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INTRODUCTION Methylphenidate and atomoxetine are considered to be the first-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients. This study was performed to detect signals of adverse drug events after methylphenidate or atomoxetine for pediatric patients using the Korea Adverse Events Reporting System (KAERS) database. METHOD Disproportionality analysis were used to perform the data mining for methylphenidate and atomoxetine separately using KAERS database between 2015 and 2019. Three indices of proportional reporting ratio (PRR), reporting odds ratio (ROR), and information component (IC) were calculated to detect signals, and signals not listed in the drug label of Korea were identified. RESULTS Among 61,808 spontaneous AEs reports, 196 reports contained methylphenidate, and 80 reports contained atomoxetine. The most common AEs were anorexia and nausea for methylphenidate and somnolence and nausea for atomoxetine. Among 51 signals of methylphenidate, 13 AEs were not listed on the drug label. For atomoxetine, 13 AEs of 32 signals were not currently included in the drug label. CONCLUSION We detected new AE signals of methylphenidate and atomoxetine that were not listed on the drug labels of Korea. To evaluate the causal association of signals, well-designed pharmacoepidemiologic research is needed.

OBJECTIVE To assess the extent of participation and attitude of community pharmacists for disposal of unused medicine and to identify the associated factors. METHODS An on-line based survey was conducted with community pharmacists who were members of a web café named as “Pharmacists’ Community for Future Pharmacy.” A total of 147 pharmacists participated in the survey on a voluntary basis between August 23 and September 3, 2016. RESULTS About 81% of the respondents had a collection box for disposal of unused medicine at the community pharmacy where they were working. Only one third posted the promotion poster about collecting unused medicine. The most common frequency of educating their patients about the disposal system of unused medicine were: when patients asked about (53.7%); and when pharmacists felt necessary to educate (29.3%). Among the responding pharmacists, 74%, 70%, and 67% knew the accurate method of disposing unused medicine for PTP tablets, capsules, and syrups, respectively. Only 47.6% answered correctly for the method of disposal for all of the three types of drugs. Logistic regression analysis results showed that those with a longer job experience as community pharmacists (< 5 years vs. ≥ 10 years, odds ratio=6.123) and with graduate-level education (odds ratio=3.682) tended to more actively participate in the disposal system of unused medicine. CONCLUSION To improve the effectiveness of the disposal system of unused medicine, it appears that more active participation in and better knowledge of the system by community pharmacists are necessary.

BACKGROUND Research into pharmacy students’ awareness of unused medications in terms of experience, knowledge, social and environmental issues, and how to effectively collect unused medications remains limited. METHODS In January 2022, an online survey was distributed to pharmacy students who are Korean National Association for Pharmaceutical Students members. The questionnaire comprised four sections: 1) experience; 2) knowledge and awareness; 3) awareness of social and environmental problems; and 4) opinions on promoting the proper disposal of unused medications. A total of 113 responses were obtained, of which 100 were valid. RESULTS Roughly two-thirds of the respondents revealed knowledge of the proper disposal of unused medications, but 60% of the respondents discarded unused medications in trash cans which is not a proper disposal method. Less than half of the respondents (42%) had opted to dispose of unused medications in pharmacies. All respondents answered that unused medications should be disposed at designated places, but 65% of respondents claimed they should be disposed separately by drug formulation. Only 62% of the respondents mentioned the possibility of drug abuse due to indiscriminate disposal of unused medications, indicating a slightly lower level of awareness in terms of environmental pollution (94%). CONCLUSION Although the changing policy for disposing of unused medication is a potential opportunity and motivation for pharmacists to expand their role, no systematic education exists for future pharmacists. Thus, creating an environment that can educate prospective pharmacists on the current issues and policies of pharmacist society is crucial.

OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to investigate the purpose of pharmacy visit, service satisfaction, and the expected services from community pharmacy. METHODS Twenty eight-items questionnaire verified through a pilot test was used. Adults over the age of 20 were enrolled by convenience sampling during July 17 to 24, 2017. The data were analyzed descriptively by using Microsoft Excel program. RESULTS Of 119 respondents, about two thirds were younger than 40, educated above college, and lived in Seoul and Incheon/Gyeonggi. During the last 3 months, 70.5% and 66.4% of respondents visited community pharmacy for prescription drug dispensing and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs purchasing, while only 16.8% and 3.4% of them visited for health functional food (HFF) purchasing and health promotion counseling (HPC). The main reason of low HPC service uses was lack of awareness about its availability in community pharmacy. They were highly satisfied with pharmacy services for prescription drug, OTC, HFF, and HPC (92.8%, 86.1%, 90.0%, and 100.0%), respectively. Their expected services from community pharmacy were the management of safe drug use, sufficient provision of product information, support for selecting products, and counseling for general health-related problems. CONCLUSION This study suggests that community pharmacy should actively let the general publics know diverse pharmacy services and strengthen pharmacist’s roles in primary care. The value of community pharmacy will be enhanced by satisfactorily providing the services expected by general publics.

OBJECTIVE Since 2000, there have been several significant changes of pharmaceutical field that have called for a change in the role of pharmacists. The purpose of this study is to examine the changes in the role of pharmacist according to the social change. It would be helpful to find the direction of the role of pharmacist in the future. METHODS We used the systematic literature review and crawling techniques. Through the systematic review form Jan.01, 2000 to May. 11, 2020, we found 106 Korean articles on the role of pharmacist. For search of news of naver and magazines for specialized for pharmacists, web crawling techniques was used during the same periods. Research results were summarized at 5-year intervals reflecting social change. RESULTS The role of pharmacists was changed from drug-centered and passive roles to patient-centered and active roles. The pharmacist's roles such as medication compliance management and prescription review were found to be high in frequency in both research methods. On the other hand, pharmacist roles such as team medical care and communication were frequently searched in systematic literature review, and they appeared at a relatively low frequency in pharmacy related news. CONCLUSION Social change such as the 4 th industrial revolution era and COVID-19 would require the change to team medical care and communication in the role of pharmacists. Our study would be a useful way for the development of the role of pharmacists in future.

OBJECTIVES This study aims to estimate and compare the smoking cessation rate of pharmacist-delivered support with nicotine replacement therapy (hereafter, pharmacist support + NRT) by conducting a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis (BNMA). METHODS We systematically reviewed the articles, which reported the smoking cessation rate for 1) pharmacist support + NRT, 2) varenicline with non-pharmacist support, 3) NRT with non-pharmacist support to identify the relevant studies. Searched studies from Pubmed and Cochrane library were selected according to the pre-defined inclusion/exclusion criteria. We extracted the smoking cessation rate at 6 months from included studies. This BNMA estimated the posterior average smoking cessation rate at 6 months and the corresponding 95% credible interval (CrI). We conducted the BNMA by using WinBUGS 1.4.3. RESULTS After comprehensive systematic review, we finally selected and included 33 studies in BNMA. Average smoking cessation rate at 6 months was the lowest for placebo (16.6%; 95% CrI=15.4%-17.8%) as followed by NRT + non-pharmacist support (28.5%; 95% CrI=23.0%-34.7%), pharmacist support + NRT (36.1%; 95% CrI=25.1%-48.8%), and varenicline + non-pharmacist support (37.7%; 95% CrI=32.0%- 44.1%]. CONCLUSION In this study, we estimated the smoking cessation rate of pharmacist service with NRT, NRT and varenicline, respectively. We expect that the results of this study will be used as a useful evidence for establishing policies for various types of smoking cessation services.

BACKGROUNDS To find early liver cancer, the ministry of health and welfare has conducted surveillance targeting high-risk patients. In 2017, the incidence rate of liver cancer in surveillance was 0.9%, suggesting that a broad patient group was included in surveillance. In this study, to reduce surveillance patients, a prediction model with zero-falsenegative was developed using a machine learning. METHODS To develop the model, we used 2016 Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service-National Patients Sample utilized to the Common Data Model (CDM). This study targeted patients who did not have a severe condition of liver cancer in surveillance. The number of the target was 13,703 cases. The covariates for the model were identified by a chi-square test conducted on gender, age group, condition between a case and control group. LASSO was performed to develop the model. RESULTS Gender, age group, forty diseases were selected as a covariate. The model has an AUC of 0.745, a negative rate of 4.0%, a specificity of 4.5%, and a PPV of 11.8% with zerofalse- negative. CONCLUSION It might be possible to refine surveillance and save the budget of the National Health Insurance Service, and governments.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the clinical significance and safety of HPV vaccine. This paper also describes the effects of hpv vaccine in men as well as in women. The cost of diseases caused by HPV is a significant burden. Therefore, HPV vaccination is currently being implemented in more than 80 countries as part of the National Immunization Program (NIP). Recently, A 9-valent vaccine was added to prevent the disease of HPV 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58. In terms of safety, the side effects profile was similar to the 9-valent vaccine and the 4-valent vaccine. Consequently, The HPV vaccine can relieve burden for cervical cancer and HPV-related diseases.

BACKGROUND Chronic diseases including diabetes and hypertension are well managed with medication therapy which prevent complication and increase the quality of life of patients. Also most of chronic diseases are managed through smoking cessation, continuous exercises weight control, and diet. OBJECTIVE This study investigate the relationship between multiple health risk behaviors of hypertention and/or diabetes patients and drug adherence. METHODS We used the 2011 Korean Health Panel (KHP) beta version data and hire logistic regression analysis to explore the relationship between multiple health risk behaviors of hypertention and/or diabetes patients and drug adherence. RESULTS The number of chronic disease patients including hypertention and/or diabetes were increasing during last 4 years. Drug adherence rate which are measured with self answered subjective response is about 85% in 2011. But, drug adherence which are measured with the Morisky Scale is as low as 73%. Patients who do not drink are more likely to have high rate of drug adherence. Patients who are practicing exercise are more likely to have high rate of drug adherence. CONCLUSION Health risk behaviors such as drinking and practicing exercise are found as important factors of drug adherence. To decrease the medical expenditures and to increase the quality of life of chronic patient, health authorities and health insurance should make endeavor to improve the health risk behaviors of chronic disease patients.

Review on Core Competency of Interprofessional Education (IPE) and Education Method used in the US Pharmacy Colleges. BACKGROUND As the college of pharmacy curriculum was reorganized from a 2+4 interdisciplinary system to an integrated 6-year system in the year of 2022, collaboration and communication competency became important core competencies for achieving the goal of pharmacy education. OBJECTIVE We reviewed articles regarding core competency of WHO and IPEC, and education method of interprofessional education (IPE) of 4 Pharmacy Colleges in the US. METHODS We reviewed articles regarding core competencies pharmacy education from WHO Publication and IPEC publication, and IPE method from curriculum of 4 Pharmacy Colleges in the US with convenience sampling method. CONCLUSION To reinforce the core competencies of cooperation and communication those are newly emphasized in the integrated 6-year curriculum of the College of Pharmacy, it is needed that pharmacy educators consider four concerns: in which year IPE included; how to link with health related or non-health related departments; what contents IPE composed of; and what methods IPE performed.