Earticle

The purpose of this study was to investigate the level and basic practices of gender sensitivity among golfers. A total of 135 golfers, aged 20 to 60, including golfers and coaches, amateur golfers, and caddies, were studied. The tools used were the Gender Sensitivity Test for Athletes, the Sexual Harassment and Victimization Survey, and the Gender Sensitivity Education Questionnaire. The results showed that male golfers had lower gender sensitivity than female golfers, and that gender sensitivity was lower among those in their 40s and 50s. By type, athletes and coaches were the most likely to have low gender sensitivity. This study suggests that golfers have low levels of gender sensitivity and are aware of the need for gender sensitivity training, but there are limited opportunities for gender sensitivity training. Future research should explore ways to expand the opportunities for gender sensitivity education. It is also necessary to generalize the results by recruiting more subjects.

This study aims to examine the mediating effects of utilitarian and hedonic values on the relationship between Generation Z's leisure perception types (sensation-seeking and relationship-centricity) and flow in life. A survey was conducted on 256 students from J University, and the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that both sensation-seeking and relationship-centricity had significant positive effects on utilitarian and hedonic values. Furthermore, sensation-seeking and relationship-centricity also directly influenced flow in life positively. Utilitarian value had a significant positive effect on flow in life, while hedonic value did not show a significant impact. These findings provide important implications for understanding Generation Z’s leisure behavior. When developing leisure programs for Generation Z, it is crucial to offer new and interesting experiences while emphasizing practical value. Moreover, programs should include elements that contribute to personal growth and development, beyond mere entertainment. These insights can serve as useful guidelines for developing leisure policies, marketing strategies, and educational approaches tailored to Generation Z.

The ultimate objective of this study was to analyze the impact of transaction costs on the performance of college golf players and raise awareness of the relative importance of transaction costs. To achieve this, data was collected using a survey tool developed for 55 university golf players registered with the college golf association in 2023. The analysis of the collected data led to the following conclusions: First, it was determined that the transaction cost of round expenses has an impact on the performance of college golf players. Second, there were differences observed in the impact of round expenses on performance based on gender. In conclusion, it was found that college golf players can improve their performance by investing more in round expenses, and male college golf players tended to have higher investment costs relative to their performance. Therefore, there is a need to raise awareness among female college golf players about the importance of the number of rounds for improving performance and to develop strategies to enhance the efficiency of expected cost investment.

In this study, the lifting belt effect for enhancing the swing speed of college golf players was investigated. To this end, the following conclusions were obtained after collecting data on whether there were differences in technical (club, ball), breathing (FVC, FEV1), and cognitive factors of 16 college golfers depending on whether or not they wore a lifting belt. First, the technical (club, ball speed) factors for enhancing swing speed of college golfers showed a difference in whether or not they wore a lifting belt, and the technical factors appeared relatively high in wearing a lifting belt. Second, the breathing factors (FVC, FEV1) for enhancing swing speed of college golf players showed a difference in whether or not they wore a lifting belt, and the breathing factor was relatively higher in those who wore a lifting belt. Third, the cognitive factors for enhancing swing speed of college golfers showed high values in swing stability and speed enhancement by wearing a lifting belt. Therefore, it was concluded that wearing a lifting belt is a valid tool as it helps to strengthen the swing speed of college golf players and proves its value of use as an auxiliary apparatus for training.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among trust of instructors, sport confidence and continuous participation intention for golf participants. To achieve the goal of this study, a total of 250 questionnaires were distributed and 250 copies were collected back. Out of those returned questionnaires, insincerely replied or double-replied questionnaires were excluded and finally 242 questionnaires were analyzed for this study. For analysis of the data, frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equating modeling were conducted using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0. Main findings were as follows: First trust of instructors had a positive effect on sport confidence. Second, sport confidence had a positive effect on continuous participation intention. Third, trust of instructors had a positive effect on continuous participation intention. Fourth, sport confidence mediated the relationship between golf participant trust of instructors and continuous participation intention.

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of perceived value of a golf brand on selection attributes and loyalty among Chinese amateur golfers. To achieve this research objective, 600 male and female amateur golfers from Shandong Province, China were sampled. However, excluding 93 insincere respondents, a total of 507 people were used as final research data. The research tool was a questionnaire, which was modified and used for the purpose of this study based on a questionnaire that had been verified for validity and reliability in previous studies. The collected data were subjected to frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and multiple regression analysis according to the purpose of analysis using SPSS 20.0 program. The goals obtained through this process are as follows. First, the perceived value of the golf brand among Chinese amateur golfers was found to partially affect the selection attributes. Second, the perceived value of the golf brand among Chinese amateur golfers was found to partially affect loyalty. Third, Chinese amateur golfers’ golf brand selection attributes were found to partially affect loyalty.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of stabilization training on the putting straightness of golf players. For this purpose, KPGA golfers from all over the country were selected as the population, and then subjects were selected using convenience sampling. In this way, 7 KPGA Association pros and 7 junior amateur athletes were selected as subjects. Seven randomized groups were assigned to the experimental group and the control group. Muscle strength was measured before and after 7 weeks of leg stabilization training, and 3M putting was performed to evaluate the straightness of the golf ball. Measured data were carried out using SPSS 24.0 to carry out independent t-tests and paired t-tests to carry out changes in straightness of the lower extremity muscles and putts before and after the group and training. Carry), launch angle (Launch Angle), attack angle (Attack Angle), face to path (Face to Path) was identified. According to this procedure, the following results were obtained. First, there was a statistically significant difference in the knee joint's left and right knee flexion muscles before and after the leg stabilization training using the isokinetic equipment. Second, the results of putting straightness applying the 7-week stabilization training program showed statistically significant differences in the groups before and after the training in the carry, lunch, attack and FTP in the experimental group. There was a statistically significant difference in the changes before and after training among the groups.