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This research tried to investigate the difficulties in management of golf course, point out the problems and suggest an improvement plan. In the past, golf courses was recognized as a golden goose industry by the law of supply and demand, but nowadays it faces such difficulties, as noted below: First, lots of new golf clubs caused oversupplied golf courses, which led to the need for price cut and service improvement. Second, the number of costumers who avoiding expensive Green Fees increased through the golf popularization. Therefore, it led to an increasing of public golf courses to compare with membership golf clubs for which you need to pay high Green Fees. At the last, due to various taxes imposed for membership golf clubs, it has become disadvantageous in competition with public golf courses, so it became the main reason of business deterioration. Therefore, improvement plan for management and role of golf courses was designed in this research. First, tax system must be improved. Generally the tax base of excessive discrimination of public golf courses must be eased. From 2020, special consumption tax must be abolished as original land of golf courses was changed from general aggregate tax to separate aggregate tax. Due to excessive taxes, service improvements can not compete with public golf courses, that is why it is resulting decline in quality of golf courses. Second, need to reinforce the role of local community. Reinforce the role of Club House community. It is used as a place for art exhibitions, music concerts, conferences, banquet for local residences etc. Reinforce the role of Golf Course community. It is used as place for walking when there is no round, health walking competition for local residences, walking on the grass at the Children‘s day, children‘s drawing contest, regional events using seasonal courses etc.

The purpose of this study is to find significant selection attributes of city golf, excluded as line activities, which tend to influence and analyze the relationship with swinging park golf course selectivity for those over 65 years old and thus relate moderating effects. For this purpose, data were collected using an assessment method from 206 people who said they regularly use park golf. Using emotions, we measured perceptions and collected data for the performance and use of emerging park golf courses in selection. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS 26.0 and Amos 21.0 programs, and all statistical significance levels were set at .05. As a result of the study, first, among the sub-factors of park golf course selection attributes for seniors, the course/service factor was found to have a significant impact on user satisfaction. On the other hand, convenience/cost factors did not appear to have a statistically significant effect on user satisfaction. Second, course/service factors and convenience/cost factors, which are sub-factors of park golf course selection attributes, were found to have no moderating effect by gender in their influence on user satisfaction. In conclusion, in order to ensure the elderly's satisfaction with using the park golf course, a policy that reflects the selection attributes of course/service factors is needed from the stage of establishing the park golf course construction plan. However, when constructing, operating, and managing a park golf course, consideration of the gender of the elderly may be considered as a secondary priority.

This study aims to identify the main factors affecting patent applications through keyword analysis of failed patents and to suggest strategic directions for patent utility models. To this end, we analyzed data from 19,285 cases, excluding 1,077 cases without summary information, out of 20,362 cases that were withdrawn, extinguished, abandoned, invalidated, or rejected from 1971 to 2024. We performed keyword frequency analysis using Python and four centrality analyses, including degree centrality, betweenness centrality, closeness centrality, and eigenvector centrality, and visualized the results. The analysis results showed that general keywords such as “information,” “golf,” and “golf ball” were mainly found, and there were many cases where technological differentiation and marketability were not secured. This suggests that the main failure factors were lack of boundary setting with existing technologies, lack of technological innovation, and failure to reflect market demand. In particular, the lack of technological differentiation and specificity in information-based systems and user data utilization application technologies stood out. To solve this, a differentiated idea that combines innovative elements such as digital technology, AI, IoT, new materials, and design, and a patent strategy centered on marketability are needed. This study has the limitations of the scope of analysis that is limited to the golf industry and the limitation of focusing on quantitative analysis. In follow-up studies, it is expected that more specific patent strategies will be established through expanding the scope to include patents in various industrial groups, conducting quantitative and qualitative analyses in parallel, and conducting comparative studies on successful and failed patents.

This study aimed to analyze the effects of personality type, motivation for participation, and gender—set as personal characteristic factors—on stress responses and performance in amateur golfers. To achieve this, data were collected through a survey of 206 amateur golfers affiliated with indoor and outdoor golf practice facilities located in Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongnamdo, and Daejeon, and the data were analyzed in line with the study’s objectives. The analysis results are as follows: First, examining the impact of personality type on stress factors (such as partner rudeness, financial burden, and performance), a statistically significant difference was found across all factors according to personality type. Amateur golfers with a dominant personality type reported higher stress levels related to partner rudeness, financial burden, and performance. This suggests that golfers with a dominant personality may experience higher stress levels due to their need for control over situations and goal-oriented disposition. Second, there was no statistically significant difference in stress levels based on motivation for participation. This indicates that stress factors may affect amateur golfers differently depending on their purpose for participation. Third, no statistically significant difference was found in stress levels based on gender. This result suggests that gender may not be a major factor in the stress response of amateur golfers.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between consumption value and continuous participation intention of Chinese screen golf participants by applying the technology acceptance model. To achieve this research purpose, this study selected 500 adults aged 20 or older participating in screen golf in Beijing and Shandong Province, China, as research subjects, including 231 men and 269 women. The survey tool was a questionnaire, which was modified and supplemented based on a questionnaire that had been verified for validity and reliability in a previous study to suit the purpose of this study. The collected data were statistically processed using AMOS 20.0 and SPSS 20.0 programs according to the purpose of analysis. The results obtained through this process are as follows. First, the consumption value of Chinese screen golf participants had a positive (+) effect on perceived ease of use. Second, the consumption value of Chinese screen golf participants had a positive (+) effect on perceived usefulness. Third, the consumption value of Chinese screen golf participants had a positive (+) effect on their intention to continue participating. Fourth, the perceived ease of use of Chinese screen golf participants had a positive (+) effect on their intention to continue participating. Fifth, the perceived ease of use of Chinese screen golf participants had a positive (+) effect on their perceived usefulness. Sixth, the perceived ease of use of Chinese screen golf participants had a positive (+) effect on their intention to continue participating.