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This study searches for the approaches for securing social capital essential to manage the crisis and emergency effectively in the global society. For attaining the research goal, this essay explores these significant possibilities in three main steps; the definition and significance of crisis and emergency management under the concept of comprehensive security; the relationships between global governance and social capital and crisis/emergency management; policy implications and approaches. This paper suggested four approaches for securing social capital that have an effect on the global crisis and emergency management governance as follows; institutional approach, participatory approach, knowledge-based communication approach, and burden sharing approach.

It is found that there are a lot of challenges when classic models of public policies are used to response to catastrophes. Various dilemmas, caused by the special situations and limitations of the normal decision‐making system, urge us to find an innovative approach. This paper lists out the features of public decision‐making system in the response to catastrophes by case study of Wenchuan Earthquake, including large disparities, ternary objects of policy process, higher demand on equity, the implementation puzzle and information asymmetry.

India has been vulnerable to disasters from the impacts of floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides due to its size and human population exceeding one billion. During the UN International decade (1990‐2000) for Natural Disaster Reduction, nearly 25 % of deaths due to these disasters recorded in Asia occurred in India. Formally the Disaster Management in India was looked after by the Ministry of Agriculture with main focus on post disaster and rehabilitation. With the Super Cyclone over the east side in 1999 and a severe earthquake on the west side in 2001, there was a radical change in the orientation of the Disaster Management program in India. In 2002 Disaster Management was shifted to the Ministry of Home affairs with main focus as mitigation, prevention and preparedness. It was realized that development cannot be sustainable unless disaster mitigation is built into the development process and investments in mitigation are much more cost effective than expenditure on relief and rehabilitation. With this, a new National Disaster Management Framework was set up under the Ministry of Home Affairs in 2002. This presentation will give a broad overview of this framework, detail early warning systems devised for cyclone forecasting, measures adopted for flood mitigation, programs launched to tackle drought situations, Disaster Risk Management program, Human Resource Development critical for disaster mitigation strategy and India Disaster Resource Network. All these initiatives will help in building a safer and secure India.

This document describes collaborations that have advanced disaster preparedness and response at the national/federal, state and local levels in the United States, as observed by the author.

According to the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Secretariat, 9 among the top 10 countries with the highest disaster‐related deaths were situated in Asia. South Korea, being a developed country, suffers great physical and psychological damage from these disaster‐related adversities. The endless pursuit of the Korean government to reduce numbers of high death tolls, casualties and economic losses caused by either natural or human‐induced disasters has made its turn by providing its people a more holistic approach. As material relief helps disaster victims regain their physical losses, the government sees it as equally important to aid their psychological needs to prevent longterm mental health problems. Recently, numerous cases of post‐disaster mental problems were given attention. In effect, a nationwide psychological support system was carefully planned and finally realized early this year. This paper highlights Korea’s first regional psychological support center for disaster victims, its humble beginnings and by far, its latest accomplishments. With the establishment of this center, Korea continues its pursuit to improve its people’s quality of life and create a better future for generations to come.

The field of Emergency Management is in a period of dramatic knowledge expansion. Practitioners from diverse public and private organizations and all levels of government are enjoying increased visibility and resources in combating a string of media enriched disaster events. A growing number of scholars and practitioners from multiple originating disciplines are bringing together an ever‐increasing body of written work to support the recognition of Emergency Management as a profession and as a field for academic inquiry. This development in the United States has been propelled by the expansion of emergency management issues across disciplines, the establishment of a large number of academic programs across the country, and increasing visibility of disaster and its consequences, including the most recent emphasis on terrorism and homeland security. Within the developing field, given the existing academic curricula, what are some of the core knowledge components of Emergency Management and what is the relative emphasis placed on each of the identified components. And within theses areas of emphasis, to what extent does the curricula content create intersection between originating disciplines and institutions of emergency management practice, or more plainly stated, between academics and practitioners.

The recognition on natural disaster was changed from "prevetion" to "mitigation" and then the disaster response capacity of regional level became an important factor. Korea's NEMA is driving the formation of disaster free community as a national project. Therefore at now, We are in urgent need of a means for vitalizing the project. This study surveyed the theories related to the project, surveyed items are the project meaning, project necessity, project types and the relationship with the capacity of local disaster response. Also laws, administrative plans and organization related to the project were reviewed for vitalizing the project. Especially the surveying in organization field included the Korea's CAIND(Citizen Corps Active in Disaster) and the establishment of local disaster response governance. Also the surveying of similarity example included the village formation projects derived by each governance department. As a result, this study shows total 7 vitalizing means in 3 part. As a result, the project vitalizing are urgently need of the preparation of law and institutions.

Clinical organ transplantation has been recognized as one of the most gripping medical advances of the century as it provides a way of giving the gift of life to patients with terminal failure of vital organs, which requires the participation of other fellow human beings and of society by donation of organs from deceased or living individuals. Live organ transplantation have the advantage of being able to avoid the issues surrounding the proclamation of cerebral death as well as the fact that it has a higher rate of survival compared to transplants from a dead donor. However, the situation is that there are far more patients who wish to have transplants than those who provide organs. When looking at the general trend of many nations, there is the tendency to rely on live organ transplants. However, A question of the morality of its actions in live organ transplantation and there is the also the issue of how to protect the donors safety and health. Taking this the discussion, this paper attempts to look closely into the discussions about live organ transplants and the autonomous decisions of patients. The background and present situation of live organ transplants, the autonomous decisions by the donors from a civil law perspective are discussed.

Indian‐Subcontinent, particularly the northeastern region, is one of the most earthquakesprone regions of the world. India has witnessed more than 650 earthquakes of magnitude greater than 5 in the Richter scale during the last hundred years. The recent earthquakes in Killari (Maharastra) and Bhuj (Gujarat) and the Tsunami caused a lot of disaster in terms of death and damage to property. The natural disasters like earthquake can not be prevented, but measures are required to be taken to reduce the extent of damage, especially in a vast country like India. The precise prediction of seismic events remains elusive in spite of all efforts. Therefore, mitigation of the earthquake hazards is most important. For the mitigation compilation of information on past earthquakes, delineation of seismic zones is of prime importance. Organizations like India Meteorological Department, National Geophysical Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology have established a large number of seismic monitoring networks in the country. These stations are recording useful seismic data, which enable to determine the location of epicenter, depth of hypocenter, energy within the focus etc. These parameters have been utilized for preparing seismic zoning maps. The earthquake disasters can be averted with the construction of seismic proof buildings. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has made it compulsory for all new constructions to be earthquake‐resistant, especially in cities located in seismic zones. The guidelines have also recommended selective seismic strengthening and retrofitting of existing priority structures located in high‐risk areas. For the management of disaster the following steps have been taken in India: i) The Disaster Management Bill have been approved in the Parliament, ii) Eight battalions of 10,000 soldiers are being trained for the mitigation work; iii) Emergency Operation Centers equipped with state – of – art communication link and for the microzonation of 38 cities above one million population have been created; iv) Disaster Mitigation Institute has been established in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The government is attempting a paradigm shift in the disaster management from relief and rehabilitation to mitigation and prevention. Rarely does India experience Tsunami. But on 26 December 2004 the killer waves triggered by an under water earthquake measuring 8.9 on the Richter Scale with its epicenter near the west coast of Sumatra in Indonesia devastated the eastern coast of India. A tsunami warnings center has been established in India at the Hyderabad‐based Indian National Centre for Ocean Information System.

The research purpose of this paper is to afford a base data and a research direction for the effective conflict management. For this, this article analyzed the conflict research trend in the field of public administration. According to empirical analysis, the main research results are as follows. First, a published article number go on increasing in proportion to publication year. Second, a one-research paper have showed 71.2% of all papers because of limited researcher in the field of conflict research. Third, research paper which did not receive a research expenses have showed 73.1% of all papers. Fourth, research paper that used a empirical anaysis and case study have showed 80.8% of all papers in the methodology of conflict. Fifth, the research purpose that aimed to propose an alternative and practical analysis have showed 91.3% of all papers. Sixth, about the research contents, it have showed each 50.0%(administration/institution and facilities location), 80.8%(inter-organization conflict), 76.0%(inter-government, between government and public), 64.5%(with local government) in a field, a level, a party, a relation of the conflict.

The purpose of this paper is to know the important of Damage Assessment in the natural disasters, how to assess the damage. So I compare Korea Assessment methods and America's. When a natural disaster occurs, there are to be occurred lots of disaster victims and they request Government for many kinds of helps, and than Government Officers have to assess the damages which are reported by the victims. In these cases, there are many different type of damage assessment in many countries. In this paper, let me know how to assess damages in natural disaster between Korea and America, so I would like to compare Korea and America in parts of the damage assessment.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the social and economic factors that have led to the recent surge in food prices in Sub‐.Saharan Africa. The study suggests that the surge in food prices is as a result of increasing demand for food such as dairy products in developing regions such as Asia. Another contributing factor is that the demand for fuelcrops, such as wheat, maize, sugarcane and oilseeds for the production of bio‐.fuels, bioelectricity, and bio‐.heat has led to the rise in global food prices. The study finds that these factors have contributed to the global food security with major social and economic implications for Sub‐.Saharan Africa where poor households survive on less than a dollar a day. Converging global estimates has shown that poverty is deepening among those who are already poor. Thus, the study contends that social and economic safety nets should be provided to poor households to combat the adverse effects of high food prices. In addition, sustainable traditional approaches to agricultural development must be adopted in order to better address food security in Sub‐.Saharan Africa.

Food Safety problem has been a matter of prime importance relating to human wholesomeness for a long time. But, consumers' interest in food safety in Korea has been growing yearly, the government's policies and legal systems have been unable to support it. To cope with that kind of risk, regulatory response comes out due to government having more powerful authority, information, and chasing the risk-spot easier than consumer. This study was intended to harmonized food safety management system and laws. For this purpose, this study was carried out through analysis of the present situation of laws and regulations relevant to domestic food safety and introduction of scientific management technology. This improved system will finally lead that consumer have a proper and correct information for selected food and security of safety for food.

Arson is always threatening people's life. Especially, it has brought terrible results when it threatens a large number of unspecified individuals in public facility. Fire may bring enormous damage because of its unpredictability. The arson damage cannot be estimated in advance because its characteristics does not allow to be controled as one intended. This paper explores the policy alternatives that can prevent and prepare for the arson in the public facilities. For attaining the goal, we use the method of literature survey with books and articles related with this subject. As a result, the suggested policy alternatives are as follows; preparing for arson disaster, improving the social understanding of arson fire and establishing the accurate statistic system, establishing the institution with overall charge in preparedness of arson fire, educating the prevention of arson fire.

Narco-terrorism is eventually regarded as a serious social problem around the world involving Korea. And one more problem is the management of precursors for Drugs. This study examined the cases of the precursors of narcotics being imported to the narcotics producing countries and proposed a plan to improve the management of narcotics precursors in Korea. And to improve the situation, this article suggest some alternatives like followings ; (1) The Introduction of Annual Report System and Report System, (2) Human Resource and Organizational Reinforcements, (3) The Unification of Work Organizations and Agencies and Cooperation with Neighboring Countries, (4) Effective Management of Handlers of Narcotics Precursors. The international regulation of narcotics is being settled to a certain degree and, accordingly, each country is effectively prohibiting the distribution of narcotics through close cooperations. This study effort to find the possibility of benchmarking the managing skills or method of some leading countries such as the U.S., Europe, Japan and Australia. Ultimately it intend to improve drug and material management as a social concern and to promote systematic management of precursors.

This paper justed reviewed the current research and practice situation on emergency management, and the future development trends from some demensions and aspects are discussed.

Today, the rapid advance of scientific technologies has brought about fundamental changes to the types and levels of terrorism while the war against the world more than one thousand small and big terrorists and crime organizations has already begun. A method highly likely to be employed by terrorist groups that are using 21st Century state of the art technology is cyber terrorism. In many instances, things that you could only imagine in reality could be made possible in the cyber space. An easy example would be to randomly alter a letter in the blood type of a terrorism subject in the health care data system, which could inflict harm to subjects and impact the overturning of the opponent's system or regime. The CIH Virus Crisis which occurred on April 26, 1999 had significant implications in various aspects. A virus program made of just a few lines by Taiwanese college students without any specific objective ended up spreading widely throughout the Internet, causing damage to 30,000 PCs in Korea and over 2 billion won in monetary damages in repairs and data recovery. Despite of such risks of cyber terrorism, a great number of Korean sites are employing loose security measures. In fact, there are many cases where a company with millions of subscribers has very slackened security systems. A nationwide preparation for cyber terrorism is called for. In this context, this research will analyze the current status of Korea's cyber security systems and its laws from a policy perspective, and move on to propose improvement strategies. This research suggests the following solutions. First, the National Cyber Security Management Act should be passed to have its effectiveness as the national cyber security management regulation. With the Act's establishment, a more efficient and proactive response to cyber security management will be made possible within a nationwide cyber security framework, and define its relationship with other related laws. The newly passed National Cyber Security Management Act will eliminate inefficiencies that are caused by functional redundancies dispersed across individual sectors in current legislation. Second, to ensure efficient nationwide cyber security management, national cyber security standards and models should be proposed; while at the same time a national cyber security management organizational structure should be established to implement national cyber security policies at each government-agencies and social-components. The National Cyber Security Center must serve as the comprehensive collection, analysis and processing point for national cyber crisis related information, oversee each government agency, and build collaborative relations with the private sector. Also, national and comprehensive response system in which both the private and public sectors participate should be set up, for advance detection and prevention of cyber crisis risks and for a consolidated and timely response using national resources in times of crisis.

The purpose of this study is to contribute much to devising anti terrorism bill in the future by looking into each nation's legal system on terrorism. Because the Republic of Korea has legislative limit on regulating terrorists effectively. This study could abstract as follows. First, It is required to introduce bills to strengthen the legal provisions relating to the prevention, investigation, prosecution and punishment of terrorist acts. Second, there should be an analysis on the causes of terrorism and also it is necessary to find out what makes terrorists expand their activities. Third, more concrete and precise types of terrorism must put in the regulation to respond to the changing of the technology and an information-oriented society. Fourth, there should be a separate bill toughening penalty on eco-terrorism and it is appropriate to include it in the anti terrorism bill.

In Korea, around 80 academic departments related to fire science are in operation throughout the country, but fire science is not included as a branch science in the science classification system acknowledged by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology and its position as a science is not solid yet. In response to this problem, research is being made actively to establish fire science recently. This study purposed to make an in‐depth discussion on how to compose the Theory of Fire Service Policy, which is one of sub‐areas of fire science. First, the concept of fire service policy should be established, and fire service policies should be divided into different types. In addition, it is necessary to examine the direction of the development of fire service policies in Korea, and the unique characteristics of fire service policies should be described. Next, we need to mention fire service policy making and participants, theories on the determinants of fire service policies, the execution of fire service policies, and the evaluation of fire service policies. Particularly based on the peculiarity of fire service, it is necessary to explain policies on fire prevention and precaution, fire investigation, rescue and first aid, public campaigns for safety and prevention, fire insurance, etc. Lastly, we should suggest the direction of development of fire service policies according the change of environment in the future.

Natural disaster management is one of the important contents of public emergency management system of Chinese government. The whole society must be involved in the process to response the natural disaster efficiently, effectively, and economically. This paper employs the stakeholder theory, and divides the stakeholders in natural disasters into primary stakeholder and secondary stakeholder. Taking the Wenchuan Earthquake for example, the primary stakeholders in natural disaster management in China are classified into central government, local government, army and armed police, NGO, community, private sector, victims, media, and environment, and the roles of them are discussed. This paper also gives political suggestions on study of strengthening the stakeholders system, focusing the primary stakeholder, and expanding the spectrum of stakeholders.

This research observed the discussion about the existing disaster management policy, and present the aim set of the budget for natural digester prevention by government. Like mentioned above, a recognition of necessity of digester management in Korea is start from increasing, diversity, large scale and etc. of digesters. But the investment for digester prevention by central government and local government is stopping in support of the rehabilitation expense, but still can not set the scope of aim setting of budget investment for digester management and prevention and minimization of damage. Additionally, the public policy like the cost-benefit analysis and etc. also do not have its analysis of evaluation. This research indicated the limitation of budget investment in digester management policy and examined the approach method and approach direction for investment in disaster management and prevention business.

The development of Geum river basin rainfall runoff model aims to secure technologies to forecast water demand and supply in real‐time or for a short period of time (within 10 days), thus efficiently using limited water resources. To this end, developed were platform technologies such as continuous channel runoff amount forecasting technology for ensuring mid‐ and long‐term channel runoff amounts in connection with weather forecasting information, and real‐time water balance analytic technology for optimizing the water distribution and supply in basins. This paper describes theoretical background and input/output statements of the RRFS (Rainfall‐Runoff Forecasting System) base model, SSARR (Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation), and then overall simulation system of RRFS.