Earticle

이 증례는 알코올 중독증을 앓은 병력을 가졌으나 간 기능에 특이한 증후가 없던 환자가, 지역 사회 획득성 폐렴으로부터 유발된 중증 패혈증 치료를 받기 위해서 linezolid, moxifloxacin 과 함께 aztreonam을 초회 정맥주사 맞은 후, 아주 높은 수치의 alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 혈중 농도가 검출된 경우이다. 후속 치료에서 상기 3가지 항생제 대신 vancomycin과 ceftazidime을 주사했더니, ALT/AST가 빠르게 정상화됨이 관찰되었다. 이 증례 보고는 linzolid, moxifloxacin과 aztreonam을 함께 사용할 경우, 각별한 주의 관찰이 필요하며, 알코올 중독증을 앓은 병력을 가진 환자에게 투여 시 특별한 주의와 함께 AST/ALT혈중 수치를 검사토록 권하기 위한 것이다.

이 증례는 드물게 보는 경우로 simvastatin과 gemfibrozil을 오랫동안 함께 복용했음에도, 특이한 문제가 발현되지 않았지만, 이들을 warfarin와 함께 치료하는 경우, 아주 높은 alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST) 혈중 농도, rhabdomyolysis, 급성 신장 장애가 발생하였다. 그 후, Simvastatin와 gemfibrozil을 복용 중단시켰더니, ALT/AST는 빠르게 정상수치로 돌아온 경우이다. 이 증례 보고서는 의료인들에게 simvastatin과 gemfibrozil을 함께 혹은 따로 warfarin과 함께 복용시켜 치료할 경우, creatine phosphokinase (CPK) 와 creatinine 혈중 수치들을 포함하여 ALT/AST 농도들을 주의 깊게 모니터하도록 경각심을 주고자 한다.

Summary: We report the first hepatic adverse effect of tosufloxacin tosylate in a muscle invasive bladder cancer patient with normal liver functions and with scheduling to undergo a surgical operation for a neobladder. Tosufloxacin tosylate 150 mg was administered to a 57-year-old man who maintained transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-BT) postoperative multiple medications. His labs presented significant increases in alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) levels with 2-week compliance of 150 mg tablet three times a day. After discontinuing tosufloxacin tosylate, the levels slowly decreased and completely returned to normal ranges without any intervention in a few weeks. The Naranjo Causality Algorithm indicates a probable relationship between increased ALT and tosufloxacin. The patient was to have the second surgical operation as scheduled after getting normal range of ATL level. Therefore, tosufloxacin should be avoided in patients at risk for having liver dysfunctions or diseases if the patients have a schedule for any operation. Background: Tosufloxacin tosylate has been shown to have favorable benefits as an antibiotic. Tosufloxacin tosylate may be considered to have the adverse effects such as nauseas, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, stomatitis, tendonitis, tendon rupture, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, insomnia, weakness, agitation including hemolysis in the event of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency as other fluoroquinolones. More severe adverse reactions of tosufloxacin tosylate over the above common adverse effects of fluoroquinolones were thrombocytopenia and nephritis. It also is not well known that tosufloxacin can cause hepatic problem. Here the study reports the first hepatic reaction from tosufloxacin and might arouse heath care providers' attention to appropriate drug choice for patients.

아리랑선무 댄스 전후의 간 기능, 콜레스테롤, 혈당 등에 미치는 효과를 비교분석하는 것이 본연구의 목적이었 다. 연구대상자는 13명이었으며, 혈액 검사 데이터는 통계분석을 하였다. 실험군의 간 기능 검사수치 중에서 aspartate aminotransferase (AST)는 실험군이 -0.25 U/l 감소, alkaline phosphatase (ALP)는 실험군이 3.3% 감소, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 실험군은 0.38 U/l 증가, γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT)는 실험군이 0.63 U/l 증가, 빌리루빈은 실험군은 0.138 mg/dl 증가, ALB는 실험군은 0.05 mg/dl 증가되었으며, 유의성은 없었다. Fe는 실험군에서 영향이 없 었다. 참고치 범위 내에서 변화가 있었다. 실험군의 총콜레스테롤 수치는 영향이 없었다. 중성지방은 실험군은 -5.43 mg/dl 이 감소, 실험군의 LDL는 -1.0 mg/dl 로 감소하였으나 모두 유의성이 없었다. HDL은 실험군은 8.71 mg/dl 증가 하여 유의성이 있었다. 크레아티닌의 수치는 실험군은 -0.029 mg/dl 로 감소, BUN은 실험군은 -0.129 mg/dl 로 감소하 였으나 모두 유의성이 없었다. 공복혈당 수치의 증가는 대조군 보다 실험군(0.13 mg/dl)이 32배 낮았고, eAG현재의 혈 당은 대조군의 평균은 3.6 mg/dl, 실험군은 1.13 mg/dl로 낮았으나 유의성이 없었다. 당화혈색소 HbA1c(NGSP)는 대 조군은 증가, 실험군은 -0.05 mg/dl 감소하였다. HbA1c (IFCC)는 평균은 실험군은 0.13 mmol/ml로 대조군보다 1.475 mmol/ml이 감소하였으나 유의성은 없었다. 요산의 수치는 실험군이 증가율이 0.31 mg/dl이 낮았으며, 혈중탄산가스 양은 대조군의 평균은 -2.26 mmol/ml 이었고 실험군은 0.96 mmol/ml 로 증가하였으나 유의성이 없었다. 이상의 결과 에서 보면 아리랑선무 수련과 노래를 부르는 것이 인체에 미치는 효과가 매우 높았다. 아리랑 선무와 소리수련을 자연 치유적 건강의 도구로 활용한 가치가 있음을 시사하고 있다.

This study was to investigate effects of ‘Arirang Taoist Dancing’ on liver functions, temperature, red blood cell, white blood cell and lipid test through blood test with 13 subjects. The effects before and after training Arirang Taoist dance were analyzed statistically. In the test group, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was decreased by - 0.25 U/l, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) by 3.3% while alanine aminotransferase (ALT) being increased by 0.38 U/l, •„-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) by 0.63 U/l, bilirubin by 0.138 mg/dl, and ALB by 0.05 mg/dl, all without significance. There was no change in Fe, only with a minor change within the reference range. There was no change in the total cholesterol. neutral lipids were decreased by -5.43 mg/dl in the test group and low density lipoprotein (LDL) by -1.0 mg/dl, however, all without significance. High density lipoprotein (HDL) was increased by 8.71 mg/dl in the test group with statistical significance. Creatinine was decreased by -0.029 mg/dl in the test group and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) by -0.129 mg/dl, however, all without significance. The increase in the fasting blood glucose was 32 times lower in the test group (0.13 mg/dl) when compared to the control group. The average current glucose was lower in the test group (1.13 mg/dl) when compared to the control group (3.6 mg/dl), however, without significance. Glycosylated HbA1c (NGSP) was increased in the control group and decreased in the test group by -0.05 mg/dl. The average HbA1c (IFCC) was 0.13 mmol/ml in the test group which is 1.475 mmol/ml less than the one in the control group, however, without significance. The increase rate of uric acid was lower in the test group by 0.31 mg/dl while the average blood carbon dioxide being increased in the test group by 0.96 mmol/ml compared to the one in the control group which was decreased by -2.26 mmol/ml, however, all without significance. In conclusion, Arirang Taoist Dancing and singing affected metabolism so highly. This result implies that Arirang dance and sound training are as worthy of using as natural-healing tools for health. The researcher hopes that Arirang will be developed continuously, and healing of traditional arirang will contribute the health promotion and welfare improvement as one field of natural healing.

본 연구는 단기와 장기간의 커피 관장이 간 기능검사, 혈당과 요산 수치에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것이 목적이 었다. 임상은 2그룹으로 나누었다. A군은 단기간의 커피관장 그룹으로 5주간 20회를 수행한 8명의 대상자를, B군은 2 인을 대상자로 2년간 커피관장을 한 대상로 임상을 하였고, 혈액을 채취하여 생화학적 변화를 조사하였다. 간 기능 검 사수치에서 A군의 실험군은 총 단백질(TP), 총 빌리루빈(TB), 알부민(Alb), 글로불린(Glob)은 감소하였고, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT)는 증가하였다. B군 대조군은 전후 평균 차이가 대부분 증가하였다. B군의 실험군은 TP, Alb, globulin(Glob), AST, ALT, GGT는 감소를 보였고, TB는 중가를 보였다(Table 2). 실험 후 실험군은 수치가 개선됨을 보였으나, 대조군은 수치가 계속 증가됨을 보였으나 모두 통계적으로 유의성은 없었다. 혈당 검사 수치는 A군은 전후 차 평균치는 실험군에는 0.17 mg/dl 증가하여 차이를 보였다. B군의 혈당 검사 수치는 실험군에서 감소하였다. 장기간의 커피 관장이 당의 수 치를 저하시키는 결과를 나타냈으나, 통계적으로 유의성은 없었다. 혈중요소질소(BUN)수치는 A군과 B군의 실험군 에서는 대조군에 비해서 감소를 하였으나 유의성은 없었다. Creatinine은 검사 수치는 A군 실험군 대상자는 감소하였 다. 전후 차 평균치는 대조군 0.6 mg/dl, 실험군은 0.4 mg/dl 감소하였다. B군은 Cr의 전후 차이 평균치는 실험군은 0.04 mg/dl로 증가하였다. 요산(uric Acid) 수치는 A군 검사수치는 전후 차에서 대조군 0.25 mg/dl 증가하였고, 실험군은 0.53 mg/dl 감소하여 높은 차이를 보였으며, 유의성이 있었다. B군의 요산 검사수치는 실험군은 높은 감소치를 유의성 이 있었다. 요산수치는 장기간의 커피 관장에서 더 높게 감소를 보였다. Ca 검사 수치는 A군 실험군에서는 전후 차이 평균치는 대조군은 변화가 없었고, 실험군은 0.32 mg/dl 감소하였으나 유의성은 없었다. B군은 전후 차이 평균치는 실 험군에서 증가하였다. 갑상선 기능에 관련된 수치에서 실험군에서는 T3은 증가를 하였고, 실험군에서는 Free T와 thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 수치는 높은 수치로 감소를 보였으나 유의성은 없었다. 장기간의 관장은 호르몬 수 치에도 영향을 주는 것으로 판단된다. 위의 변화치는 참고치 범위를 벗어나지는 아니하였다. 커피관장 요법으로 신체 생리에 다양한 변화를 주었으며, 혈액의개선과 건강 유지를 위하여 자연치유요법으로서유용할 것으로 보인다.

The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of coffee enema therapy on the examined values of liver functions and blood glucose and uric acid by total blood tests before and after the treatment of coffee enema. The study included the group A of 8 clinical subjects, and the group B of a couple in cohabitation. The control group in the group A had 10 times of enema by normal saline during 5 weeks while the test group having 20 times of enema by coffee during the same period. The blood samples of the group A were collected 2 times, before and after the treatment. The test group of the group B have continued coffee enema 2 times per week for 2 years to be compared to the control group. In the liver function test, the test group of group A showed decrease in the total protein(TP), total bilirubin(TB), albumin(Alb) and globulin(Glob), while increase in the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT). The test group of group B showed decrease in the TP, Alb, Glob, AST, ALT, GGT, while increase in the TB. The test group showed high improvements after the treatment in the longterm therapy. The glucose test showed increase in the blood glucose in the test groups of group A, while decrease in the glucose in the test group of group B. However the values were not significant. The uric acid has increased in the control group and decreased in the test group both in the group A and B. The uric acid test has shown more decrease in the test group of group B. The average change before and after the treatment was an increase by 0.25 mg/dl in the control group and a decrease by -0.53 mg/dl in the test group to show opposite results. In the group B, the average change before and after the treatment was an increase by 0.47 mg/dl in the control group and a decrease by -0.13 mg/dl in the test group. Both the decrease in the group A and B showed statistical significance. The blood urea nitrogen( BUN) has decreased in the test group of group A and B. The creatinine has decreased in the test group A, however increased in the test group of group B. The calcium has increased in the test group of the group B. In the thyroid functions, the free T and thyroid stimulating hormone have high decreased in the test group of the group B. The coffee enema therapy showed more improvements after the treatment in the longterm therapy. Coffee enema is considered to be beneficial for the improvement of liver functions, glucose metabolism and uric acid, and maintenance of health as a natural therapy.

Hypertension is treated with both lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-7), published in 2003, provides a streamlined management approach to hypertension for the primary care physician. The JNC-7 is the gold standard also in Korea. According to the JNC-7, special therapeutic considerations are recommended for high-risk individuals with compelling indications. The presence of compelling indications in any given patient should be considered when selecting specific pharmacotherapy to treat hypertension. However, in patients with compelling indications, it is unknown that hepatotoxicity is caused by Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB), one of 1st anti-hypertensive drugs. Now, the CCB is the most used 1st anti-hypertensive drug in Korea Therefore, we evaluated the changes in blood liver function parameters (ALT, AST, Total bilirubin, serum albumin for the study group. Methods : We randomly collected and retrospectively analyzed Electronic Medical Record data (n=28,788) of patients, and who took calcium channel blockers( non-dihydropyridines; diltiazem, verapamil, dihydropyridines; amlodipine, barnidipine, benidipine, clinidipine, efonidipine, felodipine, isradipine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nimodipine), with having liver function tests (LFTs) from July 1st 2009 to June 30th 2010 at the Seoul National University Hospital in Korea. Control groups are two antihypertensive agents: RAS blockade (ARB; candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan, valsartan, ACE-I; cilazapril, enalapril, fosinopril, imidapril, perindopril, ramipril) and, Diuretics (loop; furosemide, torsemide, thiazide; hydrochlorothiazide[HCTZ], indapamide). Patients not having LFT results at these three standard points of time(baseline, during, medication, and after finishing medication) were excluded. The collected data were analyzed by using the SPSS (Version12.0) and Microsoft Excel (Version2007). Results : 711 patients who were treated CCB (297), RAS blockade (232) or Diuretics (182) monotherapy were selected for the study. In selected patients, liver damage degree(changes of each LFTs value) was higher in diuretics group than other groups, followed by RAS blockade and CCB. In diuretics group’s was loop-diuretics group was higher than thiazide-diuretics group. In CCB group, Nondihydropyridine- CCB’s damage degree was higher than Dihydropyrine-CCB’s that. Conclusions : Despite the limitations due to the retrospective study, among patients with abnormal LFTs, the use of CCBs led to a less liver damage than other 1st anti-hypertensive agents. It can be recommended CCBs as one of the initial treatments of hypertension in patients with liver disease.

커피관장이 인체생리대사에 미치는 연구를 수행하였다. 커피관장이 실험군에서는 비만증, 복부둘레 증가에 억제적인 효과 있었으며, 체질량지수, 혈압은 정상범위 내의 변화를 보였다. 커피관장이 시력 향상에 약간은 기여하였다. 혈액응고에 관여하는 물질의 변화에 큰 영향이 없었다. WBC, RBC, Hct와 PLT는 실험군에서는 모두 감소를 하였으며, MCV, MCH와 MCHC는 모두에서 증가를 보였다. 실험군에서는 호중구는 감소를 보였으나 림프구는 증가하였다. 총 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, HDL콜레스테롤, LDL콜레스테롤은 실험군은 감소를 보여 커피 관장요법이 지질대사에 높게 작용하였다. 간 기능의 검사에서는 Total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, γ-GTP, globulin은 실험군은 감소하였으나, AST(GOT)와 ALT(GPT)은 약간 증가하였다. 실험군은 포도당 당화혈색소는 감소하였다. 신장 기능은 정상이었다. 요산은 크게 변화가 없었다. 철 결합능, Na은 실험군은 감소하였고, Cl(염소)은 감소하였다. 갑상선 검사에서는 T3는 실험군이 3.7배 증가하였고, 미세소체 항체는 36배 감소를 하였고, Free T는 2배 증가하여 커피관장이 갑상선의 기능에 미치는 영향이 높았다. AFP는 실험군은 3배 증가하였고, CA-125는 0.9 U/ml 감소, 그리고 칼시토닌은 0.3 pg/ml 증가하여 암표지자 검사는 정상이었다. 에스트라디올은 실험군이 76 pg/ml, 난포자극호르몬은 2.8 mlU/ml 증가하여 커피기관장이 여성호르몬 생산의 증가를 촉진하는 것으로 보였다. 남성 호르몬은 0.42 ng/ml 증가하였다. 면역기능에는 변화를 주지 않는 것으로 나타내었다. 폐, 유방, 흉부 x선 촬영, 위내시경과 상 복부 및 골밀도 초음파검사에서 특이한 증상의 변화를 보이지 아니하였다. 결론적으로 커피관장요법이 지질의 감소, 혈구 수의 변화, 콜레스테롤의 감소, 갑상선 기능의 항진 효과, 성호르몬의 증진 효과를 보여 요법으로서의 가능성을 보였다.

The purpose of this study is to find out the physiological effect of coffee enema. The study subject was one person, the comprehensive influence on whom was checked through the medical examination and the blood test. In the medical examination, there were some effects to repress the fatness and the increase abdomen size. The body mass index and the blood pressure were kept in the normal range. It seems that the coffee enema had a little contribution to the improvement of eyesight. There was little effect in the change of material related to the blood congelation. WBC, RBC, Hct and PLT all showed the decrease and MCV, MCH and MCHC all showed the increase in the test group. Neutrophilic leukocytes and lymphocytes increased but eosinophilic leukocytes and monocytes decreased in the test group. In relation to lipidemia, total cholesterol, neutral fat, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol decreased in the test group, showing that the coffee enema therapy has the high influence on the lipid metabolism. Total cholesterol increased in the reference group by 2 mg/l but decreased in the test group about 10 times by 21 mg/l. While the neutral fat increased in the reference group by 52 mg/dl, it decreased in the test group by 8 mg/dl. If the increase in the reference group is inversely calculated, the decrease is about 7 times. The change of HDL cholesterol lies in the normal range, but the decrease of LDL cholesterol in the test group was fairly high by 10 mg/dl, which seems an influence of coffee enema. In the liver function test, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, γ-GTP and globulin decreased in the test group. AST(GOT) and ALT(GPT) increased in the test group. Neutrophilic leukocytes, basophilic leukocytes and lymphocytes increased in both of reference and test groups. Eosinophilic leukocytes increased in the test group. And monocytes decreased in both of reference and test groups. Neutrophilic leukocytes, basophilic leukocytes and lymphocytes increased in both groups, but the increase in the test group was lower than that in the reference group. Eosinophilic leukocytes decreased in the reference group and increased in the test group. And monocytes decreased in both of reference and test groups. In the test of glucosuria, the glucose decreased in the test group; HbA1c decreased in the test group. It was normal in the kidney function test. In the test related with gout, there was no great change of uric acid. In the anemia test, the iron binding capacity and Na+ decreased in the test group; Fe and Cl(chloride) decreased in the test group. In the thyroid gland test, T3 increased 3.7 times in the test group; the microsomal antibody decreased 36 times; the free T increased 3 times. It shows that the coffee enema had a great influence in the function of thyroid gland. AFP, CA-125 and calcitonin tumor marker test was normal. The estradiol increased in the test group by 76 pg/ml and FSH increased by 2.8 mlU/ml. The male hormone increased by 0.42 ng/ml. The coffee enema seems to promote the generation of female hormone and the increase of male hormone. The coffee enema therapy turned out not to work highly on the immune function. This therapy seems to have an effect on increasing the production of female hormone, but the width of change was no higher than the normal range of reference value. And there was no special change of symptom in the X-ray scanning of lung, breast and chest, the gastroscope and the ultrasonic test of upper stomach and bone density.

Objective To evaluate the reliability and validity of Korean version of AST (K-AST) as a bedside screening test of apraxia in patients with stroke for early and reliable detection.Methods AST was translated into Korean, and the translated version received authorization from the author of AST. The performances of K-AST in 26 patients (21 males, 5 females; mean age 65.42±17.31 years) with stroke (23 ischemic, 3 hemorrhagic) were videotaped. To test the reliability and validity of K-AST, the recorded performances were assessed by two physiatrists and two occupational therapists twice at a 1-week interval. The patient performances at admission in Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), self-care and transfer categories of Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and motor praxis area of Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment, the second edition (LOTCA-II) were also evaluated. Scores of motor praxis area of LOTCA-II was used to assess the validity of K-AST.Results Inter-rater reliabilities were 0.983 (p<0.001) at the first assessment and 0.982 (p<0.001) at the second assessment. For intra-rater (test-retest) reliabilities, the values of four raters were 0.978 (p<0.001), 0.957 (p<0.001), 0.987 (p<0.001), and 0.977 (p<0.001). K-AST showed significant correlation (r=0.758, p<0.001) with motor praxis area of LOTCA-II test. K-AST also showed positive correlations with the total FIM score (r=0.694, p<0.001), the self-care category of FIM (r=0.705, p<0.001) and the transfer category of FIM (r=653, p<0.001).Conclusion K-AST is a reliable and valid test for bedside screening of apraxia.

With the exponential growth of satellite data utilization, machine learning has become pivotal in enhancing innovation and cybersecurity in satellite systems. This paper investigates the role of machine learning techniques in identifying and mitigating vulnerabilities and code smells within satellite software. We explore satellite system architecture and survey applications like vulnerability analysis, source code refactoring, and security flaw detection, emphasizing feature extraction methodologies such as Abstract Syntax Trees (AST) and Control Flow Graphs (CFG). We present practical examples of feature extraction and training models using machine learning techniques like Random Forests, Support Vector Machines, and Gradient Boosting. Additionally, we review open-access satellite datasets and address prevalent code smells through systematic refactoring solutions. By integrating continuous code review and refactoring into satellite software development, this research aims to improve maintainability, scalability, and cybersecurity, providing novel insights for the advancement of satellite software development and security. The value of this paper lies in its focus on addressing the identification of vulnerabilities and resolution of code smells in satellite software. In terms of the authors' contributions, we detail methods for applying machine learning to identify potential vulnerabilities and code smells in satellite software. Furthermore, the study presents techniques for feature extraction and model training, utilizing Abstract Syntax Trees (AST) and Control Flow Graphs (CFG) to extract relevant features for machine learning training. Regarding the results, we discuss the analysis of vulnerabilities, the identification of code smells, maintenance, and security enhancement through practical examples. This underscores the significant improvement in the maintainability and scalability of satellite software through continuous code review and refactoring.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of swimming exercise in diabetic atrophy by monitoring changes in biomarkers associated with musculoskeletal growth and abnormalities. [METHODS] Ninety-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control plus exercise group (CO+Ex), control and no exercise group (CO+No Ex), diabetes plus exercise group (DM+Ex) and diabetes and no exercise group (DM+No Ex). Swimming exercise was implemented for 60 min/day, 5 day/week for a total of eight weeks. Muscle strength and atrophy biomarkers as well as muscle morphology were compared at the first, second, fourth and eighth week of experimentation. [RESULTS] ACE levels were significantly higher in the DM groups (p<.05), however swimming exercise did not significantly affect ACE levels. Irisin levels were significantly higher in the DM and DM+Ex groups compared to the CON, in week one (p<.05), and greater in the DM+Ex group at week two compared to CON+Ex (p<.05), but swimming did not significantly affect irisin levels over the eight-week period in DM rats. In terms of muscle damage, Myl3 expression was unchanged in the CON groups, but significantly higher in the DM+Ex group compared to the CON+Ex group (p<.05). AST was found to be in higher levels in the DM+No Ex group, compared to CON and CON+Ex (p<.05); and DM+Ex group, compared to the CON+Ex group at weeks one, four and eight (p<.05). Tibialis anterior muscle fibers were thicker in the DM+Ex group compared to DM+No Ex, but only at week four (p<.05). Otherwise, no other notable differences were recorded in muscle morphology. [CONCLUSIONS] These results suggest that swimming exercise alone may not be sufficient to induce muscle strength and/or protective effects against muscle atrophy associated with diabetes mellitus. However, this mode of exercise may be considered safe by not compounding the deteriorative effects of this disease.

[서론] 이 연구의 목적은 스키점프에 의한 근육과 연골손상 지표의 변화 및 회복되는 시점을 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. [방법]이 연구는 7명의 스키점프 선수들을 대상으로 1일 훈련 루틴에 의한 근육 및 관절 연골손상 지표에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자, COMP, CPK, hs-CRP, LDH, AST, ALT를 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. [결과] COMP의 변화는 점프 전 2.12 IU/L에 비해 1회 점프 후 2.87 IU/L(p=.012), 7회 점프 후 3.04 IU/L(p=.003), 14회 점프 후 3.17 IU/L(p=.001) 로 증가되었고, 회복기 2일에 2.52 IU/L(p=.028)과 3일에 2.09 IU/L(p=.001)로 14회 점프 후에 비해 감소되었다. CPK의 농도는 점프 전 279.1 IU/L에 비해 1회, 7회 및 14회 점프 후(306.4 IU/L, 322.1 IU/L, 343.0 IU/L)에도 변화가 있었으나(p=.05), 회복기 2일에 167.0 IU/L(p=.021)과 3일에 143.7 IU/L(p=.01)로 14회 점프 후에 비하여 감소되었다. CRP의 농도는 점프 전 0.32 mg/L에 비해 점프 1-14회(0.28-0.34mg/L) 후에도 변화가 없었다. 회복기 2일에 0.16 mg/L(p=.04)과 3일에 0.17 mg/L(p=.05)로 스키점프 전과 1회 점프 후에 비해 유의하게 감소되었다. LDH의 농도는 392.9 IU/L에 비해 점프 1-14회(374.3-399.3 IU/L)에도 변화가 없었으며 회복기 3일에도 차이가 없었다. ALT의 농도는 스키점프 전 14.9 IU/L, 반복적인 스키점프 중(1회-14회)에도 14.7-15.1 IU/L 로 변화가 없었으며, 회복기 1일-3일 간에도 15.3-13.9 IU/L로 점프 전이나 14회 반복 점프 후에 비해 변화가 없었다. AST의 농도는 스키점프 전 24.0 IU/L, 스키점프 중(1회-14회)에도 24.7-25.3 IU/L로 변화가 없었으며, 회복기 1일-3일간에도 23.4-18.57 IU/L로 점프 전이나 14회 점프 후에 비해 차이가 없었다. [결론] 이상의 연구 결과를 기초로 하여 요약하면 일반적으로 스키점프 운동선수들의 스키점프 루틴인 14회 점프는 COMP, CPK는 사전에 비해 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나 관절의 연골 및 근육 손상을 유발시킬 가능성은 낮을 것으로 판단된다.

[INTRODUCTION] This study was performed to investigate the biochemical changes related to muscle and cartilage damage and cytokine secretion during ski jump. [METHOD] Seven well trained ski jumpers were participated in the present study. Blood samples were obtained from subjects who were participated in before training, ski jump training (jump for seven), ski jump training (jump for fourteen), and recovery day 1-day 3. [RESULTS] Serum COMP was increased during a jump and declined to the pre level after 2 days recovery. The CPK and hs-CRP level of during exercise wereunchanged and declined to the pre level after 2 days of recovery. Therefore, high frequency jumping may induce more stress both on muscle and cartilage. Further, the required time for recovery may vary with jumping volume and the tissue type, e.g. cartilage or skeletal muscle as in this case. [CONCLUSION] These results showed that, in ski jumping, it takes two days for an athlete to completely recover from the jump training session. Hence, training on a day’s interval may be possible, but consecutive training may have a devastating effect on the muscles and joints.

The hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high-molecular weight, highly anionic glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and has a variety of diverse biological functions such as promotion of cell motility, regulation of cell-matrix adhesion, promoting proliferation. In the current study, it was investigated the preventive effect of hyaluronic acid (HA) pretreatment on acetaminophen (APAP) induced acute hepatotoxicity.The mice were divided into four groups as follows Group A - saline, Group B –saline + APAP, Group C – HA alone, Group D – HA + APAP. HA was given orally for 14 days at a dose of 80 mg/kg b.wt. and fasted for 24 h prior to APAP at a dose 500 mg / kg b.wt. intraperitoneally. The degree of acute hepatotoxicity was measured by aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The expression of interferon – γ (IFN- γ) in serum tissue was quantified.The degree of acute hepatotoxicity was markedly lower in HA pretreated group. The expression of interferon – γ (IFN- γ) was also (P < 0.05) suppressed in HA pretreated group. To conclude suppression of IFN- γ expression may exert a protective role in acute hepatotoxicity of APAP.

이 연구는 중학교 레슬링 선수들의 30분 운동(경기전 운동과 4분간 경기 포함)이 근육손상 관련 혈청 효소와 타액 IgA(Saliva IgA), 타액 코티졸에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 이루어졌다. 본 연구를 위해 Y시에 소재한 7명의 중학교 남자 선수(13.7±0.8세)가 본 연구에 참여하였으며 선수들의 운동경력은 6개월에서 30개월이었다. 연구를 위해 전완정맥에서 7㎖ 혈액과 타액에서 2㎖를 운동전, 운동직후, 회복기 30분에 수집하여 분석하였다. 혈청 크레아틴키나아제(CK)는 운동전에 비해 운동직후에 유의하게 증가하였으며 회복기 30분에는 유의하게 감소되어 안정시 수준으로 회복되었다. 젖산탈수소효소(LDH)는 시기별 유의한 차이는 없었으며 아스파테이트전이효소(AST)는 회복기 30분에 유의하게 감소하였다. 타액 IgA는 운동직후에 유의하게 증가하였으며 회복기에는 유의한 차이는 없었다. 코티졸은 운동직후에 증가하였다가 회복기에 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 유의한 차이는 없었다. 연구결과에 의하면, 레슬링 선수들의 30분 운동은 근육손상 관련 효소와 면역계에 유의한 차이를 나타내었다.

The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of wrestling training and competition on serum CK(creatine kinase), LDH(lactate dehydrogenase), AST(aspartate amino-transferase) activity, saliva IgA, and Cortisol in Middle School Wrestlers. Subjects of this study were 7 young males(13.7±0.7 years old; wrestling career 6 to 30 months) who had participated in regular exercise(3hours a day, 5 times a week). To study the change of these variables, 7ml of blood samples and 2㎖ of saliva sample were taken from the antecubital vein and mouth at rest, right after wrestling competition, and 30min after competition. There was sig-nificant difference in measuring period for CK, AST, and S-IgA(p<.05). However, there was no significant difference in measuring period for LDH and Cortisol. These findings suggest that wrestling training and competition results in a significant difference in muscle damage enzyme and im-mune system.

The methanol extract of waxy brown rice fermented with Agrocybe cylindracea was prepared. The extract was then freeze dried and fed to rats at the level of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g/kg body weight for 14 days, followed by the treatment with carbon tetrachloride for three consecutive days to induce hepatotoxicity. After sacrificing the rats, the enzyme activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and r-glutamyl transpeptidase (r-GTP) in serum was determined. Biochemical analysis on serum for albumin, total protein, triglyceride, and total as well as HDL-cholesterol were carried out along with a histopathological study of liver tissues. Based on these data, we suggest that the waxy brown rice cultured with A. cylindracea may exert hepatoprotective activity against hepatotoxicity caused by chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride.

본 연구에서는 천년초 줄기 물추출물의 전처치가 사염화탄소로 유발한 흰쥐의 간 손상에 대해 보호효과를 나타내는지 알아보고자 하였다. 천년초 추출액은 건조 고형분량을 측정하고 1g/kg 및 0.5g/kg 체중이 되는 양을 일정시간에 1일 1회 14일동안 경구투여 하였다. 는 올리브유로 희석하여(1:4) 0.5ml/kg체중이 되도록 시료 마지막 투여 종료 3시간 후에 대조군을 제외한 모든 군에 복강주사하였다. 사염화탄소 처치에 의해 혈청 AST, ALT 및 ALP 활성이 대조군과 비교하여 각각 4.3, 4.7 및 1.2배 증가하였다. 반면, 천년초 줄기 추출물을 1g/kg 투여한 군의 AST, ALT 및 ALP의 활성은 군과 비교하여 각각 약 36%, 41% 및 22% 감소하였다. 사염화탄소에 의해 간의 지질과산화 반응이 증가하였으며 SOD 및 GST활성이 감소하였다. 1g/kg의 천년초 줄기 추출물의 투여는 간의 지질과산화 반응을 감소시키고 SOD 및 GST의 활성을 회복시키는 결과를 보였다. 또한, 천년초 줄기 추출물은 vit. C eq/g의 OH 라디칼 소거활성을 나타내었으며 페놀화합물의 함량이 6.52mg/g이다. 이러한 결과는 천년초 줄기 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 사염화탄소로 부터 간손상을 예방하는 효과가 있음을 보여주고 있다.

Effect of Cheonnyuncho extract on the liver injury of rats treated carbon tetrachloride was studied. Cheonnyuncho extract was administerd at dose of 0.5 and 1 g/kg/day, p.o. for 2 weeks. was treated at dose of , i.p. 3 hours later from the last pretreatment of Cheonnyuncho extract. Administration of Cheonnyuncho extract at a dose of 1 g/kg decreased serum AST, ALT and ALP activities by 36, 41, and 22% respectively compared to treatment group. Increased lipid peroxidation and decreased SOD and GST activities were also recovered by pretreatment of Chonnyuncho extract in liver of rats. These results suggest that Cheonnyuncho extract has hepatoprotective effect against liver injury.

The effect of treatment with pine needle oil upon rat hepatocytes exposed to alcohol was investigated. The body weight gain, ratio of liver and kidney to body weight, and serum biochemistry of rats administered both alcohol and pine needle oil were compared to control rats treated with alcohol alone. Normal untreated control rats, negative control rats with ethanol treatment, positive control rats with both alcohol and the commercially available hangover cure solution (HCS) treatment and the test group with both alcohol and pine needle oil treatment exhibited aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels of 84.43±47.88 U/L, 254.57±463.20 U/L, 70.29±12.60 U/L and 67.00±5.06 U/L, respectively, and cholesterol levels of 95.71±6.86 ㎎/㎗, 113.80±38.19 ㎎/㎗ nd, 95.71±6.30 ㎎/㎗ and 82.29±4.98 ㎎/㎗ respectively. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were 44.00±9.04 U/L in normal untreated control rats, increased to 215.43±428.93 U/L with the administration of ethanol, but interestingly were significantly reduced to 37.83±6.57 U/L in the test group (p<0.05). Triglyceride (TG) levels were 39.57±8.62 ㎎/㎗ in normal untreated rats, increased to 73.71±61.20 ㎎/㎗ in rats administered alcohol, but were reduced to 26.14±4.82 ㎎/㎗ in the test group (p<0.0l). The pine needle oil treatment significantly reduced the levels of AST, ALT and TG compared to the control rats. These results indicate that pine needle oil can positively mediate the effects of alcohol on hepatocytes and general liver functions.

A novel Color Image Saturation enhancement method to strengthen video images without producing oversaturated or color contour artifacts is proposed in this paper. Based on the luminance information, the relations between luminance levels and maximum chrominance vectors in each subcolor are generated for each pixel, so that the upper bound of the allowed saturation factor for a pixel can be derived, and much vivid video image can be achieved

Macro-AST의 존재로 인해 AST가 지속적으로 증가한 경우진단 및 치료에 많은 혼란을 야기할 수 있다. 이 연구에서 저자들은 간, 횡문근, 심장근육 등과 같은 기관에 어떤 증상도 없이 지속적으로 AST만 증가한 환자의 증례를 보고하고자 한다. 다양한 검사를 시행하였음에도 불구하고 AST의 증가 원인을 밝히지못하였지만 polyethylene glycol (PEG) 침전법을 통해macro-AST가 AST의 증가 원인임을 밝혔다. 결론적으로 간편한 PEG 법에 의한 macro-AST의 조기 검출은 진단에서 혼란이나불필요한 추가 검사 또는 침습적인 검사를 막을 수 있을 것이다.

The persistent increase of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) due to the presence of a macro-AST can confuse diagnostic or therapeutic decisions in many clinical situations. In this study, we report a case of isolated and persistent AST-elevation without any clinical sign of dysfunction in organs such as the liver, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, etc. Despite various investigations, no definite cause for the elevation of AST could be found. With the help of polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, we showed that macro-AST formation was responsible for the elevation of the AST titer in this case. Early recognition of macro-AST by PEG precipitation can prevent diagnostic confusion and unnecessary and even invasive tests.