Earticle

Purpose: This study was to identify the anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) mechanism which is represented by the onset time of trunk muscles and the displacement of the center of pressure (COP) according to the different base of support (BOS) during upper extremity movement. Methods: Thirty healthy subjects (14 males, 16 females) participated in this study. The movement was performed for 10 trials during each of various BOS (shoulder - width double leg stance, narrow base double leg stance, tandem stance, non-dominant single leg stance) at the 1.2 Hz frequency. Electromyography was used to measure muscle onset time and biorescue was used to measure characteristics of the displacement of COP. Surface bipolar electrodes were applied over the right deltoid anterior, right latissimus dorsi, both rectus abdominis, both internal oblique and both erector spinae. The data were analyzed by repeated one-way ANOVA and Duncan's post hoc test. Results: The study has revealed following. There were significant differences with muscle onset time in each BOS (p<0.01). There were significant differences in characteristics of the COP in each BOS (p<0.01). Conclusion: The study found that the more narrowed the basis requires the more rapid anticipatory postural control in contralateral postural muscle when the upper extremity movement is performed.

PURPOSE: Bridge exercise is widely used in rehabilitation exercise for trunk stabilization through various applications in clinical practice. However, there is a lack of studies changing the base of support for the shoulders. The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in the base of support for the shoulders of trunk muscle activation during bridge exercise. METHODS: 20 healthy subjects (10 men, 10 women) in their twenties were participated in this study. They performed 5 bridge exercises (bridge exercise with their shoulders on a stable table (1/2 knee height, knee height), and on a sling (1/2 knee height, knee height), conventional bridge exercise. The surface electromyography were used for rectus abdominis (RA), internal oblique (IO), external oblique (EO), and erector spinae (ES). RESULTS: During bridge exercise that their shoulders on the sling of 1/2 knee height, the RA, EO, IO muscle activities were significant increased. And during bridge exercise that their shoulders on the stable surface of knee height, the IO/RA ratio were higher than other positions but there were no significant difference between positions for EO/RA, IO/RA ratio. CONCLUSION: Based on this result, using various bases of support and changing the height of bridging exercise may be used to provide effective trunk stabilization exercises.

이 연구는 발달장애인 평생교육 지원체제를 정착시키는 데 있어 지역 거점 대학 교의 리더십 역량을 질적으로 분석하는 데 목적을 두었다. 연구 방법은 반구조화된 질문 면담지를 통한 FGI의 절차로 구성되었다. FGI 분석 결과, 발달장애인의 평생 교육 정착과 관련하여 도출된 대구대학교의 리더십 역량은 크게 4가지의 범주로 나타났다. 첫 번째로, 학문적 토대의 주도 역량이 교육과정 및 관련서비스 개념 정 립, 교육-복지 연계 기반 진로 설계 실제 구축 등의 하위 범주와 함께 제시되었다. 그리고 두 번째의 리더십 역량은 교육과정 기반의 지역 유관기관 간 연계 주도 역 량으로 나타났으며, 교과 영역별 지역 유관기관 간 연계, 발달장애인 개별 맞춤형 학습진로 기반 지역 유관기관 간 연계 등이 하위 범주로 함께 제시되었다. 세 번째 의 리더십 역량은 교과교육 및 교수학습 사례 지침 주도 역량으로 나타났으며, 교 과교육 지침 기반 교육프로그램의 구성 가이드라인 지원, 성인기 중심의 자기 주도 적 학습 유형 기반 교수 학습방법 매뉴얼화 등의 하위 범주가 함께 제시되었다. 네 번째의 리더십 역량은 자격 수준 유형의 다양화 주도 역량으로 나타났으며, 발달장 애 맞춤형 자격 역량 개발 및 요구도 수렴, 자격 양성 지정 기관으로의 기능화 등 의 하위 범주가 함께 제시되었다. 연구 결과를 통하여, 발달장애인의 평생교육 지 원체제 정착을 위해 대학기반화의 리더십이 중요하다는 측면이 분석될 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the leadership competency of regional university in the position of a base in order to settle the lifelong education of individuals with developmental disabilities. The research method consisted of the procedure of FGI through a semi-structured questionnaire. As a result of the FGI analysis, Daegu University's leadership competencies derived in relation to the settlement of lifelong education for individuals with developmental disabilities was largely found in four categories. First, the leadership competency of the academic foundation was presented along with subcategories such as establishing the concept of the curriculum and related services, and actual establishment of career design based on education-welfare linkage. In addition, the second leadership competency was found to be the ability to lead the linkage between curriculum-based regional related organizations, and the linkage between individual customized learning careers-based local related organizations for individuals with developmental disabilities. The third leadership competency was found to be the leading competency in subject matter education and teaching and learning case guidelines, and subcategories such as support for composition guidelines for subject matter education guidelines and manualization of self-directed learning types centered on adulthood were presented. The fourth leadership competency was found to be a diversification-led competency of the type of qualification level, and subcategories such as development and demand for customized qualification for developmental disabilities and functionalization as a qualification training designated institution were presented. Through the research results, it could be analyzed that the leadership of university foundation is important to establish a lifelong education support system for individuals with developmental disabilities.

급변하는 21세기는 환경과의 상호작용 보장을 주장하며 정보화․세계화․생애학습화의 시 대가 전개되고 있다. 이러한 세계 변화와 더불어 특수교육의 영역과 그에 관한 연구도 큰 변화시대를 맞 이하고 있다. 일본은 고령화, 저출산, 환경과 같은 근본적인 문제 해결 안에 장애인을 포함하는 모든 인간이라는 범주 를 마련하였고, 다양한 장애영역에서 적극적인 대안을 모색하여 적용함은 물론 반성적 성찰과 더불어 해 석하고 분석하여 최선의 방법을 찾고자 하고 있다. ｢특별지원교육｣은 개개인의 교육적 욕구를 잘 파악하 여 적절한 교육을 지원하는 것으로서, 장애가 있는 개인에게 교육기관이 교육하는 경우 교육기관은 물론 복지, 의료, 직업 등의 다양한 관련기관과의 연계 및 협력을 요구하고 있다. 그리고 특별지원교육을 지원 하는 구체적인 전략으로 개별교육지원계획, 특별지원교육코디네이터, 광역특별지원연휴협의회를 마련하 였다. 이와 같이 일본의 특별지원교육은 교육의 환경과 기회를 완결하는 것은 물론 교육의 환경과 기회에 의 한 교내 전체, 지역 전체에서 총합적으로 생각하려면 교육의 방법을 보다 유연하게 수정해야함을 강조한 다. 특히 2008년 특별지원교육에 관한 지원체제의 정비는 교육행정담당자, 학교, 전문가, 보호자 및 장애 인 당사자를 중심으로 각각의 역할을 제시하고 그들의 협력적 관계를 위한 체제를 제시하고 있다. 따라 서 본 연구에서는 2008년 일본의 장애인을 위한 특별지원교육의 지원체제의 정비 상황을 교육행정담당 자와 학교를 중심으로 구체적 지원내용과 방법은 무엇인지 살펴보고자 하는 데 있다. 일본의 특별지원교육을 위한 준비는 2002년 2월에서 3월까지 문부과학성의 조사연구회가 실시한 ｢일반학급 에 관한 전국 실태조사｣에서 시작되었고, 이 조사에 의하면 일본의 경우 일반학교에 지적으로 문제 를 보이지 않으나 학습과 행동 면에 있어서 현저히 어려움을 나타내는 학생들이 6.3%나 차지하고 있음 을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 실태조사에 따라 일본의 특별지원교육체제는 맹․농․양호학교에서 교육적 지 원을 받고 있는 대상아를 위해서라기 보다는 일반학급에 재적하고 있으면서 그들의 특별한 욕구에 교육 적 지원을 하지 못했던 학생들에게 주의를 기울이며 시작되었다고 할 수 있다. 특히 일본에서 강조하는 요람에서 무덤까지의 생애학습화의 관점에서는 교육적 지원의 필요성을 새삼 강조하고 있고, 이를 지원하기 위한 체제로 학교를 다시 재점검하게 되었다는 것은 교육과 삶의 관계를 한 층 더 긴밀한 상호작용적 관계로 보고, 학교의 지원체제 정비를 매우 중요하게 생각했다는 것으로 판 단된다. 특별지원교육체제는 비록 사회적 변화의 현상과 더불어 시작되었으나 특수교육의 완전통합이라 는 패러다임에서 볼 때에도 시기적절한 변화라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 특별지원교육체제에서 가장 중요한 역할을 담당하는 교육행정담당자와 학교의 역 할에 대하여 2004년 문부과학성에서 발표한 시안을 중심으로 구체적으로 다루었다. 특별지원교육체제에서 교육행정담당자는 특별지원교육이 총체적으로 잘 운영될 수 있도록 하는 역할을 담당하도록 되어 있다. 구체적인 역할 내용으로는 특별지원연휴협의회를 설치하고, 상담지원 및 정보제 공을 하며, 특별지원을 위한 연수를 계획하고, 조사연구를 실시하며, 특별지원교육체제의 정비 상황을 파악하도록 하고 있다. 특별지원교육체제에서 학교는 그 구성원이 되는 학교장, 특별지원코디네이터, 교사라는 세 영역에서 효 율적으로 운영되도록 하고 있다. 교장은 특별지원교육을 시야에 둔 학교 경영하여야 하며, 교육위원회를 설치하고, 특별지원교육코디네이터의 지명과 교무분담을 결정하고, 보호자 및 전문기관의 연계를 추진하 여야 하도록 하고 있다. 특별지원교육코디네이터의 역할은 교내관계자나 관련기관과의 협력조정, 보호자 에 대한 상담창구, 담임지원, 순회상담이나 전문가팀과의 협력, 교내위원회에서 추진역할 등이 포함된다. 교사는 대상 학생의 문제를 발견하고 이해하며, 개별지도계획을 활용하고, 학급담임과 교과담임으로서 배려와 지원을 하고, 담임의 배려와 지원을 지지하는 체제를 구축하고, 보호자와 협력 체제를 구축하도 록 하고 있다. 이상과 같은 일본의 문부과학성은 특별지원교육을 위한 체제에서 교육행정담당자와 학교에서의 구체적 인 역할의 내용을 시안으로 발표함으로서 특별지원교육을 위한 실질적인 움직임을 실천하고 있다고 할 수 있다. 물론 지방자치제의 성격을 가지고 있는 일본도 지역별 상황과 맥락을 고려하여 융통성 있는 특 별지원교육체제의 마련을 권유하고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 특별지원교육체제의 원활한 운영을 위한 이와 같은 시안의 발표는 새로운 시도에 있어서 혼란을 예방하고 세심한 안내로 쉽게 적응할 수 있게 하 는데 많은 도움이 되고 있다고 할 수 있다.

Rapid changing 21th century is struggling to secure interaction with the environment and the informational, global, lifetime educational era. With these change, we are facing great revolutionary era in the realm of special education and its research. Japan prepared that the handicapped are included in the category the human being who cope with the fundamental issues such as aging, low rate of delivery and environment. Also, they are searching for, applying, interpreting and analyzing some affirmative alternatives in the various blocked fields with reconsiderable introspection to find the best method. 'Special supported education' means to support certain proper education after understanding the individual desire for education; in case any educational organization educates the handicapped, it is required for us to connect and cooperate with various organizations related to welfare, medical care and occupation as well as educational organization. Moreover, individual education supporting plan, special supported education coordinator and wide area supportive council have already been prepared. Like this, Japanese special supported education system suggests that the method of education should be corrected more flexibly to consider all the school ground and all the regions by the educational environment and its opportunity as well as the educational environment and its opportunity should be completed. Especially, special supported education related the management of supportive system suggests that the educational administrator, school related staff, specialist, protector and the handicapped concerned should play each role and a system for the cooperative relationship should be done well. Therefore, I will examine what kind of supporting system exists and what the substantial supporting contents are and how they go with the base of educational administrator and school. The preparation for Japanese special supported education began with ‘Survey on the National Present Condition for the General Class.' This survey presented that the students who didn't have any intellectual problem at the general school but they showed considerable difficulty in studying and behavior occupied 6.3%. According to the research of this present condition, Japanese special supported education began to pay attention to the students who didn't get any educational support for their unique desire for the education, being on the role of general class, rather than for the students for whom educational support was served at the school for the blind, deaf and handicapped. Especially, the necessity of educational support is emphasized on the viewpoint of life study of ‘from cradle to the grave.' It is thought that they re-examined the schooling system to support the lifetime study means that they considered the maintenance of school education supportive system is very crucial, our considering the relationship between education and life got closer. Although special supportive education system began with social change, it can be said to be a period in season, our considering the paradigm of total integration for the special education. Therefore, in this study, I dealt with substantially the role of the education administrator and school playing the most important roles under the special supported education system with the plan addressed by MEXT. Under the special supported education system, education administrator should play a role to manage well whole the special supported education; they should special supporting council, provide counseling service and information, plan a training program for special support, perform survey and research and comprehend the maintenance condition of the special supported education system. Under the special supported education system, principal, special supporting coordinators and teachers manage their school effectively; principal should manage the school for the vision of special supportive education, install education committee, select special supporting coordinators, determine task allotment with school ground affair and promote the relationship with the protector and related organization. Special supporting coordinators should coordinate the relationship between school staff and school related organization, and design certain cooperation with the organization, counsel with the protector, support homeroom teacher, perform touring counseling or cooperate with pro team and promote the school ground committee. The teacher should search for and understand any student's agony and make use of individual instruction plan, consider and support the students as a homeroom teacher, establish a system for consideration and support and cooperate with the protector. Under the special supported education system, in Japan may practice some measurements for the special supportive education with announcing a plan for the substantial roles of the administrator and school staff. of course, Japan has local autonomy characteristic and suggests flexible special supportive education system, considering its local condition and context. In spite of that, as Japan announced the plan for the sound management for the special supportive system, it may be helpful for preventing any confusion and adapting the sensitive guidance in performing a new opportunity.

본 연구에서는 민주화 이후 1997년부터 2022년까지 대통령선거에서 민주당계열 정당들 의 지지기반 변화를 세대, 지역, 계층, 젠더를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 그리고 지지기반 변화 와 함께 집단별로 민주당 득표에 기여한 정도―즉, 선거기여도―는 어떻게 변했는지를 분 석했다. 연구 결과, 세대 및 지역 지지기반 외에 새로 형성된 계층이나 젠더 기반은 없는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 기존의 세대 및 지역 지지기반에는 다음과 같은 변화들이 생긴 것으로 나타났다. 첫째, 2012년 대선 이후로 40대와 50대가 민주당 지지기반에 포함된 것 으로 나타났다. 둘째, 호남 지역은 여전히 민주당 지지기반으로 남아 있지만 2012년 대선 이후로 부산/경남 지역은 보수 정당 지지기반에서 이탈한 것으로 나타났다. 한편 선거기여도에 있어서 1997년에는 20대와 30대의 기여도가 가장 높았다. 그리고 호 남 지역은 집단의 크기는 작지만 정당충성도가 높아서 서울, 인천/경기에 이어 세 번째로 기여도가 높았다. 그러나 이후 삼십 년 동안 한국 사회의 인구 구조가 변했고 이로 인해 전체 유권자 가운데 차지하는 비중이 커진 40대 이상 유권자 집단의 기여도가 20대와 30대 의 기여도보다 더 커진 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 호남 지역의 기여도는 과거에 비해 줄어 들었지만 부산/경남 지역의 기여도가 증가하면서 이를 상쇄하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 연 구 결과는 2010년대 이후 민주당 지지기반에 생긴 구조적 변화가 선거에서 민주당에 유리 하게 작동하고 있음을 함의한다.

This study investigates changes in the support base of the Democratic Party in the presidential elections from 1997 to 2022 after democratization, focusing on generation, region, class, and gender. It also analyzes how the contribution to the election by each group has changed over the past 30 years along with changes in the support base. The findings of this study show that there was no newly formed support base in class or gender other than generational and regional support bases. And the following changes have occurred in the existing generational and regional support bases. First, since the 2012 presidential election, voters in their 40s and 50s have been included in the support base of the Democratic Party. Second, the Honam region still remains the support base of the Democratic Party, but since the 2012 presidential election, the Busan/Gyeongnam region has deviated from the conservative party. In 1997, the contribution of voters in their 20s and 30s to the election was the highest. And the Honam region with small group size but high party loyalty had the third highest contribution after Seoul and Incheon/Gyeonggi. However, over the next 30 years, the demographic structure of Korean society has changed, and as a result, the contribution of voters in their 40s and older, which accounts for a greater proportion of all voters, has been greater than that of those in their 20s and 30s. The contribution of the Honam region has decreased compared to the past, but the contribution of the Busan/Gyeongnam region has increased, offsetting this. These findings suggest that structural changes in the Democratic Party's support base since the 2010s are working in favor of the Democratic Party in elections.

본 논문은 연구 학습 주제 지식베이스를 통한 소셜컴퓨팅 지원에 관한 연구로 두 가지 하부 연구로 구성되었다. 첫 번째 연구는 다양한 학문분야에서 전자 도서관 이용자들의 연구 및 학습 주제를 추출하기 위해 분야별로 분류가 잘 되어 있는 NDLTD Union catalog의 석박사 학위 논문 (Electronic Theses and Dissertations : ETDs)을 분석하여 계층적 지식베이스를 구축하는 연구이다. 석박사 학위 논문 이외에 ACM Transactions 저널의 논문과 컴퓨터 분야 국제 학술대회 웹사이트도 추가로 분석하였는데 이는 컴퓨팅 분야의 보다 세분화된 지식베이스를 얻기 위해서이다. 계층적 지식베이스는 개인화 서비스, 추천시스템, 텍스트 마이닝, 기술기회탐색, 정보 가시화 등의 정보서비스와 소셜컴퓨팅에 유용하게 사용될 수 있다. 본 논문의 두 번째 연구 부분에서는 우리가 만든 계층적 지식기반을 활용하여 4개의 사용자 커뮤니티 마이닝 알고리즘 중에서 우리가 수행중인 소셜 컴퓨팅 연구, 즉 구성원간의 결합도에 기반한 추천시스템에 최상의 성능을 보이는 그룹핑 알고리즘을 찾는 성능 평가 연구 결과를 제시하였다. 우리는 이 논문을 통해서 우리가 제안하는 연구 학습 주제 데이터베이스를 사용하는 방법이 기존에 사용자 커뮤니티 마이닝을 위해 사용되던 비용이 많이 필요하고, 느리며, 개인정보 침해의 위험이 있는 인터뷰나 설문에 기반한 방법을 자동화되고, 비용이 적게 들고, 빠르고, 개인정보 침해 위험이 없으며, 반복 수행시에도 일관된 결과를 보여주는 방법으로 대체할 수 있음을 보이고자 한다.

This paper consists of two parts: In the first part, we describe our work to build hierarchical knowledge base of digital library patron's research interests and learning topics in various scholarly areas through analyzing well classified Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) of NDLTD Union catalog. Journal articles from ACM Transactions and conference web sites of computing areas also are added in the analysis to specialize computing fields. This hierarchical knowledge base would be a useful tool for many social computing and information service applications, such as personalization, recommender system, text mining, technology opportunity mining, information visualization, and so on. In the second part, we compare four grouping algorithms to select best one for our data mining researches by testing each one with the hierarchical knowledge base we described in the first part. From these two studies, we intent to show traditional verification methods for social community miming researches, based on interviewing and answering questionnaires, which are expensive, slow, and privacy threatening, can be replaced with systematic, consistent, fast, and privacy protecting methods by using our suggested hierarchical knowledge base.

Household electrical appliances should be designed to satisfy safety standards. An expert system is implemented to support the design process. The general-purpose expert system shell. ART-IM which is running under MS-DOS environment, is used to construct the knowledge-base. A set of rules has been extracted from the EN 60 335-1 that is British standard specification for the safety of household and similar electrical appliances. The main focus of this paper is on codes that have systematic and mormative structures. The internal structure of the safety standard is analysed to improve the process of rule extraction.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of the area of the base of support formed by the human body on the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of upper limb muscles. Methods: The study was conducted with 20 normal adults. To identify changes in the base of support, the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the biceps muscle was measured in a standing position, a sitting position, and a lying position for each subject. The sizes of the base of support formed in the standing, sitting, and lying positions were set to 1, 2, and 3 respectively, based on the sizes, to analyze the correlations. The maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the biceps muscle was measured using surface electromyograms (EMGs) (Noraxon DTS, Germany). Results: The results showed negative correlations in which, as the size of the base of support increased, the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the biceps muscle decreased. Conclusion: Changes in the base of support of the body affect the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the upper limbs. Therefore, when resistance exercises are applied for muscle strengthening, the positions should be changed considering the changes in muscle activity according to those positions. In addition, when EMGs are used to measure the maximal voluntary isometric contraction, the measurements should be conducted in the same positions, considering muscle activity that changes according to the base of support and positions, for data quantification.

The purpose of this study was to compare the balance ability at different foot positions using K A T 2000 (Berg, Inc, vista, CA.1994). Thirty (male 15, female 15) normal subjects participated in this study. All subjects were tested at a one leg position or a two leg position that were toe-in 25˚, toe-out 25˚, and 45˚. The starting position was where the subject crossed their arms across the chest and flexed knees slightily. The results of each test were displayed on a screen in a score format, which indicated balance index. These collected data were analyzed by using one way ANOVA, and t-test. The results of this study were as follows: When changing the angle of the foot in the one-foot and two-foot standing positions, there was no statistically significant difference, but the balance performance with the foot rotated by 25˚ was better than that with the foot rotated by 45˚. When changing the direction of the foot in the one-foot and two-foot standing positions, there was no statistically significant difference, but the balance performance with the foot rotated laterally was better - except for the case when the foot was medially rotated by 25˚ in the right-foot static standing position. When the feet were medially rotated by 25˚ in the two-foot static standing position, and were medially rotated by 25˚ and 45˚ in the one-foot static standing position, the balance performance of females was better than that of males. In this study, it was found that the balance performance of the subjects changed when the position of the foot was shifted on an unstable base of support. However, there was little correlation between balance performance and the height, weight and foot length of the subjects. It is necessary to conduct a follow-up study targeting various age groups and those with various diseases using an unstable platform or applying different physical or visual conditions, such as the length of the legs. Physical therapists need to consider the position of the foot in clinical settings for a better balance training or assessment.

The purpose of this study is to identify which width of the base of support(BOS) is safer and more effective in lifting by comparing muscle activations and body sways when lifting objects under the width variation of the BOS. A total of fifteen healthy adults participated in this study. For the width variation of the BOS, the participants changed the width between their feet into three different types(10cm, 32cm, 45cm) and lifted a 10kg four times in each type after going up on a force plate. In order to measure body sways according to the width variation of the BOS, a motion analysis system was used. In addition, in order to measure the muscle activations of lower extremities, including the erector spinae, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, and tibialis anterior, an electromyogram(EMG) analysis was employed. In addition, the Borg's scale was drawn by quantifying the subjective discomfort levels felt from each width of the BOS. In conclusion, no statistically significant differences according to the width variation of the BOS were observed(p=.295, .308)(p>.05). However, a statistically significant difference was exhibited between the Borg's scale, which indicates the discomfort levels from lifting performances, and the width variation of the BOS (p=$.000^*$).

This study is to look into the military action of Yi Seong-gye(李成桂) in the late Goryeo dynasty. Also, based on this study, it is to look how his supporting group gathered through different stages. The first time Yi Seong-gye led an army and went into war was to suppress the riot of Park Eui(朴儀) in 1361. At such time, He acted as one of the main generals of the suppressing army. His last war in his life was the army march back from Wihwa Island(威化島回軍) in 1388. At such time, he was set as the head general that led the whole army. He has led numerous armies in numerous battles. At first, although the title of Yi Seong-gye was low, his title advanced gradually and become the highest official in command. However, when his title was low, that is, when he went into war as a general, he gathered people who were low-ranked generals into his supporting group. He only gathered people who were accustomed to the military activities. As his title advanced, he gathered people who were good at administration or who could be a supporter. When he became the highest commander during the army march back from Wihwa Island, he was able to secure the best politicians of the time. As such Yi Seong-gye gathered his supporting group through various processes. However, their background were all so different. Nevertheless, he united into one and succeeded in establishing a new nation called Joseon dynasty.

이 논문은 한국의 민주주의 평가에 대해서 세 가지 특정 부분에 대하여 조명한다. 첫째, 최근 몇 년간 진보-보수 이념이 한국사회의 중요한 균열로 자리 잡게 됨에 따라 민주주의에대한 평가가 각 개인의 이념적 성향에 따라 달라지는가에 관한 것이다. 본 연구에서는 개인의이념 성향뿐 아니라 이념적으로 극단적인 위치에 있는 시민들과 온건 성향의 시민들이 민주주의를 다르게 평가하는지도 분석한다. 둘째, 한국도 서구의 연구결과에서 나타난 것과 같이 선거에서의 승자(즉, 여당지지자)들이 한국의 민주주의를 더 높이 평가하는 경향이 있는지를 분석한다. 셋째, 한국의 주요 정치균열인 지역균열이 승자-패자의 논리에 따라 민주주의 평가에도 영향을 미치는지 살펴본다. 이를 경험적으로 분석하기 위해 세계가치조사(World Values Survey) 중 가장 최근의 두 웨이브인 2005년의 웨이브5와 2010년의 웨이브6의 데이터를 사용하여 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석의 결과는 다음과 같다. 우선 집권당의 지지자들의 민주주의평가가 야당 지지자들의 민주주의 평가보다 더 높은 것으로 관측되었다. 이 같은 결과를 토대로 시민들에게 있어 민주주의의 평가는 정부 혹은 여당에 대한 만족도로 인식되는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 지역에 따른 민주주의 평가를 살펴보면, 집권당이 지지기반을 두고 있는 지역의시민들이 민주주의를 특별히 높이 평가하기 보다는 그 경쟁 지역의 시민들이 민주주의를 통계학적으로 유의미하게 낮게 평가하는 경향이 있는 것으로 보인다. 이는 긍정효과라기 보다는부정효과라 볼 수 있다. 이념의 극단성은 지지정당변수와 상관없이 민주주의 평가에 영향을주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 시민 개인인의 이념 성향은 집권당 지지와 거의 유사한 영향을 가지는 것으로 보인다. 마지막으로 우리는 일반적으로 서베이 데이터를 기초로 하는 연구가가지는 한계를 지적하고 그를 극복할 방안에 대해 논의하며 이 논문을 마무리하였다.

In this manuscript, we focus on three particular aspects of the citizen assessment of democracy in Korea. First, we study the impact of individual citizen’s ideology on the assessment of democracy, as the left-right ideology has become an important cleavage in Korean society for the past decade. We are particularly interested in whether those with extreme ideology have different assessment of democracy from those with moderate ideology. Second, we check if the winners of elections (the supporters of governing party) tend to assess the democracy more highly than the losers, as was found in many studies of the Western democracies. Further, we are curious about whether the regional character of the winning/losing parties also has independent impact on the citizen’s assessment. To test our hypotheses, we perform regression analyses utilizing the two latest waves (2005 and 2010) of the World Values Survey data. Our analyses show the following: supporters of the governing party tend to assess the democracy in Korea more highly than those of the opposition. We interpret this result that citizens think of their satisfaction with the government or governing party when asked to assess the democracy; those living in the regional support base of the governing party do not particularly rate the level of democracy highly, while those living in the opposition stronghold tend to rate democracy poorly statistically speaking. That is we see negative result only as far as regionalism is concerned; extreme ideology does not seem to affect citizen assessment of democracy regardless of the parties they support. We conclude the paper by pointing out potential limitations of the empirical research based on survey data and by suggesting how we can overcome these limitations.

2008년 현 정부 이전의 정부가 추진해 온 남북한의 화해협력정책은 교류협력의 발전을 위한 제도적 기초를 놓았고 동시에 평화위협을 제거하는 잠정적인 성과를 거두었다. 그리고 현 정부는 화해협력정책의 연장선상에서 한반도의 평화 증진과 남북의 공동번영을 통해 평화통일의 기반을 마련하는 평화번영정책을 추진하고 있다. 특히 2000년 6월과 2007년 10월 남북한 정상회담 이후 사회적 현상으로써 인터넷에 김정일을 형상화한 캐릭터가 돌아다니는 등 예전에는 상상하기 힘든 일들이 대수롭지 않아지는 계기가 되었다. 당시 이러한 관심은 인터넷을 통해 다양한 형태로 나타나면서 하나의 문화 현상을 보이기도 하였다. 이제 우리는 과거 일방적인 통일에 대한 기대와 이에 따른 통일교육도 이제 새로운 전기를 마련해야 할 것으로 판단하는데, 아직까지도 우리 사회에서 통일문제에 대해 다양한 인식과 견해들이 표출되고 있다. 이러한 국민들의 의식을 하나로 통합하고자 통일교육의 새로운 방안으로 우리는 인터넷 활용을 적극적으로 추진할 필요가 있다. 통일교육의 새로운 방안인 인터넷의 활용은 대중이 직접 참여함으로써 프로그램 내용의 질적 변화와 방법적 변화의 효과를 가져다 줄 수 있을 것이다. 사이버를 활용한 통일교육은 정보화 시대에 가장 적합한 교육으로 더욱 큰 효과를 가져다 줄 것으로 본다. 즉 인터넷을 통한 통일교육은 수요자 중심의 맞춤형 교육이므로 순기능적 측면을 최대한 이용한다면 어떠한 정보 매체보다도 가장 활용도가 높고 오늘날 이 시대에 부합하는 교육방법 중의 하나일 것이다.

The policy for the South-North Conciliation and Cooperation conducted sin ce the launch of the former president Kim’s administration laid a solid found ation for the systematic development of further exchanges and cooperation b etween two Koreas, and yielded tangible results of eliminating threats to pea ce at the same time. In addition, the current Participatory Government is dri ving forward with the policy for peace and prosperity, which will establish a sound basis for the peaceful Unification by promoting peace and mutual pros perity on the Korean Peninsula, extended from the policy for the South-Nort h Conciliation and Cooperation. In this regard, it is considered that a huge transition is under way for the existing Unification education of unilateral expectations for the Unification th e past. Still, the Korean society is witnessing that a variety of views and o pinions are emerging on the issue of Unification. It is natural, of course, tha t diverse opinions are shared by citizens in a free democracy. But it is surpr ising that there are many who question even the validity of the Unification. This paper aims to integrate people’s awareness about the Unification into unity, and carry out a new method for the Unification education, by making the best use of broadcasting and Internet. As part of new methods of the U nification education, the broadcasting media will serve as a catalyst to make qualitative and methodological changes for the education program by facilitati ng the direct participation by people. I understand that the web-based Unific ation education is the best form for education in a new era of Informatizatio n and telecommunication. As it is a customized education devoted for users, it is my view that it will be the most appropriate educational method with t he highest level of exploitation rather than any other information media.

지식 베이스는 대량의 인적 물적 자원을 투입하고 철저한 설계에 기반하여 구축하여야 하는 부담이 큰 자원이다. 그렇지만, 지식 베이스 없이 다양한 응용 분야와 서비스를 만족시키는 시스템을 구축할 수 없기 때문에 그 중요성을 인정하지 않을 수 없다. 기존의 지식베이스 구축에 있어서 간과했던 것들의 하나는 응용 분야와 서비스를 명확히 하고, 해당분야에 안는 지식 베이스를 선택해야 한다는 것이다. 어휘의미망을 포함하여 시소러스를 범용 또는 여러 분야에서 구축하고 있으나 이들이 어떤 서비스에 도움이 되는지를 확실히 분석하지 못함으로 인해 응용 시스템에서 제 기능을 다하지 못하고 있으며, 온톨로지 또한 근본적으로 분야와 활용 목적에 의존적이어서 이를 고려하여 설계를 하지만 시소러스나 용어 사전과 같은 기본적인 지식 베이스와의 연계를 통한 효율성 재고라는 측면에서 약점을 보여왔다. 본 연구에서는 사용자 질의와 실 데이터간의 어휘 불일치 해소를 위해 시소러스를 설계 구축하고 온톨로지의 사례화 결과인 인스턴스와 연동시킴으로써 연구자 간 협업 지원 서비스를 제공할 수 있는 기반 자원으로서의 지식 베이스 구축에 초점을 둔다.

우리나라는 해운산업의 각종 합리화 조치에 역량을 기울인 결과 선복량 기준으로 세계 6위, 선박수주량에 있어서는 저가수주를 주력으로 하는 중국을 제치고 세계 1위를 기록하고 있다. 이러한 결과는 톤세제도, 선박투자회사제도, 이자지원제도, 환위험담보제도, 수출금융제도 등의 해운지원제도에 의해 크게 좌우된다고 본다. 이러한 지원제도는 직간접적으로 금융과 관련이 있다. 이자지원, 선박투자회사는 직접지원에 해당하고, 톤세제도, 선수금환급보증제도, 수출기반보험제도 등은 간접지원에 해당한다. 본고에서 다루는 수출기반보험제도는 조선, 해운사에 대출한 금융기관의 대출금회수위험을 담보하는 점에서 간접지원제도에 해당한다. 수출보험공사가 운용하는 수출기반보험의 약관에 대해 보험법(상법 보험 편)적 관점에서 볼 때 (1) 용어 및 문장의 표현을 정비하고, (2) 환급보험료의 상한을 100%까지 인정하고, (3) 일부 약관규정(제3장과 제4장)의 순서를 바꾸고, (4) 약관 제19조 3항은 구 상법 상 실효약관과 유사하므로 상법((제650조 제2항)에 따라 개정하는 등의 조치가 필요하다고 본다.

Korea recorded 1 place from vessels order, 6 place from vessels possession in the world. This record brought us shipping expenses curtailment, improvement of income and expenses, security of transport etc. The competitive power of one country is decided in compliance with the support system which that nation is having. This includes tonnage tax, interest support, export support finances, guarantee of exchange rate fluctuation etc. In the meantime Korea is introducing tonnage tax, ship investment company, various export insurances etc. Korea introduced an export-base insurance in recent which protects financial institution making a loan at the marine transport enterprise. But this is having various weak points. (1) The terminology is not clear. For example “Accomplishment of process shouldn't be negligent” of article 10, section 2 of stipulation should be changed with “must accomplish a process”. (2) When the insurance contract becomes invalid, the whole premium should be paid in some cases. (3) The order of provisions of the insured cooperative duty and obligatory violation was reversed. The legislation order must be exchanged. (4) The terminology of insurance stipulation was incomplete. Concretely the name of stipulation 3rd chapter must be changed from “the unremunerative loss” to “the effect of obligatory violation”. (5) Article 3, Section 1 of stipulation should be changed following article 650 section2 of commercial law.

본 연구는 학교-지역사회 연계 장애인평생교육 지원체제의 정착 구조를 마련하여 거점 대학 지정을 통한 장애인평생교육 학교 토대화를 추진하는 데 목적을 두어 실시되었다. 연구 방법은 문헌 분석을 통한 기초 근거 및 배경을 마련한 후 전문가 회의를 병행하는 절차로 구성되었다. 연구 내용은 학교-지역사회 연계 장애인평생교육 지원체제의 정착 구조를 위하여 거점 대학을 선정･지정하여 장애인평생교육의 학교 토대화를 추진할 수 있는 모델과 적용방안이 제시되었다. 현행의 특수학교(급) 및 전공과 중심의 학교에서 지역 유관기관으로의 전환을 통한 성인기 장애인의 사후지원 체제에 대한 문제인식을 개선하는 데 중점을 두어 연구 내용을 다양하게 마련하였다. 연구 결과, 거점 대학 지정을 통한 장애인평생교육 학교 토대화 추진은 장애인을 위한 장기적 성인생활 차원의 교과과정과 평생교육기관 및 전문인력 자격 양성을 실제화한다는 측면이 분석되었다.

The purpose of this study was to establish a structure of the support system for lifelong education for the disabled through the linkage between schools and communities, and to promote the foundation of lifelong education schools for the disabled through the designation of base universities. The research method consists of a procedure of conducting expert meetings after preparing the basic basis and background through literature analysis. The contents of this study are the model and application plan that can promote the foundation of the school for the lifelong education of the disabled by selecting and designating the base university for the settlement structure of the lifelong education support system for the disabled connected with the schools and the community. The study was focused on improving the awareness of the problem of the post-support system of adults with disabilities through the transition from the current special schools and majoring courses to local related organizations. As a result of the study, the promotion of the foundation of lifelong education schools for the disabled through the designation of base universities is analyzed in terms of the long-term adult life curriculum for the disabled, and the practicalization of lifelong education institutions and professional manpower qualifications.

This paper deals with legislative policy issues concerning the legally relevant facts related to USFK base relocation from Dongducheon. Dongducheon has been home to key USFK ground units since the Korean war, and has offered 40.63㎢, or 42.5% of the city's total area, as a land grant to USFK. As a result, the city has developed a particular reliance on its American military personnel, with 17% of its population working in USFK-related industries. Based on 2005 statistics, 243.6 billion Won, or 32.6% of Dongducheon's total production of 746.5 billion Won, was connected to USFK. Given the massive role of American military forces in the formation and function of Dongducheon city, the situations that would arise following base relocation would go beyond simple matters of fact and instead fundamentally legally meaningful events. The city is a public organization with status as administrative agent, and is constitutionally guaranteed its position as a self-governing regional administrative body. Its citizens are constitutionally subjects of fundamental rights. Given this situation, numerous legal issues arise including the constitutional responsibility of the state. The fundamental issue with the Special Law for Support of Regions including those Surrounding USFK Land Grant Areas as a Special Law is that it includes all areas(excluding Pyeongtaek and Kimcheon) related to USFK base relocation within its scope of regulation. This ignores the fact that Special Law can only be enacted when the object of regulation has “special status.” Upon examining the current situation in Dongducheon and individual provisions within the Special Law for Support of Regions including those Surrounding USFK Land Grant Areas, we find that the legislators did not responsibly attend to their regulative tasks. The individual provisions of the current Special Law for Support of Regions including those Surrounding USFK Land Grant Areas do not assume a ‘selective situation’ such as that of Dongducheon City, but rather regulate all regions in a comprehensive manner, failing to establis special limits of effect that exceed those limits that would effectively address the issues arising in the city due to USFK base relocation. The legislative purpose, scope, overall plan, and various special provisions of the law could all be presented as examples of this. Similar issues also arise from the procedural regulations as well. Therefore, given that Dongducheon currently faces a ‘special situation’, most provisions of the current law fail to fulfil normatively required principles such as the mandate for rule of law, and especially legislative legitimacy and the prohibition of under-protection. Of course, we cannot make general statements on the degree of regulation in individual provisions, or the required specificality of the content. This is because the degree of specificality in individual provisions cannot be determined by statistical data, but rather require a deep analysis of the specific intent of legislators concerning individual cases. Moreover, the level of regulation in individual provisions is directly connected to the effects of related measures, and therefore must always be controlled by legal principles. Therefore, given the legal issues that have arisen in Donducheon City concerning the USFK base relocation and other issues that should have been initially predicted, a Special Law for Dongducheon City independent from the current Special Law for Support of Regions including those Surrounding USFK Land Grant Areas should be established.

A series of tests was conducted for full-scale single-pylon asymmetric cable-stayed bridges using a system of multiple shaking tables. The 2-span bridge length was 28 m, and the pylon height was 10.2 m. 4 different base conditions were considered: the fixed condition, RB (rubber bearings), LRB (lead rubber bearings), and HDRB (high damping rubber bearings). Based on investigation of the seismic response, the accelerations and displacements in the axial direction of the isolated bridge were increased compared to non-isolated case. However, the strain of the pylon was decreased, because the major mode of the structure was changed to translation for the axial direction due to the dynamic mass. The response of the cable bridge could differ from the desired response according to the locations and characteristics of the seismic isolator. Therefore, caution is required in the design and prediction in regard to the location and behavior of the seismic isolator.

On November 4, 2008, America chose Barack Obama as the 44th President of the United States. Barack Obama took huge victories over his Republican opponent, John McCain, in terms of the number of states won as well as pledged delegates. Before it got started, many pundits and the media worried that the 2008 election would have been one of the most divisive and fiercest factional war, not much different from the previous Bush-Kerry showdown. Though the failure of Bush administration in domestic and foreign relations is one of the mostly discussed issues during the campaign, factional interests hardly serves as an important factor in the 2008 version. The 2008 election has found its own theme: who can deliver long-overdue change to American politics. Its two major candidates, Barack Obama and John McCain, represent a huge shift from the previous American politics as usual. The Republican nominee, John McCain, has long been viewed as an ‘uncontrollable’ maverick from its party insiders and its core conservatives. Senator McCain’s significant legislative achievement, campaign finance reform is anathema to many conservatives, as was his push for somewhat liberal immigration legislation. Many conservative leaders find McCain’s legislative careers and history distracting and unfaithful, citing that McCain has often leaned to the Democrats’ side on major conflicts and even brokered the bipartisan compromise between two parties. Likewise, Obama distances himself from the stereotypical African-American politicians who often overemphasize the racial divide between whites and non-whites and overuse racial rhetoric to draw minority votes. Obama maintains that racial politics and ‘liberal-conservative’ divide are the country’s two deepest divisions which should be overcome. The presidential campaign of Barack Obama with an emphasis on ‘Hope’ and ‘Change’ could successfully draw a huge support from the young, upscale, and independents previously uninterested in politics.