Earticle

To investigate the length-weight relationship and the condition factor of Brachymystax lenok according to climate change, the survey was conducted from June 2005 to October 2014 at the upper stream of Gyebang Stream in Hongcheon County, Gangwon Province for 3-4 times a year. As a result, a total of 1226 fishes of 2 species and 2 species appeared. The analyze of the annual regression coefficient (b) and the condition factor (K) of the B. lenok, the result as follows, in 2005, the value of b was 3.17, and value of K was 0.0012, and in 2014, the value of b = 2.83 and the value of K was 0.001. As a result of analyzing the yearly regression coefficient b of B. lenok together with the precipitation and temperature data of each year, the trend was decreasing year by year, and the two factors showed a positive correlation with each other. On the other hand, the temperature trend showed an increasing tendency year by year and correlated negatively with the annual growth of B.lenok. Overall, the B. lenok habitat upstream of the Gyebang stream appears to be becoming increasingly unstable each year, indicating that these factors are closely related to temperature and precipitation. In other words, a rise in temperature and a decrease in precipitation seem to have a negative impact on the population growth of B. lenok. These results may be important clues for future recovery and conservation of B. lenok populations. For this, it is necessary to monitor the B. lenok populations and temperature and precipitation continuously.

Metabolic disorders occurring in menopause, including dyslipidemia, disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, components of metabolic syn-drome, constitute risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women. Iri-sin and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), which regulate browning, and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin have emerged benefi-cial for metabolic health. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of endurance aerobic exercise on circulating browning factor and HMW-adiponectin level in postmenopausal women. Twenty-five postmenopausal women were included in this study. The aerobic exer-cise program consisted of 60 min of walking exercise at 50%–60% max-imum oxygen uptake, and conducted 3 times per week for 6 weeks. Body composition, blood pressure, lipid profiles, physical fitness, and concentration of plasma irisin, FGF-21, HMW-adiponectin were ana-lyzed before and after exercise. Waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, and triglyceride levels decreased, and levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, irisin increased after exercise. However, there were no significant changes in FGF-21 and HMW-adiponectin. Balance and flexibility among physical fitness indices improved after exercise. These results suggested that moderate intensity walking could be the ideal type of exercise in menopausal women to induce a positive change in metabolic health markers, including an increase in irisin levels. Fur-ther studies are needed to determine the effects of exercise on brown adipose tissue browning factor.

The purpose of this study was to compare·analyze the effects of the combined exercise program to health related physical fitness, metabolic syndrome risk factor and HbA1c and combined exercise on health promotion and prevention of metabolic diseases in 30s normal weight obese female. Divided either into combined exercise group(n=10) and control group(n=10). Combined exercise program was organized 3 times a week for 60 minutes, which was included with 1-4 weeks for 40-60 % HRR, 5-8 weeks for 50-70 % HRR and 9-12 weeks for 60-80 % HRR. For analysis, SPSS Ver. 23.0 was used to get mean(M), standard deviation(SD) values. The test data were analyzed paired t-test, repeated measure ANOVA. Results showed significant changes in %BF, LBM, muscle strength, muscle endurance, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, SBP, DBP, TG, WC and HbA1c. LBM, muscle endurance, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, SBP, TG, WC and HbA1c showed time·group interaction effect. %BF, flexibility, SBP, DBP and TG showed time effect and no change in HDL-C and FBG. Therefore, If the combined exercise program is continued for a long period of time, it will be effective to prevent and improve metabolic diseases by positively changing health related physical fitness, metabolic syndrome risk factor and HbA1c of normal weight obese.

Purpose: The goal of this study was to see how different aerobic exercise intensities affected AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), reactive oxygen, and antioxidant enzymes in young mice during an 8-week period. Methods: Forty male C57BL/6 mice, aged seven weeks, were randomly assigned to one of four groups: control (n= 10), low-intensity exercise (n= 10), moderate-intensity exercise (n= 10), and high-intensity exercise (n= 10). For eight weeks, aerobic activity was performed once a day for 35?40 minutes, five days a week. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-squared tests, and the Tukey test in the SPSS/WIN 25.0 program. Results: Weight (p= .001) was substantially different between the moderate-intensity exercise group and the control group in AMPK (p< .001). In addition, there were no significant differences between the moderate-intensity exercise group and the control group in reactive oxygen malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p= .136) and antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels (p= .521). Conclusion: These findings suggest that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise increased AMPK activation and helped young mice shed weight

Function Point(FP) is well spread and advanced methodology in software costing. But FP is not common in game contents costing. It is one reason that Game Contents is a new area in software costing. And, ISO/IEC FDIS 19761(final draft) recommends not to use FP method in game contents costing. So we suggested new methodology in that area which is called Game Factor Point Method(GFPM). In this paper, we studied more about the weight of the game factor. We hope this will clarify them. We made definition of game factor, and studied more detail about Mission which was a little ambiguous in prior study. We also studied difficulties of game factor which will be a very important factor in game contents costing.

본 연구는 남자대학생 유도선수를 대상으로 단기간(4일간)에 자기 체중 5%이상의 체중감량이 신체구성, 성장 호르몬, IGF-1 및 면역글로불린에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 체중 감량군 6명, 비교군 6명 총 12명을 대상으로 실시 한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 단기간 체중감량 후 신체구성의 경우 체중(p<.001), 체수분(p<.001), 제지방량 (p<.001), 체지방률(p<.01), BMI(p<.001) 모두 유의하게 감소하였으며, GH와 IGF-1은 감소하는 것으로 보였으나 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 면역글로불린의 경우 IgA(p<.01), IgG(p<.05), IgM(p<.01) 모든 항목에서 유의하 게 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 비교군의 IgA(p<.05)도 유의하게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 단기간의 체중감량으로 인한 인체의 영양과 수분 부족은 근력 감소와 탈수를 야기 시킬 것이며, 이는 성장호르몬 의 감소로 인해 신체의 발육발달에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 또한 지속적인 체중감량은 인체의 병원균 감염으로 인해 면역기능의 저하와 감염성 질병을 유발 시킬 뿐만 아니라 선수들의 건강과 경기력에도 좋지 않은 영향을 초래할 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study is to find out the effects of weight loss of 5 percent or more on male college judo students’ body composition, growth hormones, IGF-1, and immunogloblin in a short period (4 days). The study with a total of 12 people from six in weight loss group and six in comparison group concluded that: In case of body composition after short period of weight loss, weight(p<.001), body water(p<.001), fat free mass(p<.001), percent body fat(p<.01), and BMI(p<.001) were all significantly reduced, and GH and IGF-1 appeared to be decreasing with no significant differences. Immunoglobolins showed a significant increase in all aspects of IgA(p<.01), IgG(p<.05), IgM(p<.01), and also showed a significant increase in IgA(p<.05) of the comparison group. Based on the above results, the body's lack of nutrition and water due to short-term weight loss will lead to muscle loss and dehydration, which is believed to have a negative effect on the physical development due to the decrease in growth hormones. In addition, constant weight loss will not only lead to decreased immune function and infectious disease due to the infection of the human body, but also adversely affect athletes' health and performance.

본 연구는 빠른 체중감량과 회복시간 전략이 레슬링 선수의 경기력 변수와 생화학적 요인 지표에 미치는 영향을 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 방법: 연구 기준에 부합하는 20명의 피험자 레슬링 선수를 참가자로 선정하고 무작위로 빠른 체중 감량 그룹(RWL, n=10)과 회복 시간 전략 그룹(RWLR, n=10)으로 배정하였다. 각 그룹은 5일 동안 각각의 급속한 체중 감소를 하였다. 회복 시간 전략 그룹은 체중 감량 후 6시간의 회복 기간을 . 빠른 체중감소군과 회복시간군 전후에 수행능력 변수와 생화학적 요인 지표를 측정하였다. 결과: 5일 간의 빠른 체중 감량 및 회복 시간 개입 후, RWL군과 RWLR군 간에 BW(F=318.36, p<.000), BF(F=7.082, p<.0022), SMM(F=7.082, p<.024; F=7.337, p<.022), LBM(F=69.054, p<.00)에서 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 급격한 체중감량 후 RWL군과 RWLR군은 악력(F=88.078, p<.002), 유연성(F=34.400, p<.000), 총콜레스테롤(F=18.986, p<.001), LDL-C(F=24.691, p<.001), 포도당 (F=24.540, p<.001; F=10.368, p<.009) 및 SOD(F=12.843, p<.005; F=8.581, p<.015). 결론: 빠른 체중 감량 회 복 시간 전략 개입은 레슬링 선수의 성능 변수 및 신체 손상 감소에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타냈다. 시합 전에 레슬링 선수는 무분별하게 시합 전에 급격한 체중 감량을 하기보다는 빠른 체중 감량 회복 시간을 가지는 것이다.

This study aims to explore the effects of rapid weight loss and recovery time strategies on performance variables and biochemical factor indicators in wrestlers. Methods: Twenty subjects wrestlers, who met the study criteria were selected as participants and randomly assigned to the rapid weight loss(RWL, n=10) and recovery time strategies group(RWLR, n=10). Each group followed their respective rapid weight loss for 5days. Recovery time strategies group had a recovery period of 6 hours after weight loss. Performance variables and biochemical factor indicators were measured before and after the rapid weight loss group and recovery time group. Results: After 5days of rapid weight loss and recovery time interventions, significant differences were between the RWL and RWLR group in BW(F=318.36, p<.000), BF(F=7.082, p<.0022), SMM(F=7.082, p<.024; F=7.337, p<.022), LBM(F=69.054, p<.000). After completion of the rapid weight loss, significant differences were observed between the RWL and RWLR group in grip strength(F=88.078, p<.002), flexibility(F=34.400, p<.000), total cholesterol(F=18.986, p<.001), LDL-C(F=24.691, p<.001), glucose(F=24.540, p<.001; F=10.368, p<.009), and SOD(F=12.843, p<.005; F=8.581, p<.015). Conclusion: A rapid weight loss recovery times strategies intervention are effective for performance variables and reducing body damage in wrestlers. prior to competition, wrestlers should be have rapid weight loss recovery time, rather than indiscreet undergo rapid weight loss prior to competition.

To extract the brainstem auditory evoked potentials and remove the spontaneous electroencephalograph and other background noises, the paper proposed a new method of wavelet information entropy theory de-noising based on wavelet de-noising. In the method, the threshold function is improved by introducing the weighting factor and determine the weighting factor according to the wavelet information entropy to obtain a better de-noising effect. The simulation experiment shows, compared to the traditional wavelet de-noising method, the new method can preserve the details of the signal better and make the signal waveform smoother. At the same time, the new method can suppress the pulse signal, which make the system has a better de-noising performance and achieve higher quality extraction brainstem auditory evoked potentials.

Aiming at such shortcomings of traditional Bat algorithm as low precision convergence, premature convergence, slow convergence, an improved BA based on inertia weight factor and Lévy flight (ILBA) has been proposed, which has made two modifications on update equations of bat flying position in BA, using inertia weight factor to keep the flight inertia of bat individual, adaptively adjust the exploitation mechanism of the algorithm in different iteration periods, make the algorithm achieve better convergence precision and altering the strategy about position update of bats from Brownian random walks into Lévy flights strategy to effectively avoid local optimism of the algorithm and guarantee its exploration mechanism while taking advantage of heavy-tailed effect of Lévy flight to speed up the convergence. By means of 4 typical test functions simulation, the results show that ILBA boasts faster convergence and superior optimal performance compared to traditional BA and LBA.

2005년 4월부터 10월까지 횡성호를 중심으로 상 하부 및 호내지역에 분포하는 피라미 개체군의 동태를 알아보았다. 피라미는 횡성호에서 우점종으로 나타났으며 본 종의 생태학적 특성을 파악하기 위해 댐 상류하천과 호내 그리고 댐 하류지역의 하천에서 채집된 피라미를 지역별로 구분하여 전장과 체중과의 관계, 길이와 비대지수(K와 $K_n$)와의 관계를 각각 비교하였다. 전장-체중의 관계에 의해 관계식을 추정한 결과 $Log(T_W)=-2.26+3.18Log(T_L)$로 나타났다. 회귀계수 b값은 호내지역에서 3.35로 높았고, 상류하천과 댐 하부지역에서 각각 3.09와 3.15의 간을 나타내 유수역인 하천보다 정수역인 호수에서 채집된 피라미가 더 양호한 성장도를 나타냈다 비대지수에 의한 개체군의 비만기울기 또한 양의 상관성을 보였으며 호수에서 기울기 값이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 횡성호에 분포하는 피라미 개체군이 양호하거나 안정되었음을 반영하고 있다. 호수는 피라미 개체군에 더 좋은 조건을 제공하고 있는 것으로 보인다.

The dynamics of Zacco platypus population of upstream and downstream in the lake Hoengseong, Korea were investigated from April to October 2005. Length-weight relationship, condition factor (K) and relative condition factor $(K_n)$ of Z. platypus were compared by the study stations. The equations based on length-weight relationship in the lake Hoengseong were $Log(T_w)=-2.2s+3.18{\cdot}Log(T_L)\;(r^2=0.99)$. The result in comparison of variations of Z. platypus populations, in lake was more remain to better than in upstream and downstream them. Also the b value, assessed by Length-weight relationship in lake was 3.36, in upstream and downstream were 3.09, 3.15, respectively indicating the fish in lake better than stream. The slopes of population condition controlled by K factor also showed positive relationship. It was higher in lake environment than in stream sample, reflecting that population of Z. platypus distributed in lake Hoengseong was favorable and stable condition. The lake environment seems to be providing more favorable condition for Z. platypus population.

정확하고도 신속한 수평위치해석의 조정기법들이 다양하게 그동안 연구, 개발되어 왔다. 보다 정밀한 E.D.M, electronic total station등과 같은 신측정장비의 개발은 각, 거리의 측정에 있어 종래의 측량 방식에 비해 많은 이점을 제공하고 있으므로 앞으로 각과 거리를 동시에 적용하여 조정하는 기법의 활용이 기대된다. 본 연구는 복합측지망을 구성하여 각, 거리, 방위각 및 기준점 좌표 등 weight factor의 변화에 따른 조합조정기법의 특성을 삼각, 삼변측중과 비교하여 고찰한 것이다. 각 기법의 표준오차를 다양하게 비교한 결과 복합 측지망에서도 타 기법에 비해 조합조정기법의 우월성 및 적용타당성이 입증되었다.

In determining the horizontal positions, economic, speedy, and accurate analytical adjustment methods have studied and developed for a long time. From now on, the adjustment methods using both angles and distances are expected because the development of more precise instruments, E.D.M, and electronic total station provide us with more advantages than the conventional measurement system. The objective of this paper is to study the characteristics of triangulation, trilateration, and combination method due to change of the weight factor of angles, distances, azimuthes, and control point coordinates of combined geodetic network. The results of this study show that combined method is more accurate and effective than other methods in case of combined geodetic network as the other simple networks.

In mass production industries such as steel making that have large equipment, sudden stops of production process due to machine failure can cause severe problems. To prevent such situations, machine diagnosis techniques play important roles. Many methods have been developed focusing on this subject. In this paper, we propose a method for the early detection of the failure on rotating machine, which is the most common theme in the machine failure detection field. A simplified method of calculating autocorrelation function is introduced and is utilized for ARMA model identification. Furthermore, an absolute deterioration factor such as Bicoherence is introduced. Machine diagnosis can be executed by this simplified calculation method of system parameter distance with weight. Proposed method proved to be a practical index for machine diagnosis by numerical examples.

The relationship between body weight and body image, an objective and subjective measure of body shape, respectively, has long been a recurrent concern in the area of medical sociology and health-related studies. This concern stems from the argument and findings in the literature indicating that the two are not necessarily likely to be strongly correlated due mostly to the fact that one's own idea or conception about his/her body shape could be pretty different from one's actual shape. This study tries to empirically address the two issues based on the analysis of a national sample survey data in Korea: to what extent body weight and body image are correlated with or deviated from each other, on the one hand, and what factors help to account for the relationship between the two, on the other. The latest(2010) national sample data of KGSS(Korean General Social Survey) is used to evaluate the issues. Results of data analysis demonstrate that body weight and image have a moderate amount of correlation, and that the correlation tends to vary to a large extent depending on a few major socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics. Most important, the risk factor analysis attempted in this study could identify several salient risk factors, which include gender, age, chronic diseases, smoking, physical exercises, and medical checkup. To be precise, those who may be best characterized as particularly risky to weight gains are females, who are in their 20's, who have chronic diseases, non-smokers, who exercise regularly, and who conduct medical checkups on a regular basis. To extrapolate, the findings suggest that the most typically risky kinds of individuals in Korea are "young women who care very much for their health." The findings are interpreted and discussed with suggesting a recommendation for further studies.

ObjectiveTo estimate the odds ratio of prepregnant body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) for excessive fetal growth, which we define as large for gestational age (LGA). MethodsWe included 16,297 women who delivered a live-born singleton baby at term. We fit logistic regressions to estimate the odds ratios of variables, including maternal age, parity, prepregnant BMI ≥23, GWG ≥15 kg, and GDM, for LGA. We classified GWG into four categories (<10, 10?14.9, 15?19.9, and ≥20 kg) and BMI into four categories (underweight, normal, overweight, and obese). After adjusting for age and parity, we analyzed the odds ratios of prepregnant BMI according to GWG between non-GDM and GDM women for LGA. ResultsThe odds ratios of GWG ≥15 kg and prepregnancy BMI ≥23 for LGA were 2.40 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.16?2.67) and 2.24 (95% CI, 1.99?2.51), respectively. The odd ratio of GDM was 1.37 (95% CI, 1.09?1.71). The risk of GDM women with normal/-overweight BMI and GWG <15 kg for LGA was not significantly greater than those of the reference group. The odd ratios of GDM women with overweight/obese BMI and GWG 15 to 19.9 kg were 3.95 (95% CI, 1.26?12.38) and 9.70 (95% CI, 3.79?24.87), respectively. ConclusionGWG ≥15 kg might be a more important risk factor for LGA than either prepregnancy BMI ≥23 or GDM. Risk for LGA was highest in obese GDM women with GWG ≥15 kg.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamics of the Zacco platypus population among streams in the Gongjicheon water system, Korea from December 2010 to October 2011. In this study, fish fauna was collected 27 Species belonged to 9 Families. The legal protection species, such as a natural monument and endangered species was not collected. Korean endemic species was collected 6 species including to Z. koreanus. The ratio of Korean endemic species was 22.6%, and it was lower than 51.3% that average of Korean endemic species in the Hangang water system. About these status, we considered that Gongjicheon water system had lost of the unique characteristics of the Hangang water system by the anthropogenic disturbances. The result of analysis to length-weight relationship and condition factor(K) of Z. platypus population in the Gongjicheon water system, the regression coefficient value(b) to indication of growth degree of the population was 3.04 and the slope of the condition factor(K) to indication of corpulency had positive value, respectively. These results seems to be that the Z. platypus population is maintained to a little unstably. In addition, the values of the degree of growth and corpulence were very low than the other natural streams in the Hangang water system, so it considered that the many artificially stress factors are occurred in this study area. These results are similar to Fish Assessment Index(FAI) in the assessment for health of aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, we are considered to require precise investigation and sustained monitoring for the restorations of stream ecosystem in the Gongjicheon water system.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relative weight gain at 2-week intervals up to 6 weeks after birth to predict retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) requiring treatment among very low birth weight infants. Methods: A total of 211 preterm infants with birth weights <1,500 g and gestational age <32 weeks were retrospectively reviewed. The main outcome was the development of ROP requiring treatment. Body weight measurements were recorded daily. Relative weight gains (g/kg/day) were calculated at the second, fourth, and sixth week after birth. Results: Of the 211 infants, 89 developed ROP, of which 41 spontaneously regressed and 48 with early treatment of ROP type I required laser treatment. The relative weight gain at 2, 4, and 6 weeks postnatal age was significantly lower in infants with ROP requiring treatment than in infants without ROP or those with spontaneous regression (P<0.001, P=0.005, and P=0.004, respectively). On logistic regression, poor relative weight gain in the first 2 weeks was found to be related to ROP requiring treatment (adjusted odds ratio, 0.809; 95% confidence interval, 0.695-0.941; P=0.006). Relative weight gain at 2 weeks postnatal age was significantly lower in infants with ROP requiring treatment compared to that in ROP requiring no treatment (P=0.012). Conclusion: Poor postnatal weight gain in the first 2 weeks of life is an important and independent risk factor for ROP requiring treatment. Postnatal weight gain can predict the development of severe ROP requiring treatment.

Purpose: There is growing evidence showing that a number of complex human diseases are caused or are at least influenced by periodontal diseases. Such diseases include cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis. The aim of study was to evaluate periodontal diseases as a risk factor for a preterm low birth weight. Materials and Methods: A total of 48 mothers, 20 of who had a preterm low birth weight delivery, were examined in the Clinics of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet University. The periodontal exams consisted of a full mouth pocket depth, a Loe and Sillness Gingival index score measurements, and a panoramic radiograph analysis. Information on any other factors that may cause a preterm low birth weight was obtained from the family physician. Results: The study results indicated that periodontitis (OR: 3.6 95% CI: 1.06- 12.18) together with bacterial vaginosis (OR: 11.57 95% CI: 1.26-105.7) were independent risk factors of a preterm low birth weight. According to the data obtained from this study, the paternal age, tobacco use and the mothers' height were not significant risk factors for a preterm low birth weight. Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, it is concluded that a poor periodontal health status of the mother may be a potential risk factor for a preterm low birth weight.

A cracked plate with a patch bonded on one side was treated with a crack-bridging model using weight function: assuming continuous distribution of springs acting between th crack surfaces, the stress intensity factor of the patched crack was numerically obtained. Especially in the case of a patched crack subjected to residual non-uniform stress, the stress intensity factor was easily with the corresponding approximate weight function. This paper presented the stress intensity factors for a crack partially patched within a finite plate or a patched crack initiated from a notch.