Earticle

The purpose of this study is to classify and categorize architectural design based on precedent analysis of how architectural design is executed, and to lay the foundation for connecting this with the way actual projects are developed and perceived. In general, the classification of how architects approach design is closely related to Western philosophical discourse and artistic trends, and can be divided into two major categories: figurative and abstract. In addition, the approach corresponding to this major classification was supported through precedent analysis of various architectural projects, and specific subclassification was possible according to the type. It was found that each type was closely related to the main performance tool for the development of the project, and furthermore, it was revealed that the type of sense perceived and the form of perceptual conversion were different for each type. Based on the results, it can be used as a basis for judgment to set the final target sensory experience when carrying out an architectural project and to select appropriate implementation tools.

시각화기술 중 하나인 가상현실(Virtual Reality)기술은 뛰어난 몰입감을 제공해 준다는 점 때문에 여러 산업 분야에서 폭넓게 활용되어지고 있는 중이다. 건축분야에서도 프레젠테이션 도구로 사용이 되고 있으며 최근 에는 설계과정에서도 적용하려는 움직임이 점차 확대되고 있다. VR기술이 건축설계와 건축설계교육과정에 활용되 었을 때 여러 관점에서 우수한 결과를 준다는 연구결과가 보고되고 있지만 3D 모델링툴 에서 제작된 디지털모델 과 VR환경 안에서 구현된 디지털모델 사이에 수치적으로 일치하는가에 대해서는 아직 검증된 적이 없다. 따라서 본 연구는 이들 둘 사이의 수치적 신뢰성의 정도를 실험을 통하여 분석하고 건축설계 전공학생들을 위한 교육도 구로써의 적합성을 판단하고자 한다.

As one of visualizing technologies, VR(Virtual Reality) technology is being used broadly in many industrial fields due to its ability to provide users with a great immersive experience. VR in architectural field has been utilized as an excellent presentation tool and increasingly used for a design process itself. There are many research to approve that VR can produce excellent results in many perspectives when it is used in architectural design process and education. However, it has not been approved that there is a numerical reliability between a digital model made in a 3D modeling tool and the same one visualized in VR. Therefore, this study tests whether VR is a proper educational tool for architectural students through a set of tests approving for numerical reliability.

The use of computers in architectural professions has grown with the power of easy data management, increased sophistication of standalone applications, inexpensive hardware, improved speed of processing, use of standard library and tools for communication and collaboration. Recently, there has been a growing interest in distributed CAAD (Computer-Aided Architectural Design) integration due to the needs of direct collaboration among project participants in different locations, and Internet is becoming the optimal tool for collaboration among participants in architectural design and construction projects. The aim of this research is to provide a new paradigm for a CAAD system by combining research on integrated CAAD applications with recent collaboration technologies. To accomplish this research objective, interactive three-dimensional (3D) design tools and applications running on the Web have been developed for an Internet-based distributed CAAD application system, specifically designed to meet the requirements of the architectural design process. To this end, two different scopes of implementation are evaluated: first, global architecture and the functionality of a distributed CAAD system; and, second, the association of an architectural application to the system.

The needs of collaboration among design participants spread in different locations is emphasized in the early design stage in order to not only save time and provide places to meet and talk, but also to save cost for those events as well: This is being realized by the Internet, which helps support a networked, integrated real-time multi-user environment. As the base for collaboration activities moves from physical places to cyberspace, the methods of connecting every participant by means of a computer technology have been desired and considered. This study aims at investigating today's collaboration technology in the architectural design process, especially focused on the early stages, in terms of temporal dimensions. In addition, major concepts for and previous efforts and tools of collaborative design have been examined, and a specific recommendation has been proposed for future development of collaborative architectural design systems: That is distributed collaboration, which is accessible and comprehensible to all the professionals in the building design team, which not only allows the sharing of information but also the sharing of understanding, and which facilitates the development of design tools for different aspects of the envisioned collaborative design environment.

이연구의 목적은 디자인 스튜디오 21을 이용하여 학생수행평가 기준(SPC)에 의한 이해(understanding) and 적용능력(abilities)을 만족하고 창조적인 건축디자인 과정을 알아 보는데 목적이 있다. 본 실험을 진행하기 전 파이롯트(pilot) 프로젝트를 진행한 후, 본 프로젝트에서는 학생을 선정하여 디자인 과정을 분석하여 결과는 아래와 같다.

The purpose of this reaserch is to present a creative design process to be understanding and abilities to require Student Performance Criteria in architecture design by means of Studio 21(Parametric Modeling and BIM). The exponential rise of information technology has made accessible much more information that can be applied to a design. Studio 21 led to the definition of a new studio method that has been named "Studio 21" to differentiate it from 20th century studio methods. From these studies, it appears that alternative design method that employs Studio 21(BIM) is more rigorous, effective, and creative than the traditional method of instructing students with SPC. So this paper explores a creative design process to be understanding and abilities to demand SPC by means of Studio21 through an actual experiment by housing project. The results present a creative design with SPC in the architectural design process.

This study aims to find out how architectural designers applied the design process and what content is applied in the practical process of architectural design in Korea, and to improve it if there is a problem. So the study is carried out by investigating 13 architects(Including one person who wants to keep his work private) with extensive experience in architectural design. The architects were questioned on how and what content the design process was used for their representative works that had been designed. And interviews and field surveys were conducted on other matters to be improved. The survey was conducted from November 2021 to July 2022. According to the conclusion of this study, First, Most architects were applying the design process in the architectural design practice. These are caused by an impact on education, but there was also an aspect of preparation in terms of guidelines such as the Architects Association and storage rights. Second, Although the design process differed in each name and phase, it was generally carried out in the order of the start phase, the planning work phase, the basic design phase, the intermediate design phase, the implementation quarterly, and construction. Third, The step-by-step work of the design process differed slightly depending on the architect, but counseling and contract work were mainly performed at the start-up phase, and field surveys, legal investigations, and case studys were conducted at the planning phase. In the basic design phase, some contents related to architectural programming, basic drawings, images, and models were used as main work contents. In the intermediate design phase, secondary contents such as licensed books and facility facilities were the main tasks. In the implementation design phase, detailed maps and various frost facilities were finally inspected. Since then, construction and supervision have been carried out in the order of progress. Forth, As for the contents to be improved in the future, the architect's ability, the designer's knowledge of the overall architecture, the design supervision system, and the expansion of time for the initial design process were answered.

Architectural design to make a structure form is accomplished by many variables and combination of the point at issue, each interaction, alternative proposal with analysis. For that reason, even though the condition and variable are in case of same. The method and result to solve the problem vary according to the architect. It is also difficult to explain quantitatively and reasonably as well. So, although it is subjective and analysis by an individual view of the architecture. This paper is of use education and communication through a description about design process for a novice and student who study the architectural design.

최근 파라메트릭 디자인은 디지털 테크닉과 컴퓨테이션에 기반을 둔 건축 프로젝트에서 지배적으로 나타나는 형식이 되었다. 파라메트릭 디자인에서 새로운 건축 형태 생성의 잠재력이 반드시 건축 디자인을 위해서 개발된 전통적인 CAD 소프트웨어만을 통해서만 탐구되는 것은 아니다. 원래는 영화나 애니메이션 산업을 위하여 개발된 CGI 소프트웨어들이 파라메트릭 디자인 원리를 구현하는 훌륭한 대안으로 인식되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 파라메트릭 형태 형성 과정에 사용되는 여러 디지털 애니메이션 소프트웨어의 테크닉들이 논의되며, 이 테크닉들이 건축 디자인에 어떻게 영향을 주어 엘레간스의 가치를 실현시키기 위해 도움을 주었는지 분석한다.

Parametric design has become the most dominant style among the most recent architectural projects based on digital techniques and computation. Its potential for generating new architectural form is not always explored by using conventional CAD software intended for architectural design. CGI(Computer-Generated Imagery) Software originally developed for film and animation industry are recognized as a strong alternative way of realizing parametric design principles. In this study, various techniques of digital animation software for parametric form-finding process are discussed and how these techniques influence parametric architectural design to help achieving elegance is analyzed.

This study investigates the potential and limitations of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into architectural design education. Based on studio experiments from 2024 and 2025, AI tools were applied at each design stage in a collective housing project. Student perceptions were analyzed through mixed methods. Findings show that AI supported efficiency in early design phases but revealed limitations in conceptual development, creativity, and expressive representation. Students often needed to reinterpret or reconstruct AI outputs to align with design intentions. AI-generated results often lacked conceptual depth, prompting students to revise them to meet design goals and educational intent. These findings highlight the need to develop educational strategies that help students critically engage with AI-generated content and creatively build upon it within design learning environments.

최근 사람과 제품 사이에 관계성의 중요도가 부각되면서 건축타일의 순수 기능적인 부분에서 감성디자인을 추구하는 방향으로 옮겨지고 있으며 소비자는 본인의 감성에 맞는 상품을 찾고 구매를 결정하는데 있어 감성요인이 중요한 부분을 차지하고 있다. 건축타일의 색에 대한 감성적 특징은 공간별로 적용되는 타일 색의 감성분석으로 찾아낼 수 있으며, 감성키워드는 사용 공간에 따라 다양한 색으로 적용되어 진다. 또한 현재 판매되는 건축타일을 표면디자인의 특성에 따라 집중형, 분산형, 연속형, 전면형으로 분류하고 각 이미지 디자인에 대한 감성적 특징을 찾아내어 디자인에 적용 되는 감성요인을 연구하였다. 감성디자인 프로세스를 기초조사, 감성분석, 디자인개발, 생산의 4단계로 분류한 것은 디자인 개발 단계에서 감성의 중요성을 인식하고 적용하여 현대 소비자 심리에 맞는 디자인 개발에 도움을 주고 타일 프로세서의 정립이 필요하기 때문이다. 현재 감성디자인 제품 생산이 판매 촉진에 영향을 주고 있음을 인식하여 건축타일 생산 업체는 디자인 개발 과정에 감성 요소를 활용하고 있으나 좀 더 구체적인 프로세스 개발이 필요한 시점이다. 이는 감성디자인 프로세스 활용으로 감성도 높은 양질의 건축타일을 생산함으로서 소비자 및 건설업체의 구매촉진이 이루어지도록 노력해야 할 것이다.

Recently, along with emerging importance of the relationships between humans and products, the architectural tile design in its pure functional arena has tended to move toward the direction to pursue the emotional design. And consumers seek the products that will fit into their emotions or aesthetic pleasure, so the emotional factors occupy important position in making a purchase decision. The emotional characteristics in relation to the color of architectural tile can be found by means of the emotion analysis of the tile colors which applied according to space, and the emotional key words will be applied as it is by various colors according to the space being used. The researcher classified the architectural tiles now being sold into ‘Centralized’, ‘Decentralized’, ‘Continuous’, and ‘Front Type’ according to the distinctive features of the surface design of the architectural tile and also investigated those emotional factors that applied to the design by discovering emotional characteristics in relation to each image design. The reason for classifying the emotional design process into four phases; such as ‘Basic Survey’, ‘Emotion Analysis’, ‘Design Development’, and ‘Production’, is to provide a help for design development which will fit into consumer psychology in this modern world recognizing the importance of human emotions in design development phase, and applying it thereto. Architectural tile manufacturers are making use of emotional factors in the process of design development because they know the fact that production of emotional-design products affects sales promotion activities. However, it is the time to develop a more specific process. The industry concern is needed to exert more efforts in order to promote these tile products and also to increase its purchase from consumers and construction firms as well by producing superior quality architectural tiles which are featured with high degree of emotion owing to utilization of emotional design process.

This paper describes an automation of architectural design processes and the direction between this automation and robotic system in building construction using the concept of the object-oriented design in architecture. The research starts from the premise that many computer-aided design systems are mostly aimed at serving as drawing tools which are used only after a design formal solution has already been established by the architect. If the computer is well applied to the architectural design process, many positive things such as standardization of design detail, increasing productivity and collaboration, minimizing construction costs etc. can be done. To support an early design solution in the computer-based environment, the proposed automation was developed and tested in a real building project, using the object-oriented design concept such as product model. This design automation gives various design alternatives from the early design phase to the final stage of design details, according to musical harmony. This paper shows how architectural design process can be automated and how the data of the applied architectural design can be integrated into product model environment, in relation to robotic system in building construction.

Nowadays, research related to the use of deep learning in the construction industry is on the rise. Unfortunately, it is not easy to find tools that directly support architectural design. The ultimate goal of this study was to develop architectural design technology based on deep learning. The developed expert system can learn architectural design using deep learning technology and repeatedly learn the process of evaluating the generated planes by applying the set criteria. As fundamental technology research for deep learning-based expert tool for architectural design process, this study focused on developing the technology to calculate and examine various alternatives of architectural plans. Specifically, a prototype system that automatically generates and examines the architectural plan was developed, and its feasibility was reviewed by an architectural expert. The developed prototype system utilized a physics engine to reproduce the natural planar arrangement process. In addition, for the evaluation of the plane, a technology was developed to set the relationship of each room and to calculate it numerically. To examine the possibility of house design using deep learning, the system was tested based on the floor plan of a typical four-person dwelling, and an in-depth interview was conducted with architects to evaluate the system. With the prototype system developed in this study, it was possible to confirm the possibility of introducing deep learning for the creative architectural design process. The results of this study are intended to provide basis for using deep learning in architectural design.

Creativity is an ever-increasing research area related to fashion design, namely the documentation and dissemination of creative scholarship. The purpose of this project is to apply creative bridge or creative leap theory to the development of an existing designer's garment collection using the creative design process of an architect. A single case study design was used to investigate the phenomenon of design process creative leap using a direct observation. Results indicate the difficult challenge of producing new and individualized silhouettes for the marketability of clothing, it is apparent that new methods of fostering creativity in designers through non-traditional approaches would benefit the education of apparel designers. Through targeted design practice, educators and practitioners can apply the principles of scientific inquiry into design processes to solve a problem, address a challenge, or create based on personal inspirations.

본 연구에서는 국외 설계사무실과 국내 설계사무실의 수행 프로젝트(표1)를 디지털 디자인 프로세스에서의 디지털 도구 활용 사례조사 결과를 일련의 설계 프로세스(기획(Pre-Design), 계획 설계(Schematic Design) 중간설계(Detail Design), 실시설계(Construction Design))를 11개의 설계 단위작업((1)자료수집, (2)도서화작업, (3)의사소통/프레젠테이션, (4)협력업체와의 협업, (5)디자인 실험, (6)디자인분석/유효성 검토, (7)빌딩시스템과 자재선정, (8)자재비교/견적, (9)디자인 발전, (10)RP를 이용한 모델 제작, (11)시공/제작)으로 분류하여(설계프로세스별로 디지털 디자인 툴의 활용 빈도를 조사 분석하는 것은 프로세스별로 중복된 설계 단위작업이 진행됨으로 연구결과의 의미가 잘못 해석될 수 있다.) 그 활용에 대한 유형을 분석하고 이를 바탕으로 설계과정에서의 디지털 디자인 툴의 활용특성을 도출하여 실무설계의 기초자료를 제공하는데 그 목적을 둔다.

In creative design, it is necessary to understand the characteristic of architectural design. In the world of design problem, a distinction can be made between those that are well-defined and those that are ill-defined. Well-defined problems are those for which the ends or goal, are already prescribed and apparent, their solution requires the provision of appropriate means. For ill-defined problems, on the other hand, both the ends and the means of solution are unknown at the outset of the problem solving exercise, at least in their entirety. Most of design problems is ill-defined, which is unknown at the beginning of the problem solving exercise. In order to solve the design problem, Designers take advantage of the search methods of problem space, such as global-search-methods(depth-first-methods, breath-first-methods), local-search-methods(generate and test, heuristics, hill-climbing, reasoning) and visual thinking, which is represented through sketching. Sketching is a real part of design reasoning and it does so through a special kind of visual imagery. Also in the design problem solving it have been an important means of problem exploration and solution generation. By sketching, they represent images held in the mind as well as makes graphic images which help generate mental images of entity that is being designed. The search methods of problem space and a visual thinking have been crucially considered in the architectural design. The purpose of this paper is to explore the property of design by means of the pre-existed-experiment data and literature research. The findings will help design the architectural design for more creative results.

As AEC(architecture, engineering and construction) industry becomes larger and more complex, much information is going into each part and phase. Therefore, the existing building design process has to change and collaboration is emphasized among participants in various fields. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze existing building design process and integrated building design process based on BIM using a IDEF0 methodology. And then, it establishes a desirable domestic integrated building design process application plan focusing on the design phase of domestic cases. As a result of analysis, flowing conclusions are included ; Firstly, problems occur on the existing building design process that are accomplished with focusing on the outcome. It makes much errors because of 2D-based information. Another problems is that collaboration doesn't go on smoothly. But, integrated building design process is accomplished with the collaboration and the coordination which pursues change and perfects cooperation. Secondly, BIM is a process of effecting optimum integrating, re-using information, and expense reduction throughout the life-cycle of a building. Moreover, it establishes a basis for the integrated building design process to build a collaboration system.