Earticle

The purpose of this paper is to find out the reasons that a nasal stop /n/ is remarkably sensitive to plenty of assimilations in both place and manner of articulation in English. Through perceptual approach and voice analysis program of Praat, this study explores the unique properties of a nasal stop /n/ in English that becomes the target as well as the trigger of assimilations. Also it can be assimilated both regressively and progressively. Perceptual approach based on Steriade(2000) provides the proof that the perceptual cues of nasal stops determine whether assimilation would occur or not. The sound with stronger perceptual cue makes its adjacent sounds assimilated to it. It is argued that the perceptual cues of /n/ in English are dependent on its resonance similar to vowels, nasal murmur and CV transitions

Objective To investigate the effects of trigger point injection with or without ischemic compression in treatment of myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle.Methods Sixty patients with active myofascial trigger points in upper trapezius muscle were randomly divided into three groups: group 1 (n=20) received only trigger point injections, group 2 (n=20) received trigger point injections with 30 seconds of ischemic compression, and group 3 (n=20) received trigger point injections with 60 seconds of ischemic compression. The visual analogue scale, pressure pain threshold, and range of motion of the neck were assessed before treatment, immediately after treatment, and 1 week after treatment. Korean Neck Disability Indexes were assessed before treatment and 1 week after treatment.Results We found a significant improvement in all assessment parameters (p<0.05) in all groups. But, receiving trigger point injections with ischemic compression group showed significant improvement as compared with the receiving only trigger point injections group. And no significant differences between receiving 30 seconds of ischemic compression group and 60 seconds of ischemic compression group.Conclusion This study demonstrated the effectiveness of ischemic compression for myofascial trigger point. Trigger point injections combined with ischemic compression shows better effects on treatment of myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle than the only trigger point injections therapy. But the duration of ischemic compression did not affect treatment of myofascial trigger point.

“Trigger finger at the wrist” is a rare phenomenon. The main symptom consists in a triggering at the wrist produced by finger motion. Its etiology and presentation may vary. One of etiology, some anomalies of muscle can cause this disease. Triggering finger at the wrist with carpal tunnel syndrome by abnormal the belly of the flexor digitorum superficialis has been reported. But most cases of it have been reported by orthopedic surgeons. We are presenting the case of 28 year old male patient who had abnormal flexor digitorum superficialis in carpal tunnel which was diagnosed by using ultrasonography.

Objective To assess the efficacy of trigger point injection into brachialis muscle for rotator cuff disease patients with upper arm pain.Methods A prospective, randomized, and single-blinded clinical pilot trial was performed at university rehabilitation hospital. Twenty-one patients clinically diagnosed with rotator cuff disease suspected of having brachialis myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) were randomly allocated into two groups. Effect of ultrasound (US)-guided trigger point injection (n=11) and oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) (n=10) was compared by visual analog scale (VAS).Results US-guided trigger point injection of brachialis muscle resulted in excellent outcome compared to the oral NSAID group. Mean VAS scores decreased significantly after 2 weeks of treatment compared to the baseline in both groups (7.3 vs. 4.5 in the injection group and 7.4 vs. 5.9 in the oral group). The decrease of the VAS score caused by injection (ДVAS=-2.8) was significantly larger than caused by oral NSAID (ДVAS=-1.5) (p<0.05).Conclusion In patients with rotator cuff disease, US-guided trigger point injection of the brachialis muscle is safe and effective for both diagnosis and treatment when the cause of pain is suspected to be originated from the muscle.

Consider a large-scale distributed system in which each computing device is observing triggers from an external source. Distributed Trigger Counting (DTC) algorithm is used to detect the state of the system when the aggregated number of the observed triggers reaches a predefined value. In this paper, we propose a simple and efficient DTC algorithm: Cascading Thresholds (CT). We mathematically show that CT is an optimal DTC algorithm in terms of the total number of exchanged messages among the devices (message complexity). For the maximum number of received messages per device (MaxRcv), CT is sub-optimal. The average message complexity of CT is , and MaxRcv of it is , where is the number of triggers to be detected, is the number of devices, and is the degree of a node in the tree-like structure. Compared to the previous optimal algorithm (TreeFill), CT is much simpler: in our implementation the code size is about 2.5 times smaller. Also, unlike TreeFill CT does not require complicated mechanisms including distributed locking. Experimental results show that CT has a lower message complexity and MaxRcv compared to the previous work (CoinRand and RingRand). Furthermore, CT and TreeFill show a similar performance. From its simplicity, CT is more practical than previous work including TreeFill, CoinRand and RingRand.

Objective To compare the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) and trigger point injection (TPI) for the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome in the quadratus lumborum.Methods In a retrospective study at our institute, 30 patients with myofascial pain syndrome in the quadratus lumborum were assigned to ESWT or TPI groups. We assessed ESWT and TPI treatment according to their affects on pain relief and disability improvement. The outcome measures for the pain assessment were a visual analogue scale score and pain pressure threshold. The outcome measures for the disability assessment were Oswestry Disability Index, Roles and Maudsley, and Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale scores.Results Both groups demonstrated statistically significant improvements in pain and disability measures after treatment. However, in comparing the treatments, we found ESWT to be more effective than TPI for pain relief. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups with respect to disability.Conclusion Compared to TPI, ESWT showed superior results for pain relief. Thus, we consider ESWT as an effective treatment for myofascial pain syndrome in the quadratus lumborum.

Objective To determine overall handgrip strength (HGS), we assessed the short-term change of HGS after trigger point injection (TPI) in women with muscular pain in the upper extremities by comparison with established pain scales.Methods The study enrolled 50 female patients (FMS with MPS group: 29 patients with combined fibromyalgia [FMS] and myofascial pain syndrome [MPS]; MPS group: 21 patients with MPS) who presented with muscular pain in the upper extremities at Konyang University Hospital. In addition, a total of 9 healthy women (control group) were prospectively enrolled in the study. We surveyed the three groups using the following established pain scales: the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), and the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). HGS was measured in both hands of study participants using a handgrip dynamometer. We performed TPI (0.5% lidocaine, total 10 mL, injected at the pain site of upper extremities). After 20 minutes, we remeasured the patient’s HGS and MPQ score.Results ANOVA analysis was conducted among groups. Based on Tukey multiple comparison test, the majority of FIQ and SF-36 subscales, total FIQ and SF-36 scores, MPQ and HGS were significantly different between FMS with MPS and the other groups. There was no statistically significant difference between MPS and control groups. Higher HGS was positively associated with enhanced physical function, negatively associated with total FIQ and MPQ scores, and positively associated with the total SF-36 score calculated using Spearman correlation. Post-TPI MPQ decreased and HGS increased. In patient groups, a negative correlation was found between MPQ and HGS. Conclusion The HGS test might potentially be a complementary tool in assessing the short-term treatment effects of women with muscular pain in the upper extremities.

Objective To investigate an appropriate depth of needle insertion during trigger point injection into the rhomboid major muscle.Methods Sixty-two patients who visited our department with shoulder or upper back pain participated in this study. The distance between the skin and the rhomboid major muscle (SM) and the distance between the skin and rib (SB) were measured using ultrasonography. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to BMI: BMI less than 23 kg/m2 (underweight or normal group); 23 kg/m2 or more to less than 25 kg/m2 (overweight group); and 25 kg/m2 or more (obese group). The mean±standard deviation (SD) of SM and SB of each group were calculated. A range between mean+1 SD of SM and the mean-1 SD of SB was defined as a safe margin.Results The underweight or normal group’s SM, SB, and the safe margin were 1.2±0.2, 2.1±0.4, and 1.4 to 1.7 cm, respectively. The overweight group’s SM and SB were 1.4±0.2 and 2.4±0.9 cm, respectively. The safe margin could not be calculated for this group. The obese group’s SM, SB, and the safe margin were 1.8±0.3, 2.7±0.5, and 2.1 to 2.2 cm, respectively. Conclusion This study will help us to set the standard depth of safe needle insertion into the rhomboid major muscle in an effective manner without causing any complications.

Objective To investigate the combined effect of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) and integrated neuromuscular inhibition (INI) on myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius. Methods Sixty subjects aged 18?24 years old with active myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius were studied. Participants were assigned randomly to either group A who received ESWT one session/week, group B who received INI three sessions/week, or group C who received ESWT in addition to INI. All groups completed 4 weeks of intervention. The following main outcome measures were evaluated at baseline and after 4 weeks of intervention: pain intensity, functional disability, pressure pain threshold (PPT), sympathetic skin response (SSR), and neuromuscular junction response (NMJR). Results Within-group analysis revealed a significant decline in visual analog scale (VAS), Arabic neck disability index (ANDI), and NMJR and incline in PPT and SSR latency post-intervention (p<0.001). Multiple comparison analysis showed a substantial difference between the groups, while the major changes favored group C (p<0.05). Conclusion Combined treatment with ESWT and INI for treating myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius is more effective than using only one of the two approaches in terms of clinical, functional, and neurophysiological aspects.

Background Myofascial trigger points in upper trapezius are common in people with shoulder pain. However, there are few studies that have observed the shoulder abduction range of motion in glenohumeral joint in individuals who have upper trapezius pain with myofascial trigger points. Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the glenohumeral joint abduction range of motion between individuals with and without upper trapezius pain. Study design Cross-sectional study. Methods Twenty-four subjects who had upper trapezius pain with myofascial trigger points and 24 sex-, age-, and weight- matched subjects who had no upper trapezius pain and myofascial trigger points participated. The shoulder abduction range of motion was measured with and without restricted scapular motion in both groups. Smart KEMA strength measurement system was used to restrict scapular motion. Results The glenohumeral joint abduction range of motion measured with restricted scapular motion was significantly decreased in the upper trapezius pain group compared to the control group (p<0.05). However, the general shoulder abduction range of motion had no significant difference between groups (p>0.05). Conclusions It was investigated that individuals with upper trapezius pain accompanied by myofascial trigger points had decreased shoulder abduction range of motion in the glenohumeral joint. This finding suggests that abduction range of motion in the glenohumeral joint with restricted scapular motion should be considered in evaluating and treating people with upper trapezius pain.

일반적인 평판 프린터 시스템은 PC와 전용 S/W로 구성되어 사용에 불편함이 존재한다. 결국, 평판 프린터 시스템 구성의 간소화, 스마트화 등을 통해 다양한 형태의 프린팅을 쉽고 편리하게 사용할 수 있는 기술이 필요하 다. 즉, 한 대의 프린터로 여러 종류의 소재에 인쇄가 가능하며, 다양한 형태의 상품을 인쇄할 수 있는 다입체 프린 터에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 Head Encoder/Trigger 제어를 이용하여 다입체 인쇄가 가능한 평판 프린터 시스템을 개발하였다. 이를 위해, 평판 프린터 내부 모듈을 입력 형태 감지 센서를 연계시키고, 별도의 메인 콘트롤러를 통해 프린터의 Head Encoder와 Head Trigger 신호에 의해 모든 동작 상태를 제어하는 평판 프린터를 개발하였다. 이를 통해, IoT 기술의 발전 및 보급의 확산으로 산업 전반에 걸쳐 스마트 환경의 프린 터 제어가 발전된 형태로 확대될 것이며, 향후 3D 프린팅 산업 발전에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

The general flatbed printer system is composed of a PC and a dedicated S/W, which is inconvenient to use. In the end, there is a need for a technology that can easily and conveniently use various types of printing through simplification, smartization, etc. of a flatbed printer system configuration. That is, there is an increasing demand for multi-dimensional printer capable of printing on various types of materials with one printer and capable of printing various types of products. Therefore, in this paper, we developed a flatbed printer system capable of multi-dimensional printing using Head Encoder/Trigger control. To this end, we developed a flatbed printer that connects the internal module of the flatbed printer with an input type detection sensor and controls all operating states by the head encoder and head trigger signals of the printer through separate main controllers. Through this, the development and diffusion of IoT technology will expand the printer control of the smart environment to the developed form throughout the industry. It is expected to contribute to the development of the 3D printing industry in the future.

본 논문은 위기 상황에서 협상을 효과적으로 이끌기 위한 전략적 접근으로서 TRIGGER 모델을 심층적으로 분석하였다. TRIGGER 모델은 가정폭력, 자살 위협, 인질 협상 등의 위기 상황에서 성공적으로 적용될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있고, TRIGGER 모델을 실무, 정책, 교육 측면에서 어떻게 활용할 수 있는지에 대한 구체적인 제언을 통해, 이 모델이 다양한 분야에서 폭넓게 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다. 향후 연구에서는 TRIGGER 모델의 적용 범위를 확대하고, 실증적 연구를 통해 그 유효성을 검증하는 데 초점을 맞출 필요가 있다. 이를 통해 TRIGGER 모델은 위기 협상에서 보다 효과적인 도구로 자리매김할 수 있을 것이다.

This paper analyzed the TRIGGER model in-depth as a strategic approach to effectively lead negotiations in crisis situations. It can be confirmed that the TRIGGER model can be successfully applied in crisis situations such as domestic violence, suicide threats, and hostage negotiations, and through specific suggestions on how to use the TRIGGER model in practice, policy, and education, the possibility that this model can be widely used in various fields was presented. Future research needs to focus on expanding the scope of application of the TRIGER model and verifying its effectiveness through empirical research. Through this, the TRIGGER model will be able to establish itself as a more effective tool in crisis negotiations.

최근 유포되는 악성코드에는 악성코드 분석을 방해하기 한 코드삽입, 난독화, 문자열 암호화 등 다양한 악성코드 분석회피 기술이 용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 분석회피 기술이 용된 악성코드의 분석을 해, 가상머신 에 악성코드를 구동시킨 후 악성코드가 특정 API를 호출하면 정확한 시에 가상머신의 메모리 이미지를 빠르게 추 출 할 수 있는 악성코드 분석 시스템을 구하다. 악성코드에서 특정 API가 호출된 정확한 시에 메모리 덤 일을 얻을 수 있다면, 메모리분석을 통해 악성코드가 사용한 함수의 매개변수나 암호화 된 데이터 난독화가 해 제된 코드 정보를 얻을 수 있게 된다. 실험결과 악성코드가 API호출한 정확한 시에 메모리 덤를 할 수 있었고, 메모리 분석을 통해 분석회피 기술이 용된 악성코드로부터 숨겨진 문자열과 API 매개변수를 추출 할 수 있었다.

As malware generation techniques have been advanced, malware authors utilize various malware analysis evasion techniques such as obfuscation, garbage code insertions and string encryption. To alleviate such problems, we designed and implemented a malware analysis system which is specialized in dumping memory of a virtual machine. Malware analysis based on memory dump is a promising way to deep dive into the obfuscated malwares. Our system makes it possible to take a memory snapshot at a time of a certain API called. Furthermore, it accelerated the memory dump. Consequently, users can extract hidden information such as encrypted data and functional parameters from the malware in a user friendly manner. According to our experiments, our system can detect such hidden strings and API arguments even with analysis evasion techniques.

Recently, MR Cholangiography used mainly by controlling of patient's breathing. There is breathing hold techniques to get images within short 仕me and gating technique adjusted to respiration cycle for high resolution images. In this study, the aim of this experiment is to know on clinical usefulness compared with PACE and RTG techniques. This study's period is from 2006 in November to 2007 in January. A total of 21 patients investigated at MAGNETOM Sonata 1.5T (SIEMENS Erlangen) with use of 12ch body coil. MR acquisition protocol used 3D turbo spin echo coronal sequence. Scan parameters applied to optimal setting in use as gating techniques, respectively. Analysis of consuming timing evaluated with rapidness. As analysis of quantity, the common bile duct, gall bladder measured in signal intensities, then these data were calculated by signal to noise ratio and contrast to noise ra仕o. Qualitative analysis, experienced 2radiologists and 3 RTs were evaluated into 3groups about artifact, accuracy of lesions, sharpness of the common bile duct or gall bladder. As a result of analysis, when compared to PACE, consuming time of the RTG took less than PACE. On both CNRs and SNRs, PACE technique was slightly high values than RTG(p<0.05). Qualitative analysis' results, discrimination of lesions in the common bile duct, gall bladder get a significance level in both RTG and PACE techniques but presences artifact of breathing and pulsation highly demonstrate in PACE techniques. In conclusion, both PACE and RTG methods at MRCP provided prominently clinical information for the common bile duct, gall bladder. If machines have not limitation with performance, induction of breathing holding also will help getting diagnos仕c quality.

The PHENIX Experiment is the largest of the four experiments that have taken data at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. PHENIX, the Pioneering High Energy Nuclear Interaction eXperiment, is designed specifically to measure direct probes of the collisions such as electrons, muons, and photons. The primary goal of PHENIX is to discover and study a new state of matter called the Quark-Gluon Plasma. Among many particles, muons coming from W-boson decay gives us key information to analyze the spin of proton. Resistive plate chambers are proposed as a suitable solution as a muon trigger because of their fast response and good time resolution, flexibility in signal readout, robustness and the relatively low cost of production. The RPC detectors for upgrade were assembled and their performances were evaluated. The procedure to make the detectors better was optimized and described in detail in this thesis. The code based on ROOT was written and by using this the performance of the detectors made was evaluated, and all of the modules for north muon arm met the criteria and installation at PHENIX completed in November 2009. As RPC detectors that we made showed fast response, capacity of covering wide area with a resonable price and good spatial resolution , this will give the opportunity for applications, such as diagnosis and customs inspection system.

To protect the power systems from fault current, the rated protective equipment should be installed. However growth of power system scale and concentration of loads caused the large fault current in power transmission system and distribution system. The capacities of installed protective equipment have been exceeded the due to increase of fault current. This increase is not temporary phenomenon but will be steadily as long as the industry develops. The power system operator need a counter-measurement for safety, so superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) has been received attention as effective solutions to reduce the fault current. For the above reasons various type SFCLs have been studied recently. In this paper, operation characteristics and power burden of trigger type SFCL is studied. The trigger type SFCL has been used for real system research in many countries. Another trigger type SFCL (double quench trigger type SFCL) is also studied. For this paper, short circuit test is performed.

Recently, many researches on the system of superconducting power supply and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) using high temperature superconducting (HTS) tapes has been progressed. Those kinds of superconducting devices use the heater trigger switches that have a control delay problem at moments of heating up and cooling down. One way to reduce the time delay is using a different HTS tape at trigger part. For example, HTS tape having lower critical temperature can reduce time delay of heating up and heating down stage for heater trigger operation. This paper deals with resistances joint with different kinds of HTS tapes which have different properties to verify usefulness of the suggested method. Three kinds of commercial HTS tapes with different specifications are selected as samples and two kinds of solders are used for comparison. Joint is performed with temperature and pressure controllable joint machine and the joint characteristics are analyzed under the repeatable conditions.