabulary, which are taught to foreign learners over the course of three semesters. Among the textbooks utilized in KLS, Chinese Characters for Beginners, Book One is the sole remaining textbook today, designed specifically for beginners and comprising of 7 lessons with a total of 102 Chinese characters. Sauer selected basic Chinese characters based on their high frequency of use in daily life and categorized them into lessons based on topics and situations. This textbook also serves as a workbook, providing learners with opportunities to review and expand their learning themselves. Two main characteristics of the teaching and learning methods presented in this textbook are identified. Firstly, this textbook is structured around learning activities that utilize diverse learning materials. Sauer utilized objects commonly encountered in the daily lives of missionaries, such as Korean guidebooks, railway timetables, calendar, invitations, and business cards, as learning materials. Secondly, this textbook helps the learners develope their ability to understand compound Chinese character. By presenting methods of combining different Chinese characters to create compound words, it facilitated that the learners expand their vocabulary based on the Chinese characters they had already learned. From a contemporary perspective, the teaching and learning methods presented in this textbook may be considered lacking in theoretical foundations or expertise. However, this book holds significance in terms of the history of teaching materials as it sheds light on the true picture of Chinese character and Sino-Korean vocabulary education in early Korean language education. Furthermore, the fact that this textbook was the first to present teaching and learning methods for Chinese characters and Sino-Korean vocabulary in Korean language education deserves high recognition. The educational focus on learning activities and the emphasis on collocation, as seen in this textbook, are still relevant in current Korean language education. Therefore, the teaching and learning methods presented in this textbook offer implications for the development of Chinese character and Sino-Korean vocabulary textbooks today.

This study examines the relationship between organizational characters and financial performance. Using a machine learning technique, we construct the measures of organizational characters similarly to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator from anonymous employees’ online reviews. We present evidence that organizational characters correlate with financial performance. These results are robust to alternative specifications to gauge organizational characters. Empirical evidence suggests that employee satisfaction links organizational characters and financial performance.

This essay examines the process by which Sherlock Holmes returns to the Sherlock Holmes series almost 10 years after he was pronounced officially “dead” in “The Adventure of the Final Problem.” Drawing on Michel Foucault’s concept of heterotopia as “placeless places,” the essay argues that before he completes his return to his old room at 221B Baker Street at the end of “The Adventure of the Empty House,” Holmes occupies a placeless place in the form of the empty room, where he briefly becomes a characterless character. Just as Foucault’s placeless places display the power of language to negate something it represents, Holmes as a characterless character displays what a character is to the point where it cannot possibly be so. In “The Empty House,” as a placeless place, the empty room simultaneously enables, contests, and inverts Holmes’s existence through the tension between the emptiness and the fullness. The front window of the empty room that functions as both the window and the mirror plays a particularly important role in othering Holmes’s existence as a characterless character. Only after Holmes lets Colonel Moran destroy his dummy in his old room and thereby rid the space around them of all the heterotopic attributes can he complete his return as Sherlock Holmes.

셰익스피어의 여성 캐릭터에 다양한 성격 유형이 존재하는 것과 대조적 으로 예이츠 극에 등장하는 여성 캐릭터는 사악하지는 않으나 주로 수동적이고 상징 적이다. 극에 있어서 예이츠는 셰익스피어만큼 여성 캐릭터에 대한 성격의 폭이 넓지 않았다. 셰익스피어의 여성 캐릭터는 좀 더 주체적인 특징과 발전된 양상을 보인다. 그러나 예이츠 극에서의 여성 캐릭터는 일반화된 성격을 가지고 있다. 즉 그들은 예이 츠의 민족주의적인 목적에 따라 형성되었기 때문에 사회적, 문화적 고정관념을 극복하지 못하였다.

In contrast to Shakespeare’s diverse personality types of female characters, Yeats’s dramatic female characters are mostly passive and symbolic though none are evil. Yeats does not have a wide range of female characterization as Shakespeare did in terms of drama. Shakespeare’s female characters come in all kinds, having more subjective qualities and being well-rounded. However, Yeats’s female characters in the plays have a general trait: they often do not overcome social and cultural stereotypes because they are crafted according to his nationalist cause.