Earticle

현재 대한민국은 인구절벽 현상에 의한 병역자원의 감소 문제에 직면해 있으며 이에 대응하기 위해 군 구조 개편 및 전력 구조 변화를 추구하고 있다. 육군은 이런 상황 변화에 대한 대응으로 미래 전장을 주도할 드론봇 전투체계의 전력화를 추진하고 있다. 미래의 전장은 지휘통제, 감시정찰, 정밀타격이 결합된 통합 전장 개념으로 전환될 것이며 이러한 변화에 따라 드론봇을 포함한 무인 전투체계가 실전 배치되어, 위험도가 높고 인간이 수행하기 어려운 전투상황에 더욱 광범위하게 적용될 것이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 변화에 대한 대응 방안의 하나로 BDI 아키텍처 기반의 의사 결정 시스템을 가진 자율행동 소프트웨어를 개발하였다. 자율행동 소프트웨어는 다 기종에 대한 적용성 확보를 위해 프레임워크 구조를 적용하였고 대상 무인기를 대대급 감시정찰 무인기로 가정하여 PC기반 환경에서 기능을 검증하였다.

Currently, the Republic of Korea is facing the problem of a decrease in military service resources due to the demographic cliff, and is pursuing military restructuring and changes in the military force structure in order to respond to this. In this situation, the Army is pushing forward the deployment of a drone-bot combat system that will lead the future battlefield. The battlefield of the future will be changed into an integrated battlefield concept that combines command and control, surveillance and reconnaissance, and precision strike. According to these changes, unmanned combat system, including dronebots, will be widely applied to combat situations that are high risk and difficult for humans to perform in actual combat. In this paper, as one of the countermeasures to these changes, autonomous behavior software with a BDI architecture-based decision-making system was developed. The autonomous behavior software applied a framework structure to improve applicability to multiple models. Its function was verified in a PC-based environment by assuming that the target UAV is a battalion-level surveillance and reconnaissance UAV.

본 연구에서는 사회적지지가 청소년이 일상 활동에서 경험하는 의미, 자율적 행동조절 및 정서적웰빙과 어떻게 관련되는지를 구조방정식 모형을 통해 알아보았다. 이를 위해 일반 고등학교 학생258명을 대상으로 일상재구성법(The day reconstruction method; Kahneman, Krueger, Schkada,Schwarz, & Stone, 2004)을 본 연구 목적에 맞게 변형하여 사용하였다. 그 결과, 사회적 지지를높게 지각한 청소년들은 일상에서의 의미경험 또한 높은 경향이 있었고 일상이 의미 있다고 지각할수록 기꺼이 하고 싶어서 자율적으로 행동했다고 보고하였으며 이런 청소년들이 긍정적 정서경험이 높고 부정적 정서경험이 낮았다. 즉, 청소년들이 지각한 사회적 지지는 일상에서의 의미경험과 자율적 행동조절을 매개로 정적정서와 부적정서로 이루어진 정서적 웰빙에 영향을 주었다. 이는 청소년의 정서적 웰빙에 기여하는 몇몇 요인들 간의 구조적 관계를 검증하였다는데 의의가 있으며, 본 연구결과와 관련된 시사점을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of social support on the experience of meaning, the autonomous regulation of behavior and emotional well-being, using transformed the day reconstruction method(DRM; Kahneman, Krueger, Schkada, Schwarz, & Stone, 2004)for the analysis of the adolescents' specific daily life experiences. It is found that social support affects the emotional well-being in daily life of adolescents through the experience of meaning and the autonomous regulation of behavior. In this study, the process that social support affects the emotional well-being is specified by the mediating effects of the experience of meaning and the autonomous regulation of behavior. The implications of this study were discussed.

본 연구에서는 자기결정성이론(Self-determination-Theory)과 Rogers의 인간중심적 접근에 근거하여 모의 양육태도(자율성지지 vs. 조건부 관심)가 자녀의 동기(자율적 vs. 통제적)를 매개로 하여 친사회적 행동에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지 확인해 보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 이론 및 선행연구에 근거한 연구모형을 수립하고 이를 검증하였다. 본 연구에는 대학생 166명이 참여하였으며, 이들은 모의 자율성지지 태도, 조건부 관심 태도(조건부 관심강화 또는 조건부 관심철회), 자율적 동기, 통제적 동기 및 친사회적 행동 경향성을 자기보고식으로 평정하였다. 구조방정식 모형을 통해 연구모형의 적합도와 매개효과를 검증한 결과, 모의 자율성지지 양육태도는 자율적 동기를 매개로 하여 친사회적 행동을 정적으로 예측하였으며, 모의 조건부 관심 양육태도는 통제적 동기를 매개로 하여 자녀의 친사회적 행동을 부적으로 예측하는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구는 모의 자율성지지 양육태도 또는 조건부관심 양육태도와 친사회적 행동 간의 관계를 이해할 때 자율적 동기 또는 통제적 동기와 같은 동기 변인이 함께 고려되어야 할 필요가 있음을 시사한다. 또한 본 연구는 모의 자율성지지 양육태도가 자녀의 자율적 동기 및 친사회적 행동에 미치는 순기능적 역할 및 모의 조건부관심 양육태도가 자녀의 통제적 동기 및 친사회적 행동에 미치는 역기능적 역할을 실증적으로 확인함으로써 양육프로그램 개발에 필요한 정보를 제공할 수 있다는 점에서 연구의 유의미성을 짚어볼 수 있겠다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the structural relations among perceived mother's autonomy support, conditional regard, autonomous motivation and prosocial behavior. This study investigated whether autonomous motivation mediates the otherwise direct effects that perceived mother's autonomy support and conditional regard have on prosocial behavior. One-hundred and sixty six students self-reported their class-specific perceived mother's autonomy support, conditional regard, autonomous motivation and prosocial behavior. Structural analyses showed that autonomy support contributed positively to autonomous motivation while conditional regard(conditional positive regard and conditional negative regard) contributed positively controlled motivation; autonomous motivation in turn contributed positively to prosocial behavior while controlled motivation contributed negatively to prosocial behavior. Test for mediation showed that autonomous motivation mediated the direct effect autonomy support had on prosocial behavior.; while controlled motivation mediated the direct effect conditional regard had prosocial behavior.

본 연구에서는 5요인 마음챙김(Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer & Toney, 2006), 의미부여 및자율적 행동조절이 정서적 웰빙에 미치는 영향에 대한 관계모형을 검증해 보았다. 이를 위해 주부 252명을 대상으로 일상재구성법(The day reconstruction method; Kahneman, Krueger,Schkada, Schwarz, & Stone, 2004)을 사용하여 자료를 수집한 후, 5요인 마음챙김이 일상재구성법으로 측정한 의미부여를 촉진하고 의미부여는 자율적 행동을 통해 정적정서를 촉진하고 부적정서에 부적 영향을 준다는 가설적인 연구모형을 설정하고, 이를 구조방정식 모형을 통해 검증해보았다. 그 결과, 마음챙김 5요인 중 관찰과 자각행위는 의미부여와 자율적 행동조절을 통해 정서적 웰빙에 영향을 주고, 마음챙김 5요인 중 기술과 비자동성은 직접 정서적 웰빙에 영향을 주어본 연구의 가설적 모형이 수용되었다. 본 연구는 마음챙김이 정서적 웰빙에 영향을 주는 과정을의미부여와 자율적 행동조절의 매개를 통해 좀 더 구체화하였고, 일상의 구체적 사건에 대한 경험에 기초한 자료를 다루었다는데 의의가 있다. 본 연구와 관련된 제한점들을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate an interrelational model of the effects of five facet mindfulness(Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer & Toney, 2006), meaning making, and autonomous regulation of behaviors on emotional well-being. A survey based on the day reconstruction method (DRM; Kahneman, Krueger, Schkada, Schwarz, & Stone, 2004) for 252married women was performed. For the data analysis, a hypothetical model was devised that five facet mindfulness facilitates meaning making, the meaning making facilitates positive emotion and mitigates negative emotion through the autonomous regulation of behavior. Finally, the model was verified using structure equation modeling. It is found that the observing and the acting with awareness, among the five facet mindfulness, facilitate an emotional well-being through the meaning making and the autonomous regulation of behavior. On the other hand, the describing and the nonreactivity are found to directly affect the emotional well-being. In this study, the process that the mindfulness affects the emotional well-being is specified by the mediating effects of the meaning making and the autonomous regulation of behavior. It is also notable that survey data were based on the daily experiences of the specific life events. The limitations of this study were discussed.

본 연구에서는 마음챙김이 의미경험, 자율적 행동조절 및 정서적 웰빙에 미치는 영향을 마음챙김 을 유도한 실험연구를 통해 알아보았다. 연구 참여자들은 사전에 마음챙김 훈련을 받은 경험이 없는 80명의 대학생이었다. 마음챙김 집단은 비 판단적이고 개방적인 주의와 알아차림을 유도하 였고 비교집단은 판단적이고 목표지향적인 주의와 알아차림을 유도하였다. 그 결과. 마음챙김 집 단은 비교집단에 비해 의미 있는 과제조건에서 더 높은 의미경험, 자율적 행동조절 및 정서적 웰 빙을 나타내었다. 또한 마음챙김 집단은 의미 있는 과제의 의미 충만함뿐 아니라 의미 없는 과제 의 의미 없음을 잘 알아차렸다. 이는 마음챙김이 의미 있는 과제의 의미경험을 통해 자율적 행동 조절을 촉진하고 궁극적으로 정서적 웰빙을 증진시킨다는 것을 시사한다.

This study examines whether the mindfulness facilitates the experience of meaning, the autonomous regulation of behavior, and the emotional well-being through an experimental study which induces the mindfulness state. The participants were 80 undergraduate students who had no previous training in mindfulness. It is found that the mindfulness group inducing open attention and awareness without judging shows higher experience of meaning, autonomous regulation, and emotional well-being, when compared with a group inducing goal-directed attention and awareness with judging, in a meaningful task condition. In addition to, the mindfulness group noticed the meaninglessness of the meaningless task as well as the meaningfulness of a meaningful task. Results indicate that the mindfulness facilitates the autonomous regulation and enhances the emotional well-being through experience of meaning.

자율주행차량을 신뢰하고 탑승하도록 하기 위해서 자율주행 차량에 탑승하는 이용자를 위 한 고민이 필요해지고 있다. 자율주행 차량 주행 행태에 대한 선호도를 평가하여 이용자의 자 율주행차량 탑승 만족도를 높이는 주행행태를 찾아내고자 한다. 실험환경은 드라이빙 시뮬레 이터에 공격적인 운전과 방어적인 운전 두 가지 자율주행 성향을 구현하고, 체험할 수 있도록 하였다. 탑승시 생체데이터를 수집하고, 탑승 전·후 설문조사를 실시하였다. 운전 습관에 따라 2그룹으로 분류하고, 수집한 생체데이터와 비교 분석하였다. 공격적인 성향의 운전자와 조심 운전 성향의 운전자 모두 자율주행차량의 조심운전 주행행태를 선호하였다.

In order to make autonomous vehicles more trustworthy, it is necessary to focus on the users of autonomous vehicles. By evaluating the preferences for driving behaviors of autonomous vehicles, we aim to identify driving behaviors that increase the acceptance of users in autonomous vehicles. We implemented two driving behaviors, aggressive and cautious, in a driving simulator and allowed users to experience them. Biometric data was collected during the ride, and pre- and post-riding surveys were conducted. Subjects were categorized into two groups based on their driving habits and analyzed against the collected biometric data. Both aggressive and cautious driving subjects preferred the cautious driving behavior of autonomous vehicles.

본 연구는 운동선수에 대한 사회적지지와 자율적지지 코칭행동이 선수의 스포츠자신감에 어떠한 영향이 있는지 를 분석하고, 이러한 관계에서 선수에게 요구되는 그릿이 어떠한 효과가 있는지를 분석하고자 하였다. 또한 운동선수의 운동유형과 운동경력에 따른 사회적지지, 자율적지지 코칭행동, 그릿, 스포츠자신감의 차이를 분석하고자 하였다. 2021 년 6월 1일부터 6월 30일까지 비대면 온라인 조사를 진행하였다. 자료처리는 SPSS Ver. 23.0 통계패키지 프로그램을 이용하여 자료를 처리하였다. 첫째, 운동유형과 운동경력에 따른 사회적지지, 자율적지지 코칭행동, 그릿, 스포츠자신감 의 차이를 규명하였다. 둘째, 사회적지지는 지도자지지와 부모지지가 스포츠자신감에 대한 영향이 있는 것으로 나타났고, 자율적지지 코칭행동은 학업배려와 자율적 훈련이 스포츠자신감에 대한 영향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 사회적지지 와 스포츠자신감의 관계에서 그릿은 지도자지지에 대하여 부분매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 자율적지지 코칭 행동과 스포츠자신감의 관계에서 그릿은 자율적 훈련에 대하여 완전매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구를 통하여 운동선수의 경기력 향상에 도움이 되길 기대한다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of social support and autonomous coaching behavior for athletes on athletes' sports confidence, and to analyze the effect of grit in this relationship. In addition, we tried to analyze the differences according to the type of exercise and exercise experience of athletes. A non-face-to-face online survey was conducted from June 1 to June 30, 2021. Data processing is performed in SPSS Ver. 23.0 Data were processed using the statistical package program. First, the differences between social support, autonomous support coaching behavior, grit, and sports confidence were investigated according to exercise type and athletic experience. Second, as for social support, it was found that leader support and parental support had an effect on sports confidence, and as for autonomous support coaching behavior, academic consideration and autonomous training had an effect on sports confidence. Third, in the relationship between social support and sports confidence, grit was found to have a partial mediating effect on leader support. Also, in the relationship between autonomous support coaching behavior and sports confidence, grit was found to have a fully mediating effect on autonomous training. It is expected that this study will help improve the performance of athletes.

자율주행차(Automated Vehicle, AV)는 주변의 객체와 안전하게 상호작용하면서 주행하도록 설계되었으나, 센서의 성능, 돌발상황에 대한 주행알고리즘의 대응 능력, 도로기하구조 및 시 설, 교통상황, 기상조건 등에 영향을 받아 불안전하게 주행할 수 있다. AV의 안전한 주행을 분석하기 위해, 본 연구는 횡방향 안전성을 평가할 수 있는 지표로 Lateral deviation difference LDD)를 제안하였다. AV가 자율주행 모드(AD mode) 또는 일반 운전자 주행 모드(MD mode)로 도심부 시설을 통과하였을 때 LDD를 비교하고, 통계적 검정을 수행하였다. 분석결과를 3 가지 case로 정리하였다. Case 1은 AD mode일 때 통계적으로 유의미한 주행안전성이 관찰되는 구 간, Case 2는 주행안전성이 개선되나 통계적으로 유의하지 않은 구간, Case 3은 주행안전성이 악화되며 통계적으로도 유의하지 않은 구간이다. Case 2와 3에 해당되는 구간은 각각 회전교차 로와 버스정류장 통과 구간이며, AV의 주행안전성 향상을 위한 대응방안을 제안하였다. 본 연 구에서 제안한 횡방향 안전성 평가 지표와 방법론은 향후 AV 도입을 대비한 주행안전성 개선 필요구간을 찾는 데 활용할 수 있다.

Automated Vehicles (AVs) are designed to interact safely with surrounding objects; however, their responses can be adversely affected by factors such as sensor performance, the responsiveness of driving algorithms to unexpected situations, roadway geometry and facilities, traffic conditions, and weather conditions. To evaluate the lateral driving safety of AVs, this study introduces an assessment metric referred to as the lateral deviation difference (LDD). LDD values in autonomous driving and manual driving modes (AD and MD modes, respectively) were determined when AVs traversed various urban infrastructure sections and compared. Results were classified into three categories: (1) sections where AD mode was significantly safer; (2) sections where AD and MD modes were non-significantly different; and (3) sections where MD mode was significantly better. Cases 2 and 3 corresponded to roundabouts and bus stop zones, respectively, for which countermeasures to enhance AV driving safety are proposed. The proposed LDD metric and evaluation methodology offer a means of identifying road segments that require targeted safety improvements in preparation for the widespread deployment of AVs.

This study looked into how self-consciousness of students participating in autonomous physical activities which the government has been promoted as a solution to reduce and prevent school violence would influence the participants’ self-control and violence behavior. Conclusions that the study had gained from as follows. First, in terms of the effects of the self-consciousness on the self-control, the private self-consciousness factor as in the self-consciousness and the social anxiety factor were observed to have immediate influences, and the private self-consciousness factor and the public self-consciousness factor turned out to affect long-term factors. Second, in regard to the influences of the self-consciousness on the violence, the private self- consciousness factor as in the self-consciousness is related to the harassment factor, the bullying factor, the physical violence factor and the verbal violence factor. The study learned that the public self-consciousness factor has effects on the harassment factor, the physical violence factor and the verbal violence factor. Third, when it comes to how the self-control would affect the violence, the study confirmed that the direct factors of the self-control affect the harassment factor, the bullying factor, the physical violence factor and the verbal violence factor and that the long-term factors have influences on the harassment factor and the bullying factor. The findings presented as above will make this study a basic reference for developing proper instructions and programs in relation to the autonomous physical activities.

본 연구의 목적은 첫째, 대학생들의 창업을 하고자 하는 내적 동기가 창업에 대한 태도, 주관적 규범, 지각된 행동통제에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고, 둘째, 대학생들의 창업에 대한 태도, 주관적 규범, 지각된 행동통제가 창업의도에 미치는 영향을 확인하고, 셋째, 대학생 대상 창업교육이 창업 의도에 미치는 조절효과를 분석하는 것이다. 선행연구를 바탕으로 연구모형과 연구 가설을 설정하였고, 서울과 경기 지역의 대학생들을 대상으로 설문조사를 통해 251부의 설 문응답을 수집하여 SPSS 24와 AMOS 23을 활용하여 실증분석을 하였다. 분석 결과 첫째, 창업을 하고자 하는 내적 동기는 창업에 대한 태도, 주관적 규범, 지각된 행동통제에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 창업에 대한 태도, 주관적 규범, 지각된 행동통제는 모두 창업 의도에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 대학생 대상 창업교육은 창업에 대한 주관적 규범이 창업 의도에 미치는 영향과, 창업에 대한 지각된 행동통제가 창업 의도에 미치는 영향을 각각 정(+)의 방향으로 조절하는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구 결과는 대학생들의 창업 의도를 높일 수 있는 보다 효과적인 교육 정책 수립과 창업교육 및 창업지원 프로그램 기획 방안을 도출하는데 기여하리라 기대한다.

The purpose of this study is first to analyze the effects of university students' autonomous motivations to start a business on their attitude toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, second to analyze the effect of university students' attitude toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on entrepreneurship intentions, and third to analyze the moderating effect of entrepreneurship education for university students on entrepreneurship intention. Based on the previous research, a research model and a research hypothesis were established. 251 questionnaire responses were collected through a survey of university students in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province and empirical analysis was performed using SPSS 24 and AMOS 23. As a result of the analysis, first, the autonomous motivation was found to have a positive effect on attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. In addition, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control all showed a positive effect on entrepreneurship intention. Entrepreneurship education for university students was found to control the effect of subjective norms on entrepreneurship intention and the effect of perceived behavioral control on entrepreneurship intention in the positive direction. The results of this study can contribute to the establishment of more effective educational policies and startup support program planning that can increase the entrepreneurial intention of university students.

본 연구는 자율성을 증진할 수 있는 교육활동을 계획하여 실행하는 것이 유아의 자율행동에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 연구 대상은 대전광역시에 소재한 2개의 공립유치원에 재원중인 만 4세, 만 5세 유아 34명(만 4세 9명, 만 5세 25명)이었다. 실험집단은 17명(만 4세 5명, 만 5세 12명), 통제집단은 17명(만 4세 4명, 만 5세 13명)이었다. 연구 도구는 유아 자율행동을 측정하기 위해 이학선(2007)에 의해 개발된 「유아 자율행동 검사」도구를 사용하였다. 실험집단은 유치원의 일과활동과 관련되며 자율성 요소를 포함하고 있는 자율성 교육활동을 실시하였고, 통제집단은 생활주제에 따른 유치원 교육과정을 적용하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 자율성 증진 교육활동은 등원 및 일과계획에서의 유아 자율행동, 자유선택활동에서의 유아 자율행동, 정리정돈 및 전이에서의 유아 자율행동, 집단활동에서의 유아 자율행동, 평가 및 귀가에서의 유아 자율행동에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the planning & execution of the education activity to autonomous behavior of childhood. The participants were 34 children of 4 or 5 year age(4 age 9 children, 5 age 25 children) of 2 public kindergartens in Daejeon in which 17 children( 4 age 5 children, 5 age 12 children) were selected as experimental group and the other 17 children( 4 age 4 children, 5 age 13 children) were selected as control group. "A Test on Young Children's Autonomy," constructed by Lee(2007), was used to measure participants' autonomous behaviour. Autonomy promotion education activity the contents that can be thought related daly activities of which comprises self determination, self expression, behavior implementation, self evaluation was implemented through Story Sharing Activities, number, game, rhythm, Dramatic Activities, Formative activity, language activity. In this respect, experimental treatment was performed total 16 times, 2 times per week for 8 weeks from May 17, 2011 to Jul 7, 2011 and the data was treated by t-test to examine differences of the groups depending on the study subject. Results of this study were as follows; Autonomy promotion education activity indicated significant statistical difference for young children’s autonomous activity(p< .001). This implies Autonomy promotion education activity provides positive influence to promotion of young children’s autonomous behavior.

본 연구는 동화를 활용하여 만드는 집단게임 활동이 유아 자율행동에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보는 데에 그 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 울산광역시에 소재한 2개의 공립유치원에 재원중인 2학급 만 5세 유아 36명이었다. 연구도구는 유아 자율행동을 측정하기 위해 이학선(2007)에 의해 개발된「유아 자율행동 검사」도구를 사용하였다. 그 결과 실험집단과 통제집단의 자율행동에서 유의한 차이가 나타나 동화를 활용하여 만드는 집단게임 활동이 유아 자율행동에 긍정적인 효과가 있다는 것을 시사한다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of group game activities using fairy tales on the autonomous behavior of young children. The Participants were 36 five-year-old young children attending two different classes of two public kindergartens located in Ulsan Metropolitan City. The experimental group consists of 18 young children (7 boys, 11 girls) of class A at the kindergarten attached to N Elementary School. The control group consists of 18 young children (8 boys, 10 girls) of class B at the Kindergarten attached to B Elementary School.「A Test on Young Children's Autonomy」constructed by Lee(2007) was used to measure the participants' autonomous behaviour. This test comprises 54 items on five daily-activity categories which include arrival and planning, free choice activities, clean-up and transition, group activities, and evaluation and departure. The group game activities using fairy tales were administered to the experimental group, while the general kindergarten curricula in line with daily topics based on Nuri Curriculum Guide for five-year-olds were administered to the control group. The group game activities for experimental treatments had been conducted by the researcher twice a week from May 7, 2012 (Monday) to July 13, 2012 (Friday), totalling 20 sessions. Each session lasted 50 minutes from 10:30 AM during the large group activity time on Thursday and Friday. The results of this study were as follows: The group game activities using fairy tales lead to statistically significant differences in the autonomous behavior of young children(p< .001). This indicates that the group game activities using fairy tales have positive effects on the autonomous behavior of young children.

본 연구의 목적은 유아의 기질 및 어머니의 양육행동과 유아 자율행동과의 관계를 검증해 보고자 한 것이었다. 경상남도 J시와 C시에 재원 중인 만 5세 유아 268명과 그들의 어머니 268명을 대상으로 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 유아의 기질 구성 차원 중 활동성이 유아 자율행동과 부적 상관이 있었다. 성별로는 남아의 경우, 유아 기질 차원 중 활동성 자율행동과 부적 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 여아의 경우, 유아 기질 구성차원과 자율행동 간에 유의한 상관이 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 어머니의 양육행동 하위 요인 중 합리적 지도가 유아 자율행동과 정적 상관이 있었다. 성별로는 남아의 경우, 양육행동 하위 요인 중 한계설정 자율행동과 정적 상관이 있었고, 여아의 경우, 양육행동 하위 요인 중 합리적 지도와 반응성이 자율행동과 정적 상관이 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how children's temperament, and mother's child-rearing behavior are related to young children's autonomous behavior. The subjects of this study are 268 5-year-old young children and their mothers from 26 classes of the public kindergarten located in a city 'S' and 'J' in GyungSangNamDo. The result of this study is like this. First, we examined the correlation between the temperaments and the autonomous behaviors of young children. As the result, the activity, among dimensions that constitute the temperament of young children, had the weak negative correlation with the autonomous behaviors of young children. As the result of examining the correlation between the temperaments and the autonomous behaviors of young children according to the sex, in case of the male children, among dimensions that constitute the temperament of young children, the activity had the weak negative correlation with the autonomous behaviors of young children. In case of the female children, dimensions that constitute the temperament of young children had no meaningful correlation with the autonomous behaviors of young children. Secondly, we examined the correlation between the autonomous behaviors of young children and the mothers' child-rearing behaviors. Reasoning guidance, among the subcategories of child-rearing behaviors, had weak positive correlation with the autonomous behaviors of young children. As the result of examining the correlation between the mothers' child-rearing behaviors and the subcategories of autonomous behaviors of young children according to the sex, in case of the male children, reasoning guidance had weak positive correlation with clean-up and transition. Limit setting, among the subcategories of the mothers' child-rearing behaviors, had weak positive correlation with free-choice activities, clean-up and transition, group activities, and evaluation and departure.

Recently, user behavior simulation for atypical buildings is becoming increasingly important due to social demand. This provides an environment in which users can observe user’s behavior that is easily overlooked in the atypical architectural design process. It is necessary to reproduce social phenomena as well as reaction behaviors in an atypical physical space in order to construct a successful human behavior simulation for an atypical architectural space because the behavior of users in the architectural space entails a social response. Through previous research, ActoViz?which was developed to simulate user behavior in the atypical architecture-improved and human-shaped agents were developed to perform social interactions. ActoViz was evaluated positively in discovering creative problem findings of architects through the interaction between the designed atypical space and the agent in the previous study. However, it has not been revealed how social interaction in the designed atypical space affects creative problem findings. Therefore, this study is intended to examine how the automatic social interaction of agents in the atypical architectural design process affects creative problem findings. For this purpose, experiments and questionnaires were conducted to students in the Department of Architecture studio, and the analysis was performed. 35 undergraduate students participated in this experiment, it was conducted in a simulated human behavior atypical design process and a questionnaire. A paired-sample t-test was used to analyze the survey results. The experimental and questionnaire results found that social behavior simulation was statistically effective in designing a new atypical form, designing various functions, and designing an appropriate atypical form. The results of the experiments and questionnaires found that social behavior simulation was statistically effective in designing a new atypical form, designing various functions, and designing an appropriate atypical form.

The design procedure of atypical building is quite dissimilar from the conventional buildings because the architect must solve more problems than normal. Sometimes, they overlook the human factors which is the one of the most significant standard to evaluate the value of buildings. To solve this problem, simulation technology using virtual human-shaped agent(Virtual User) is recommended. Virtual users’ interactions like a real world in the process of architectural design can help designers come up with new ideas, so the behavior of virtual users significantly influences the design process and results. In other words, the virtual users’ adaptive behavior, which is more natural reaction to architectural geometry, is an significant factor for defining the value of human behavior simulations. In the previous study, the researchers developed a function that enables adaptive behavior by virtual agents in ActoViz. This function was developed to simulate human behavior during the design of atypical architectural spaces. However, the effect of adaptive behavior on the design process and the final design have not yet been investigated. Therefore, the present research aimed to evaluate the effect of virtual users’ autonomous adaptive behavior on creative problem finding during the design process. In this study, 35 students were asked to use ActoViz’s adaptive behavior function when designing an atypical space. The students then responded to a questionnaire about creative problem finding before and after using the function. The result of the survey showed that the adaptive behavior function helped designers create new shapes and identify more functions for their designs. This suggests that the adaptive behavior function helped designers develop new forms. The survey results also indicated that the adaptive behavior function helped designers identify problems in their designs, increasing their self-assurance in the designs’ safety and suitability. This is because the adaptive behavior function expresses the physical situation better than other behavior simulations.

In this paper, we propose a method of designing neural networks using biological inspired developmental and evolutionary concept. The living things are best information processing system in themselves. One individual is developed from a generative cell. And a species of this individual have adapted itself to the environment by evolution. Ontogeny of organism is embodied in cellular automata and phylogeny of species is realized by evolutionary algorithms. The connection among cells is determined by a rule of cellular automata. In order to obtain the best neural networks in the environment, we evolve the arrangement of initial cells. The cell, that is neuron of neural networks, is modeled on chaotic neuron with firing or rest state like biological neuron. A final output of network is measured by frequency of firing state. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified by applying it to navigation problem of robot.