Earticle

Since 2003 year, Korean dramas began to have seen in Arab countries. So many Arabs have been watching Korean dramas which were translated in Arabic through internet and broadcasting system. Therfore, It is necessary that we examine translated Arabic titles of K-dramas in view of overwhelming demand in Arab countries and national image of Korea in translation of Korean dramas. Translation of titles is considered as a normal translation process and typical translation, and prototypical translation in translation studies. This study attempts to examine different types of translating K-Drama titles in Arabic from the point of view “Skopos theory” in descriptive translation studies. And we analyzed about 100 of pairs of Korean Drama titles and their translated Arabic titles according to five translation techniques. They are literal translation, rewriting by explicitaion, creative translation, partial substitution, omission. And it briefly comments on perspective of the “Skopos” in translation.

This study aims to examine research trends and methodologies in Korean-Arabic Translation and Interpretation Studies, from the beginning of the year 2001 to the first half of 2018 ; therefore, it reports on progress and changes made in the field during that period. Different journals and dissertations were compared to see dominant trends in research topics and methodologies in order to build a foundation for research into Korean-Arabic translation studies in the future. For this aim, research papers published in several academic journals; including,『Arabic Language and Literature』, 『The Islamic Studies』, 『Korean Journal of Middle East Studies』,『The Journal of the Institute of Middle East Studies』, 『Interpreting and Translation Studies』, 『Interpretation and Translation』, 『Studies in Foreign Language Education』, 『Interpretation and Translation Education』, and doctors' dissertations were analyzed. Results of the meta-analysis is put into perspective in order to diversify research topics and the study concludes that research topics and methodologies in Korean-Arabic translation studies have changed between three periods -(2001-2005),(2006-2010),and (2011-2018).

The objective of this study is to find out changes on the composition among social care providers(state, voluntary and for-profit) and government reactions to it in the English community care which is operated by user choice scheme. This study shows that total number of home care services consistently increased with growing of for-profit sector. In the care home services, the number of bed provisions are similar since 1993. But state and voluntary provisions are decreased, for-profit sector provisions are consistently increased. As of 2008, three quarters of social care services are provided by for-profit sector. Although overall service level has been enhanced for National Minimum Standard, the service quality of for-profit sector is lower compared to the state or voluntary(nonprofit) sector. This causes the matter on managing quality of service. Korea enter into aging society which causes diverse demands for social care services and it is expected that in accordance with such change in demand, we will see small-scale profit organizations in continual expansion. Such phenomenon will further increase the need for quality control in the future, which will require quality management standards to be uniformly applied on a national basis, as in England, and establishment of a strong organization in full charge of those standards.

According to ʔilhām ʔabū ɣazālah and ʕalī xalīl ħamad, Dickins and Hervey and Higgins, and other scholars, Arabic language prefers to recur in terms of linguistic aspect and rhetoric purpose. The use of recurrence in Arabic language is viewed to rearrange author’s ideas through linguistic variation and at performative function of cohesive text-building. This paper examines examples having a cohesive property in the process of Korean-Arabic translation so as to find out any effective translation strategies that particularly highlights the charms of Arabic language. Recurrence is used as a common cohesive property in Arabic texts. And the same type of a word's repetition, root repetition, and circumstantial accusative sentence are used as common patterns of repetitive device in Arabic texts as well. The role of translater as a mediator is to incorporate as much into Arabic text recurrence as a cohesive tool as well as parallelism which is largely prefered to be read by Arab readers.

본 연구는 투석치료를 받고 있는 만성 신부전환자의 영양소 섭취량과 이에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석함으로써, 환자들의 영양상태를 개선하기 위한 자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 연구 대상자는 대구지역 대학병원에 내원하는 혈액투석 환자 51명과 복막투석환자 50명을 대상으로 직접면담법으로 자료를 수집하였다. 설문지 내용은 영양소 섭취량에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 일반적 특성, 기호도, 영양지식과 태도, 스트레스 자각 정도, 식습관, 식품섭취빈도조사 등이었다. 조사대상자의 신장질환 유병기간은 혈액투석 환자군은 55.8 $\pm$ 61.3개월, 복막투석 환자군은 68.6 $\pm$ 61.5개월이었다.(중략)

고추의 형질전환율을 높이기 위하여 우선적으로 효율적인 재분화조건을 구명하였다. 고추의 하배축과 자엽 모두 2mg/L zeatin과 0.1 mg/L NAA ( I )에서 51%, 1.0 mg/L BAP와 10.0 mg/L IBA ( II)는 45.1%의 재분화율을 보였으며, 두 배지에 5 $\mu$M AgNO$_3$을 첨가하였을 때 I의 배지에서 보다 건강한 식물체를, II의 배지에서는 재분화율이 약 8%로 증가함을 보였다. 따라서 II의 배지 조건은 가격이 비싼 zeatin의 효과를 대치할 수 있었다. 이렇게 얻어진 효율적인 재분화배지에 고추의 하배축과 자엽을 ADA와 NPT II 유전자를 함유한 Agrobacterium tumefaciens pDY183을 이용하여 형질전환을 유도하여, kanamycin 100 mg/L에서 선발하여 성공적으로 형질전환체를 얻었다. 식물체내로의 ADA와 NPT II 유전자의 도입은 PCR을 이용하여 확인하였으며, Northern blot에 의하여 ADA 유전자의 전사여부를 확인하였다. ADA 효소의 활성도는 spectrophotometer를 이용하여 측정하여 본 결과 고추세포내에서 정상적으로 발현하였으므로 동물유전자인 ADA가 식물체 형질전환시 표시 유전자로서의 사용가능성이 확인되었다.

The in vitro regeneration and genetic transformation systems in hot pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) have not been routinely available, which has been a major limiting factor in the application of new genetic manipulations. An efficient procedure to regenerate whole pepper plants and to generate transgenic plants expressing a foreign gene was established. A relatively high frequency of plant regeneration was observed when hypocotyl and cotyledon explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with NAA 0.1 mg/L plus zeatin 2.0 mg/L or IBA 10.0 mg/L plus BAP 1.0 mg/L. Addition of AgNO$_3$5 $\mu$M to these media improved the regeneration frequency up to 8%. For plant transformation, hypocotyl and cotyledon explants of hot pepper were precultured on shoot induction media without kanamycin added for 2 days, and then cocultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens pDY183 for 2 days. Putative transformants were obtained from selection media containing 100 mg/L kanamycin sulfate and 500 mg/L carbenicillin. Putatively selected transformants were confirmed by amplification of selectable marker genes (ADA and NPT II) by polymerase chain reacion. Successful transcripts of ADA gene were detected by Northern blot analysis. Enzyme activity of ADA was also examined by spectrophotometric analysis, and expression of ADA gene in hot pepper suggests the potential application of ADA gene as a selectable marker in plants.

This study aims to provide a general understanding of how undergraduate students perceive various aspects of ChatGPT and its use as a translation tool in the era of machine and AI translation. For this purpose, 16 third-year and fourth-year university students majoring in Arabic-Korean translation and interpretation were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their perceptions and user experiences with ChatGPT. As part of the study, the students were first instructed to translate a short non-literary Arabic text into Korean independently. They were then asked to conduct post-editing of the same text using ChatGPT during class. Following this task, the students completed a questionnaire and wrote reflective commentaries on the post-editing process. The findings reveal a range of insights: from the perspective of learners, post-editing with ChatGPT elicited both positive and negative perceptions regarding its effectiveness as a translation tool.

With international migration and globalization, Korean society has reached a point of recognition and cultural acceptance of multicultural society. This study explores the background and process of two Egyptian female Muslims' settlement into Korean society, their adaptation to Korean society and whether Korean society is prejudiced against them, their acceptance of Korean culture, and their discussions on maintaining their identity as Arabs or Muslims through narrative analysis in qualitative perspective. It is applied that the social and cultural acceptance attitudes of migrant Egyptian single and married women to Korean society in this study, we can see that they are not categorized into one specific type in Berry's cultural adaptation model. This is due to the different demographic and sociological factors such as age, gender, education, social status and attitude toward religion, and cultural factors. In the narrative of the interviews, migrant Egyptian women did not become separated or marginalized in Korean society, but generally represented a type of integration and assimilation that positively accepts Korean society and Koreans and tries to adapt to Korean society, or a third or transnational identity.

In this paper, the concepts and main types of metaverse, a form of 3D virtual reality made up of a compound word for "universe "meaning the real world and the Greek "meta" meaning virtual are, examined. The main types of metaverse can be divided into 1) augmented reality, 2) virtual reality, 3) mirror world, 4) and lifelogging. Metaverse platforms include Roblox, Zepeto, Ifland, and Gather town. In this study, the possibility of educational linkage was investigated specifically whether these metaverse platforms are useful for language education. In addition, among the types of metaverse, the virtual reality(VR) Cospaces Edu program, which can induce high learning satisfaction due to a sense of immersion, was introduced into Arabic language, interpretation and translation training to operate a pilot class. In the pilot class, the problems that arose were reviewed. Also, as a part of interdisplinary research, a VR-based Arabic language education system design using the metaverse was presented based on the latest case of the study of the virtual reality language learning systems, which is the main type of metaverse. It is possible to convert speech-to-text(STT) and text-to -speech(TTS) in real time, these features can be used to determine whether a learner can properly produce real-time speech language and text according to a specific learning scenario or situation.

Virtual reality(VR) has become a serious alternative to traditional learning because the technology has advanced sufficiently and Covid 19 has interrupted overseas learning opportunities. This present study explores the application of VR using ”Google Expedition” in a university Korean-Arabic medical interpreting curriculum, specifically, researching the effects of situation-based learning environment on learning achievement and learning motivation. This study consists of a survey before the VR medical interpretation class, and a survey after it. Students had little experience using VR, but they responded positively to the effectiveness of using it to learn Arabic. In particular, while experiencing medical situations through VR, learners were able to interact with the learning materials for an immersive experience and it was possible to offer job experience and professional aptitude. This study makes the following proposals for a VR class. First, a detailed study on VR education in domestic and foreign educational institutions is needed. Second, interaction between instructors and learners should be part of the classes. Third, it is necessary to develop a VR education application for mobile and further content to facilitate languages and interpretation education.

This study aims to analyze learners' criticism of post-editing to discuss educational implications and problems in Korean translation training. In particular, it encouraged learners to compare their own translation with machine translation (Google translation) and post-editing translation results, thereby enhancing their translation skills and providing practical translation practices. The analysis shows that 68% of the Students regarded post-editing as a process of translation and revision, and 23% as a revision process. As for the reasons why post-editing felt difficult; 18% of the students said they did not know what to modify, 18% of them said they did not know Arabic grammar, 18% of them said they did not have a better idea, 20% of them said they were not familiar with the work itself, and 24% of them said they did not have the necessary range of Arabic vocabulary. The Research finding shows that Arabic translation learners carried out post-editing focusing on sentence restructuring, vocabulary, meaning, and the use of personal pronouns. Post-editing practice allows university student learners educational opportunities to think about various translation possibilities in the process of writing post-editing reviews and it also can give unique opportunities to enjoy the translation learning process.

This study aims to compare the index of synthesis of Arabic language between Media Arabic texts and Arabic textbooks. It is analyzed through an index of synthesis of media Arabic language, which means Media Arabic; including, ‘al-jazeera.net’, and ‘al-arabiya.net’, in contrast to textbooks of Egypt and Tunis. The average of the index of synthesis of Arabic language of media, ‘al-Jazeera.net’, and ‘al-Arabiya.net’ stood at 4.24, the index of synthesis of Arabic language of Arabic textbooks of Egypt and Tunis stood at 4.38. In addition, Arabic language of the textbooks of Egypt and Tunis is near to characteristics of Quranic Arabic comparing with language of media Arabic texts.

This study aims to analyze 100 pairs of Korean and Arabic drama titles using data analyzed the original and translated titles of Korean and Arabic dramas released from 2002 to 2020, according to five translation methods, namely; Literary translation, Translation by Substitution, Rewriting by explicitation, Creative translation, Translation by Generalization. The analysis shows that the Literary translation stood at 49% and the Rewriting translation stood at 21% and Creative translation stood at 21%, Translation by Substitution stood at 5%, and Translation by Generalization stood at 4%. The Research finding shows that the five translation techniques are affected by a translator's adjustment using by expliciation and domestication for narrowing cultural gaps, reflecting language usage of Modern Standard Arabic and English sub-titles and OSTs in English. Some educational proposals are suggested; for example, five translation methods are proposed in teaching Korean-Arabic translation by introducing drama title translation.

This study aims to compare the index of synthesis of non-translated Modern Standard Arabic used in a tbook written by an Arabic author and a geographical textbook of an Algerian high school to translated Arabic language from Korean used on the internet homepages of Daegu Metropolitan City and the Korean.net website, by calculating 5,000 syntactic units for each text. The analysis showed that the index of synthesis of non-translated Modern Standard Arabic language stood at 4.22 and the index of synthesis of translated language stood at 4.16, which means that the non-translated Modern Standard Arabic texts have much more syntactic and morphological information in comparison to the translated Arabic texts. Some educational proposals are suggested; for example, using pronominal reference for stating text participants and using the verb form instead of passive particles in the process of Arabic writing and the Korean-Arabic translation process.

본 고에서는 현대 표준 아랍어의 특징이 형태적으로 잘 유지되고 있는지를 알아보기 위하여, 사우디 아라비아의 ‘알리야드’지와 이집트의 ‘알아흐람’지가 포함된 아랍권 뉴스 텍스트의 통합성 지수와 국내의 KBS의 아랍어 뉴스와 미국 CNN 아랍어의 통합성 지수를 비교해 보았다. 아랍권 뉴스의 평균 통합성 지수는 4.34, 국내의 KBS 아랍어 뉴스의 통합성 지수는 4.07, 미국 CNN 아랍어뉴스의 통합성 지수는 4.27임을 확인하였다. 통합성 지수 전체로 보아서는 미국 CNN 아랍어뉴스의 통합성 지수가 국내의 KBS의 아랍어 뉴스보다 아랍권 뉴스의 현대 표준 아랍어에 더 가까운 것으로 나타났다. 한편 타갈로그어, 베트남어, 페르시아어, 터키어와 같은 언어와 아랍어의 통합성 지수를 측정했던 페인(Payne 1990, 178)은 그의 연구에서 아랍어의 통합성 지수를 3.14로 규정했는데, 그는 통합성 지수에 사용된 언어자료를 구체적으로 밝히지 않았다. 그런데 이 수치는 본 연구에서 측정한 사우디 아라비아의 대표적 인터넷 신문인 ‘일 리야드’지의 통합성 지수 3.14와 일치한다는 흥미로운 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 수치는 품사를 제외한 수치이므로 페인이 측정한 텍스트의 유형은 현대 표준 아랍어 중 뉴스 텍스트일 가능성이 매우 높고, 단어당 형태소를 측정하는 통합성 지수 수식에서 품사를 제외했을 가능성도 있다. 아랍권 뉴스나 미국의 CNN 아랍어 뉴스에 비해 국내의 KBS뉴스에서 품사수의 분포가 1,000여개 더 적게 나왔다. 총 형태소 수에서도 동일한 경향이 나타나 국내의 KBS뉴스의 총 형태소 수가 아랍권 뉴스나 미국의 CNN 아랍어 뉴스에 비해 더 적게 나왔다. 아랍권 뉴스 평균과 국내의 KBS 아랍어 뉴스에서 동사 사용이 각 428개, 453개로 유사한 분포를 보였으나, 미국의 CNN 아랍어 뉴스에서는 동사 사용이 200 여개 더 많은 674개로 상이한 양상을 나타냈다. 게다가 명사류의 사용분포를 보면, 국내의 KBS 아랍어 뉴스와 미국의 CNN 아랍어 뉴스에서는 각 3,826개, 3,776개인 반면 아랍권 뉴스 평균이 4,091개로, 아랍권 뉴스에서 명사류의 사용분포가 더 많았다. 이것은 문 구조에서, 아랍권 뉴스와 국내의 KBS 아랍어 뉴스의 경우 명사문을 더 선호한다는 것을 나타낸다. 반면 미국의 CNN 아랍어 뉴스에서는 명사문보다 동사문을 더 선호한다는 것을 보여준다. 선행 국내의 연구 중 코란과 현대 표준 아랍어를 비교한 연구가 있는데(이인섭 2019, 11-12), 본 연구와 동일한 코퍼스 크기인 코란 5,000 어절을 기준으로, 코란에서는 1,311개의 동사가 사용되었다. 코란과 비교하자면, 아랍권 뉴스와 국내의 KBS 아랍어 뉴스 텍스트와 달리 미국의 CNN 아랍어 뉴스 텍스트의 문 구조가 동사문을 선호하는 코란의 문구조 경향에 더 가깝다는 것을 알 수 있다. 그렇다면 미국의 CNN 아랍어 뉴스 텍스트에서 동사문이 선호되는 현상은 실제로 코란의 아랍어에 근접하게 번역되었기 때문인지 생각해 볼 필요가 있다. CNN 아랍어 뉴스에 쓰인 내용을 보면 아랍의 시리아 공습과 리비아 혹은 아랍과 이스라엘 간의 관계에 관한 내용 등도 있었지만 미국 뉴스 사이트인 만큼 미국 국내의 사정내용도 상당 부분 언급되고 있다. 여기서 영어로 기사 작성된 미국 국내의 뉴스가 아랍어로 번역되었다는 점을 고려해 보아야 할 것이다. 기사가 영어에서 아랍어로 번역되는 과정을 감안하면, 출발어인 영어의 언어관습이 아랍어 번역문에도 영향 ...

The study aims to compare the index of synthesis of Arabic language between non-translated news texts and translated news texts. It is analyzed through an index of synthesis of media Arabic language, which means internet Arabic news; including, ‘al-Riyadh’ of Saudi Arabia, and ‘al-Ahram’ of Egypt, in contrast to ‘KBS Arabic news of South Korea’ and ‘CNN Arabic news of the United States’. The average of the index of synthesis of internet news in Saudi Arabia and Egypt stood at 4.34, the index of synthesis of Arabic language of internet news of South Korea stood at 4.07, and the index of synthesis of CNN Arabic news stood at 4.27. In addition, translated news texts in Arabic were affected by language customs of the source texts: it is neither target-language nor source-language dependent, and that is what we call “levelling out”.

본 연구는 이슬람 법원 중에 하나인 무함마드의 언행록 ‘하디스’의 통합성지수를 산출하여 아랍어 표준성을 밝히는 것을 목표로 한다. 대표적인 고전아랍어 텍스트인 ‘하디스’에 사용된 아랍어를 분석하여 통합성 지수를 확인하고, 이를 통해 아랍어의 표준적인 형태와 구조를 살펴보았다. 통합성 지수 산출을 위한 형태소 분석 시 8품사가 아닌 3품사로 분류하였다. 하디스에 사용된 아랍어의 통합성 지수 산출 결과 4.99로 나타났으며, 고전아랍어이며 최고의 표준아랍어인 코란 아랍어의 통합성 지수 4.89와 유사하게 나타났다. 본 연구에서 산출된 연구결과는 아랍어의 표준적인 형태와 구조를 보여주고 있으며, 현대아랍어의 형태와 구조가 어떻게 변화했는지를 가늠할 수 있는기준과 척도를 제시하였다.

This study aims to define the index of synthesis of Arabic language, and Classical Arabic used in the Had?th. In addition it reports about the words of the Prophet, which are one of the main resources of the Islamic law, and investigates Arabic standardization. The process of determining the index of synthesis of Classical Arabic language in Had?th, especially words of the Prophet, helps to examine a standard of Arabic structure and features. This study draws its conclusions using disctributionalism, through which it defines its index of synthesis and thus identifying morphemes in the surface structure. In the study, morphemes were classified into three parts of speech, not eight parts. The index of synthesis of the Classical Arabic language of the Hadith was 4.99, which is similar to the index of synthesis of Quranic Arabic. The results obtained in this study are expected to be a standard of forms and structures of Arabic language and a foundation for a comparison with Modern Arabic.

This study aims to calculate the index of synthesis of al-Fu???, the classical Arabic used in the Quran, and investigate Arabic standardization. The process of determining the index of synthesis of al-Fu??? helps examine standard Arabic structure and pattern. To that end, this study drew upon distributionalism, an advanced study used at home and abroad to analyze Arabic and figure out its index of synthesis, thus identifying morphemes in the surface structure and describing their structural distribution. The analysis showed that the index of synthesis of the Quranic Arabic stood at 4.89. The morphemes of words can vary even if they belong to the same word class. The index of synthesis calculated in this study is supposed to serve as a measure of changes in the forms and structures of Modern Arabic in comparison with those of Classical Arabic for future studies.