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OBJECTIVES This study explored the relationship between the proportion of coffee shops and gyms and obesity rate in the community, and what aspects of coffee shops and gyms associate to the constantly increasing rate of obesity. METHODS The numbers of coffee shops and gyms were extracted and gathered from an open source run by the Seoul Metropolitan Government. The obesity rate was extracted from Statistics Korea. We made a yearly panel data which includes 11 years of data from 2008 to 2018 for a total of 25 districts of Seoul, the capital city of Korea later sorted to 9 regions. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed on the obesity rate. The analysis was carried out using IBM’s SPSS Statistics 25. RESULTS The analysis to determine the correlation between the proportion of businesses and obesity rate showed that when the ratio of the number of gyms to businesses increased by 0.1%p, the obesity rate decreased by 1.0%p (p<0.05). Also, when the ratio of the number of coffee shops to businesses increased by 0.1%p, the obesity rate decreased by 0.27%p (p<0.10). CONCLUSIONS There is a negative correlation between the obesity rates and the proportion of gyms and coffee shops among businesses.

Review on Core Competency of Interprofessional Education (IPE) and Education Method used in the US Pharmacy Colleges. BACKGROUND As the college of pharmacy curriculum was reorganized from a 2+4 interdisciplinary system to an integrated 6-year system in the year of 2022, collaboration and communication competency became important core competencies for achieving the goal of pharmacy education. OBJECTIVE We reviewed articles regarding core competency of WHO and IPEC, and education method of interprofessional education (IPE) of 4 Pharmacy Colleges in the US. METHODS We reviewed articles regarding core competencies pharmacy education from WHO Publication and IPEC publication, and IPE method from curriculum of 4 Pharmacy Colleges in the US with convenience sampling method. CONCLUSION To reinforce the core competencies of cooperation and communication those are newly emphasized in the integrated 6-year curriculum of the College of Pharmacy, it is needed that pharmacy educators consider four concerns: in which year IPE included; how to link with health related or non-health related departments; what contents IPE composed of; and what methods IPE performed.

BACKGROUNDS This study aimed to compare the efficacy of alectinib (Product name: Alecensa®) and crizotinib (Product name: Xalkori®) on progression-free survival (PFS) results in untreated anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer (ALK-positive NSCLC) patients. METHODS We systematically searched for relevant literature in three electronic databases: PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane in April 2021. According to predefined selection criteria, two independent researchers screened studies and extracted data. The quality of the studies included was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. For the meta-analysis, the fixed-effect model and generic inverse-variance estimation method were utilized. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) of PFS was calculated to evaluate the efficacy of alectinib and crizotinib. Subgroup analysis for the Asian population was performed. I2 was calculated to assess the heterogeneity of studies. RESULTS Three studies on different clinical trials (ALEX, J-ALEX, and Alesia) were included for quantitative synthesis. The pooled HR of 0.42 (95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.34-0.53) indicated that the alectinib therapy proved significantly longer PFS than crizotinib therapy without heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). In the subgroup analysis for the Asian population, HR was 0.39 (95% CI, 0.31-0.50, I2 = 0%). CONCLUSION This study confirmed that alectinib showed superior PFS results over crizotinib, suggesting that prescribing alectinib to the ALK-positive NSCLC patients is an appropriate treatment option.

OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and safety of two new drugs for acute migraine (lasmiditan and ubrogepant) with placebo and eletriptan as well as between the two new drugs. METHOD The PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Clinical Trial.gov databases were searched for randomized-controlled trials of Eletriptan, Lasmiditan and Ubrogepant for patients with migraine. Systematic reviewer screened the literature according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and performed quality assessment and data extraction. Review Manager 5.4 software was used for the meta-analysis. A meta-analysis of clinical studies were performed, as well as an indirect comparison of Eletriptan versus Lasmiditan, Eletripatan versus Ubrogepant and Lasmiditan versus Ubrogepant. The primary efficacy endpoint was pain-free response at 2hours. secondary efficacy endpoint was Sustained pain-free at 24 hours. In addtion, The primary safety endpoint was TEAEs and secondary safety endpoint was incidence of cardiac disorder TEAEs. RESULTS We identified 11 single migraine attack trials, of which eight trials assessed the new drugs and three trials assessed eletriptan. The network meta analysis showed that lasmiditan and ubrogepant were statistically superior to placebo in terms of relieving pain in 2 hours (lasmiditan; OR 2.18 [1.83, 2.60]), (ubrogepant; OR 1.79 [1.44, 2.21]); however, there was no statistically significant difference between lasmiditan and ubrogepant. In contrast, eletriptan showed higher odds of achieving pain freedom at 2 hours than lasmiditan and ubrogepant; OR 3.03 (95% CI:1.59, 5.77) and OR 3.69 (95% CI: 1.92, 7.11). Indirect comparison results showed no differences in the odds of cardiovascular treatment emergent adverse events among lasmiditan, ubrogepant, and eletriptan in the trials. However, lasmiditan had higher odds of causing treatment emergent adverse events than ubrogepant (OR 4.79 [2.73, 8.40]). CONCLUSION An indirect comparison showed that lasmiditan and ubrogepant provided substantial benefits relative to placebo in acute migraine patients. Moreover, they had similar benefits, but lasmiditan had more side effects. However, lasmiditan and ubrogepant are less effective than eletriptan. Long-term and large-scale randomized studies are required to confirm the study results.

INTRODUCTION Methylphenidate and atomoxetine are considered to be the first-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients. This study was performed to detect signals of adverse drug events after methylphenidate or atomoxetine for pediatric patients using the Korea Adverse Events Reporting System (KAERS) database. METHOD Disproportionality analysis were used to perform the data mining for methylphenidate and atomoxetine separately using KAERS database between 2015 and 2019. Three indices of proportional reporting ratio (PRR), reporting odds ratio (ROR), and information component (IC) were calculated to detect signals, and signals not listed in the drug label of Korea were identified. RESULTS Among 61,808 spontaneous AEs reports, 196 reports contained methylphenidate, and 80 reports contained atomoxetine. The most common AEs were anorexia and nausea for methylphenidate and somnolence and nausea for atomoxetine. Among 51 signals of methylphenidate, 13 AEs were not listed on the drug label. For atomoxetine, 13 AEs of 32 signals were not currently included in the drug label. CONCLUSION We detected new AE signals of methylphenidate and atomoxetine that were not listed on the drug labels of Korea. To evaluate the causal association of signals, well-designed pharmacoepidemiologic research is needed.

BACKGROUND Many antipsychotic drugs have been used to treat schizophrenia, and many treatment patterns have been observed. Most schizophrenia treatment pattern studies were done by analyzing survey data or several hospitals’ electronic health records. This study aimed to analyze early treatment pathways of newly diagnosed schizophrenia patients. METHOD Using 2012-2017 Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service-National Patients Sample (HIRA-NPS) which was standardized to the Common Data Model (CDM), we selected newly diagnosed schizophrenia patients. The inclusion criteria were 18-64 aged patients who have continuous observation at least 30 days before and 180 days after index date, and patients who have at least one diagnosis of schizophrenia between pre-index date and 180 days after index date. The exclusion criterion was patients who have diagnosis of bipolar disorder or depressive disorder. We used Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatic (OHDSI)’s ATLAS platform to analyze baseline characteristics and treatment patterns of selected patients. RESULTS For the schizophrenia first line treatment, risperidone was the most commonly used treatment in all years (2012-2017), followed by aripiprazole and olanzapine. Among typical antipsychotics, haloperidol was the most commonly used treatment. The patients with younger age were more likely to use second or later line drugs. CONCLUSIONS We comprehensively evaluated the treatment pathway of antipsychotics in adult patients with schizophrenia by using representative claims data that was standardized to the CDM. This study found the most commonly used antipsychotics by different age groups and the proportion of patients who switched to later line treatments.

OBJECTIVES This study aims to analyze the vaccine export competitiveness of Korea by comparing 19 countries. METHODS We used the import and export data of 20 countries including Korea, extracted from TradeMap database. Using the data, 3 trade indexes: Market Share, TSI(Trade Specialization Index), and RCA(Revealed Comparative Advantage) are calculated. The period of the analysis is 10 years, but data of 10 years are too big to handle. So, this study just focus on 3 points of the years: 2010, 2015, 2020. RESULTS Korea's vaccine market share is less than 1%, and specializing in imports rather than exports. Korea vaccine also has a comparative inferiority in vaccine exports compared to other countries. CONCLUSIONS Considering the 3 trade indexes together, vaccine export competitiveness of Korea is low. Various strategies are needed to increase the export competitiveness.

GCP Inspection is carried out to improve the quality of clinical trials, and to strengthen the safety and protection of the rights of clinical trial subjects. Recently, On-site GCP inspection has become difficult due to COVID-19 prolongation. This phenomenon has increased the need for remote/virtual GCP Inspections to strengthen the information protection and the clinical trial management. In this paper, current status of global remote/virtual GCP Inspections is investigated through several emergency guidelines, recently issued by foreign regulatory agencies such as the US FDA, European EMA, and Japanese PMDA. Considerations for domestic introduction derived from these guidelines are like: (1) Records assessment of US FDA (2) Feasibility Assessment of the European EMA (3) overall procedure of Japan PMDA guideline. From a legal point of view, the domestic personal information protection law is similar to the GDPR of Europe, and it means that conducting rSDV for medical institutions is difficult. Therefore, obtaining consent for the use of personal information from clinical trial subjects and finding rSDV method considering security are essential to conduct remote/virtual inspections. Remote/virtual GCP Inspections guidelines, which are in harmony with global regulatory trends, can be used as standards for examining high-quality clinical trials, regulatory guidelines for drug development and management, and springboard for document management of RWD.