Earticle

We analyzed activity patterns of wild boars in Wangpicheon Ecological Landscape Protected Area using trail-camera. According to the data analyses, total 338 valid pictures were collected. Monthly activity analysis of wild boars showed that the wild boar pictures were collected most frequently in August whose 93 pictures were taken. In the analyses of seasons, the wild boar pictures were most frequently taken in summer with 170 pictures of wild boar than the other seasons. According to daily activity of wild boars, pictures of wild boars were frequently taken at both sunrise and sunset time zone, with more pictures taken at sunset than sunset.

I investigated activity pattern of the long-tailed gorals (Naemorhedus caudatus) in Osaek area in Seoraksan National Park using the camera trapping which has been widely used for survey and monitoring of wild mammals. Analysis of the activity patterns of long-tailed gorals showed that the largest number of goral photos were taken at 07:00∼08:00 am near sunrise and 18:00∼19:00 pm near sunset, and the smallest number of goral photos at 12:00∼13:00 pm. The analyzed pictures consist of 1015 moving pictures, 164 feeding pictures, 98 resting pictures. The moving pictures were taken at sunrise and sunset, and feeding or resting pictures were taken between 09:00 and 16:00 and between 21:00 and 05:00. Appearance pattern of individuals was different every month, and the appearance pattern in ridge, slope, and shelter was also different from each other. It indicates that habitat usage pattern of gorals is different according to months and seasons.

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes of gait pattern, muscle activity, and perceived comfort in response to variations of height-elevating insoles (HEIs) in young adults. The subjects of this study were 30 young adults who voluntarily consented to participate in this experiment after listening to its purpose and method. They were di-vided into 3 groups who wore HEIs height (0, 3, and 7 cm). Each group consisted of 10 young adults and wore the HEIs for 4 hr a day. Electro-myographic signals were collected from the tibialis anterior, the gas-trocnemius, the hamstring, and the right and the left erector spinae (ES) before and after walking with the HEI. Gait pattern was measured be-fore and after walking with the HEI. Perceived comfort was measured after a subject wore the insoles for 4 hr. The activities of ES showed significant differences among the three groups. The activity of the left ES was significantly different between groups 1 (0 cm) and 2 (3 cm) and groups 1 and 3 (7 cm). The activity of the right ES was significantly dif-ferent between groups 1 and 3. The left stride length and the left step length showed significant differences between groups 1 and 3. Per-ceived comfort was significantly different among the three groups. As the HEIs increased, the activities of ES were gradually increased and the left step length and stride were decreased. Using of higher HEIs over 4 hr may be occurred excessive activities of the ES, abnormal gait patterns, and perceived discomfort.

본 연구는 신체활동 행동인지 프로그램이 발달장애 청소년의 신체활동 패턴과 모방 인지능력에 미치는 영향을 규명하여, 성장발달 기능 이상으로 인한 신체적 활동에 제약을 받고 있는 발달장애 청소년을 위한 효과적이고 안전한 운동 프로그램 및 적용 방법 개발의 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 주요 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 신체활동 행동인지 프로그램에 따른 신체 활동량의 변화를 분석한 결과, 주중 신체 활동량, 주말 신체 활동량, 총 신체 활동량에서 주 3회 이상 정상적으로 운동 중재 프로그램에 참여한 그룹(OEG)에서 통계적으로 유의하게 향상된 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 신체활동 행동인지 프로그램에 따른 모방 인지기능의 변화를 분석한 결과, 신체 부위, 숫자 표기, 동작, 조작에서 주 3회 이상 정상적으로 운동 중재 프로그램에 참여한 그룹(OEG)에서 통계적으로 유의하게 향상된 것으 로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면, 신체활동 행동인지 프로그램이 발달장애 청소년의 신체활동 패턴과 모방 인지능 력에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

This study was to investigate the effects of physical activity cognitive-behavior program on physical activity pattern and cognitive imitation ability in youth with developmental disabilities. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, youth with developmental disabilities at D, and S local, were selected at random and allocated 33 youth with developmental disabilities each for the Non Exercise group(NEG), Deficient Exercise group(DEG), Over Exercise group(OEG) and measured physical activity pattern and cognitive imitation ability before and after the experiment. The physical activity cognitive-behavior program for 16 weeks. The results of this study were as follows: First, As a result of analyzing the change of physical activity pattern according to physical activity cognitive-behavior program, OEG was significantly improved compared to NEG and DEG. Second, As a result of analyzing the change of cognitive imitation ability according to physical activity cognitive-behavior program, OEG was significantly improved compared to NEG and DEG. As conclusions, this study confirmed that the physical activity cognitive-behavior program on physical activity pattern and cognitive imitation ability distribution in youth with developmental disabilities.

Different thermoregulatory optima may exist even between sympatric species. In this study, we investigated daily activity pattern and thermoregulation in two cohabiting colubrid snakes, diurnal Dione's ratsnake (Elaphe dione) and nocturnal Red-banded snake (Dinodon rufozonatum) which have different observational patterns although their ecological and morphological traits are very similar. To elucidate the daily activity pattern and thermoregulation of the two species, we video-monitored 6 E. dione (♂: 3, ♀: 3) and 6 D. rufozonatum (♂: 3, ♀: 3) in an experimental vivarium between June 10 and 25, 2014. Snake body temperature were simultaneously measured by insertion a temperature hobo into the cloaca to determine the relationship between air and body temperature. Elaphe dione moved throughout a day while D. rufozonatum mainly moved between 8pm-6am, a night time. Dinodon rufozonatum had a higher Te-Tb value (operational environmental temperature - body temperature) as 0.76℃ than 0.65℃ of E. dione. While, the daily average body temperature (24.1℃) of D. rufozonatum was not different with that of E. dione (23.8℃).

본 연구에서는 소리자극에 대한 반응(피드백)과 연관된 정상아동과 자폐성향 아동의 두뇌활성화 차이를 체계적으로 연구하기 위해 청각자극 구분 과제를 수행하도록 하였다. 피험자의 응답에 대한 피드백은 즉각적으로 제시되었고, 형태는 얼굴과 유사한 이미지로 주어졌다. 실험 결과는 다음과 같다. 자폐성향 아동에 비해 정상아동은 우측 뇌섬엽(the right insular cortex), 좌측 하두정엽(inferior parietal), 우측 하전두엽(inferior frontal), 방추상회(fusiform gyrus), 시상(thalamus) 등의 활성화가 우월하게 나타났다. 이 영역들은 행동 제어와 관련되어 있으며, 정보처리 기능도 수행한다. 더불어 운동능력의 계획 등도 이루어지며, 특히 방추상회의 활성화는 얼굴 자극 처리와 관계가 있어 사회적 행동을 시작하는 출발점이 된다. 피드백의 존재여부는 인간과 컴퓨터 상호작용에 중요한 요소가 될 수 있다. 이는 피드백의 존재 자체가 타매체와의 소통 등에 있어 사용자의 행동에 영향을 줄 뿐만 아니라 신경 생리적 활동 변화를 동반하는 것을 의미하는데, 자폐성향 아동들은 그러한 능력에서 정상인들과 차이를 보인다고 볼 수 있다.

In the current fMRI experiment the response to feedback was systematically studied on brain activity while two subject groups(normal and ASD) performed an auditory categorization task. The feedback was given as facial like images immediately. The results show that the following brain areas are dominantly activated by normal subjects compared to ASD group. These areas are the right insular cortex, the left inferior parietal lobule, the right inferior frontal cortex, fusiform gyrus and thalamus. It seems that such areas are related with the action control / planning and specific information processing. The fusiform gyrus activation is strongly related with the reading / processing of facial information, which is necessary for the social behavior. The presence of feedback seems to strongly influence the successful human-computer interactions. It affects not only the behavior of a user but is also accompanied by changes in psychophysiology and neural activity, which seems to be differently processed by ASD compared to normal group.

본 연구의 목적은 우리나라 만 65세 이상 노인의 연령별 신체활동 및 식생활과 정신건강의 관련정도와 영향요인을 파악하여 노인의 정신건강에 긍정적으로 대처할 수 있는 요인을 확인하고, 노인건강프로그램 개발의 기초자료로 활용하기 위함이다. 본 연구는 2015년도 국민건강영양조사결과를 기초자료로 한 이차자료 분석연구이며, 우리나라 만 65세 이상의 노인 1,484명을 대상으로 하였다. 자료분석은 IBM 23 ver. SPSS를 이용하였다. 본 연구 결과 전기노인은 정신건강변수의 세부항목 중에서 우울감과 스트레스 인지가 높았으며. 후기노인은 자살생각이 높았다. 식생활형편은 전기노인보다 후기노인 에서 ‘음식섭취 부족’ 이 높았다. 회귀분석 결과 노인의 식생활 형편, 중강도 신체활동이 노인의 정신건강과 관련성이 있는 것으로 보고되었다. 연구결과를 토대로 세분화된 연령대에 적합한 차별화된 간호중재 프로그램개발이 필요하다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between physical activity, diet and mental health of elderly and to use the study as basic data for a program development for elderly. This was a secondary data analysis study using the 2015 National Health and Nutrition Survey and the study subjects included 1,484 individuals aged 65 and over. The results showed that depression and stress perception in young-old were higher than old-old’s and the suicidal ideation rate of old-old was higher than young-old’s. In case of eating patterns, ‘poor eating’ in old-old was higher than young old’s. Regression analysis showed that middle-intensity physical activity and eating patterns were associated with mental health of the elderly. Based on the results, it is necessary to develop a differentiated nursing intervention program suitable for the elderly by age.

Purpose: The study compared rest-activity rhythm and sleep pattern of elderly with young group. Methods: The subjects were 22 over than 65 years old and 23 under 65 years old. An actigraph, sleep diary, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index scale were used as measurement tools for this study. The data were analyzed with χ^2, Lamda test, t-test and correlation with SPSS 15.0 program. Results: Elderly had lower curve than young group in rest-activity rhythm on each time zone. Specially elderly group had lower rest-activity rhythm curve of 8, 9, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23 time zone than those of young group. Sleep pattern had statistical difference in the total sleep time, PSQI and insomnia. Total sleep time of elderly had lower score and PSQI and Insomnia had higher score than young group. Age had correlation with rest-activity rhythm, sleep efficiency, PSQI and insomnia. Conclusion:Rest-activity rhythm of elderly showed an increase in activity in the early morning because of earlier get up then young group and an decrease in activity in the afternoon because of having a nap at this time. Elderly sleep was that total sleep time increased but sleep efficiency decreased and insomnia intensified more. this sleep pattern related to age and rest-activity rhythm.

연구목적: 발달장애인의 경제활동은 매우 열악한 상황이며 이는 다양한 활동 속에서 배제 되어 사회적인 소외로 인한 인권문제를 발생시키며 사회통합이 불가능해 진다. 이에 본 연구에서는 발달장애인의 경제활동 변화유형을 살펴보고 이러한 경제활동 유형이 발달장애인의 자아존중감과 삶의 만족도에 있어 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보자 한다. 연구방법: 본 연구에서는 장애인고용패널 1차~8차 자료를 활용하여 발달장애인의 경제활동변화유형을 잠재계층성장분석을 통해 확인하고 그 유형과 변인간의 집단 간 차이를 살펴보았으며, 경제활동 변화유형이 삶의 만족도 관계에서 자아존중감이 어떤 역할을 하는지 Smart PLS를 통해 매개효과 검증을 하였다. 연구결과: 경제활동 변화유형은 저참여유지집단과 참여감소집단으로 구분되었다. 그리고 두 집단과 변인 간의 차이를 살펴본 결과 다양한 변인에서 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 확인되었으며, 매개효과 검증을 한 결과 자아존중감은 완전매개변수로 작용하였다. 결론: 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 본 연구의 시사점과 제한점, 후속연구의 방향을 제시하였다.

Purpose: Economic activities in persons with developmental disabilities are in a very poor condition. This makes them excluded from various activities. Accordingly human rights issue is caused by social alienation. And social integration becomes impossible. Hence, this study is intended to examine a changing pattern of economic activity in persons with developmental disabilities and examine what effect this pattern of economic activity has on self-esteem and life satisfaction in persons with developmental disabilities. Method: This study checked a changing pattern of economic activity in persons with developmental disabilities through latent class growth analysis by utilizing data from the 1st~8th Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled and examined the pattern and a difference between variables and between groups, and tested the mediation effect through Smart PLS with regard to what role self-esteem played in relationship between the changing pattern of economic activity and life satisfaction. Results: A changing pattern of economic activity is classified into a low-stable group and a decreasing group. And according to the results of examining a difference between two groups and between variables, it was verified that there was significant difference in diverse variables. Finally, according to the results of testing the mediation effect, self-esteem acted as full mediation variable. Conclusion: The implications and limitations of this study and the direction of follow-up study was shown on the basis of these results of study.

본 연구의 목적은 농구동호인의 만성발목관절불안정성(CAI)에 따른 한발착지패턴의 변화를 확인하고 비교분석 하고자 하였다. 현재 부산광역시에서 레크레이션 농구경기에 참여하고 있는 농구동호인 30명을 대상으로 국제발목협회 에서 제공하는 CAI 표준 선정기준에따라 CAI집단 21명과 CON집단 9명으로 분류하였다. 한발착지패턴을 측정하기 위해 초기접촉 시점 및 무릎관절 최대 굽힘 시점에서 하지정렬과 관절 움직임을 측정하고 초기접촉 시점, 발꿈치접촉 시점 및 무릎관절 최대 굽힘 시점에서 앞정강근, 긴종아리근, 안쪽장딴지근 및 중간볼기근의 활성도를 측정하였다. 그 결과, 집단 간 단일 다리 드롭랜딩 시 하지정렬과 하지 근활성도는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이런 결과는, CAI에 따라 한발착지패턴과 근활성도에 유의한 차이가 없다는 것을 보여주었다. 추후 연구에서는 CAI를 세부적으로 구분하고 경기포지션을 고려하여 움직임의 특성 및 기능적 요구의 차이를 반영해야 할 것으로 생각된다.

This study aimed to identify and to compare the difference the changes of one-leg drop landing pattern depending on chronic ankle instability (CAI) among basketball club members. For 30 basketball club members who are currently participating in recreational basketball games in Busan Metropolitan City, 21 CAI groups and 9 CON groups were classified according to the CAI standards provided by the International Ankle Consortium. The one-leg drop landing pattern was measured with the alignment of the lower extremity and joint movement at the initial contact (IC), and the point of peak knee flexion. In addition, the one-leg drop landing pattern was tested with the muscular activity of tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, medial gastrocnemius and gluteus medius at the initial contact (IC), heel contact (HC), and the point of peak knee flexion. The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference in lower limb alignment and lower limb muscular activity among single leg drop landing. These results showed no significant differences in the one leg drop landing pattern and muscular activity depending on CAI. The further studies should classify the types of chronic ankle instability and consider the physical demands and movement characteristics depending on their playing position for providing useful information on prevention of CAI in basketball club members.

The purpose of this article is to describe the views that teachers are interested in the pattern drill and the task activity as a teaching method of Korean grammar. For this purpose we investigated the aspects of appling the two methods in Korean classroom by means of a survey on the scene of teachers. In Korean grammar education, traditional grammar-translation and audio-lingual method which have the teacher-centered and result-centered attitudes are put to practical use widely. And traditional pattern drill and input enhancement are used widely as a teaching technique of Korean classroom. But the task activity is not applied to the face of awareness of the effectiveness and practical application. In conclusion, according to the survey analysis, the pattern drill is applied more widely than the task activity, teachers’ preference and the educational conditions of applying the task activity fall below the average. These aspects reflect the problems of the structure of textbooks and the curriculum of the institutions which are restricted by time and space. Korean is very complex language for foreign students because of agglutinative morphs, but the monotonous teaching methods are applicated in a lot of classes of Korean grammar. Consequently, it is necessary to merge the pattern drill and the task activity eclectically and yield a synergetic and meaningful result in Korean grammar education.

The purposes of this study were to examine the pattern of housewives’social activity participation and investigate the characteristics of this pattern. The data of this study were collected from 340 housewives living in Seoul area. Statistical methods used were frequency, percentage, oneway ANOVA, DMR-test, and cluster analysis. The results of this study were as follows; 1) 52.6% of respondents participated in social education, only 20.8％ in volunteer work. And a large number of housewives(77.6% of respondents) wanted to get a job. 2) Housewives were classified into job-demand group, job-apathy group and social activity oriented group by the pattern of social activity participation. And these groups were differed by Age, income, degree of satisfaction as a housewife, time constraints, and money constraints.

본 연구는 교사의 관점에서 교육활동 침해의 양상과 대응 과정, 교직 생활의 변화와 회복과정을 질적 사례연구 방법을 통해 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 분석 결과, 교사들은 학생들로부터 수업 방해나 성희롱, 욕설 등 다양한 양상의 교육활동 침해를 경험하였으며, 학부모로부터의 침해는 악성 민원, 아동학대 무고 신고 등 주로 2차 가해까지 이어지는 양상을 보였다. 다음으로, 교사들의 교육활동 침해 대응 및 해결 과정에 있어서는 ‘교육활동 침해 관련제도 활용’의 어려움, 그리고 ‘교육활동 침해 관련 제도의 실효성’, ‘교육활동 침해 사안에 대한 관리자의 대응’, ‘동료 교사로부터의 2차 가해’ 등의 문제점을 공통적으로 경험하고 있었다. 마지막으로, 교육활동 침해 이후에는 ‘고된 시간 속에서 변화하는 교직관’을 경험하는 한편, 학교 분위기, 복잡한 절차, 비밀보장에 대한 의구심 등으로 인한 ‘회복과정 지원 제도의실효성’을 지적하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고, ‘교육 현장이 조금이라도 좋아질 수 있으면’ 좋겠다는 마음가짐을 바탕으로 교육활동 침해 교사에 대한 도움의 의지를 보이면서 결국 ‘회복에서 극복’에 이르고 있었다. 연구결과를 통해, 교육활동 침해가 교육활동 침해 대응 및 해결과정에 대한 지원 강화, 교육활동 침해 회복 제도의 개선 필요성 등을 시사점으로 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the pattern and response process of infringement of educational activities from the perspective of teachers, and the process of change and recovery in teaching life through qualitative case studies. As a result of the analysis, teachers experienced various forms of infringement of educational activities such as class interference, sexual harassment, and abusive language from students, and infringement from parents mainly led to secondary abuse such as malicious complaints and false reports of child abuse. Next, in the process of responding and resolving teachers' infringement of educational activities, problems such as 'using the system related to infringement of educational activities', 'effectiveness of the system related to infringement of educational activities', 'management response to infringement of educational activities', and 'secondary abuse from fellow teachers' were experiencing in common. Finally, after the infringement of educational activities, they experienced 'a changing teaching officer within a difficult time' while pointing out the 'effectiveness of the recovery process support system' due to the school atmosphere, complex procedures, and doubts about confidentiality. Nevertheless, based on the mindset that 'I wish the educational field could be improved even a little', they showed a willingness to help teachers who violated educational activities, eventually leading to 'overcoming from recovery'. Through the results of the study, the need to strengthen support for the process of responding and resolving educational activity infringement and the need to improve the education activity infringement recovery system was presented as implications.

Bed Activity Monitoring System (BAMS) monitors and assess the mobility of people on a bed. This is a useful and critical application for patients with mobility issues after stroke or traumatic brain injury. The system is based on processing of data collected from a piezoelectric pressure sensor for discriminating mobility patterns. There are four different types of motion that were simulated by non-patient volunteers and data was collected. In this paper, two methods were used to extract feature parameters (autoregressive and cepstral coefficients) from the acquired data. Two classification algorithms, Euclidean Distance Measure (EDM) and Weighted Distance Measure (WDM) were used to classify and discriminate the mobility patterns of normal person (healthy subject) from people with mobility issues (patient subjects). Experimental result shows that the recognition rate using cepstral parameters was more effective compare to autoregressive parameters.

Purpose: This study compared and analyzed the effect of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) arm extension pattern and leg flexion pattern on the contralateral lower extremity muscles when the patterns were applied to the same subject. Methods: In the study, 35 healthy men and women who understood the PNF patterns were selected as participants. The participants completed the PNF arm extension-abduction-internal rotation pattern and leg flexion- adduction-external rotation with knee flexion pattern in the supine position. While the patients’ completed each pattern, the contralateral leg muscle activity was measured to examine the irradiation effect. The maximum isometric contraction time of the muscles to be measured was kept for 5 seconds, and the mean value was obtained by repeating the pattern three times. Results: When the leg flexion-adduction-external rotation with knee flexion pattern was completed, the muscle activity in the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius of the contralateral lower extremity was significantly greater than that found in the PNF arm extension-abduction-internal rotation pattern. Conclusion: The PNF leg flexion pattern showed greater muscle activity on the contralateral lower extremity than the arm extension pattern. Thus, the PNF leg extension pattern is more effective in the activation of the muscles associated with weight-bearing activity.