Earticle

In Korean that is an obligatorily tense marking language, the unconditional sentences have no tense or modality marker but the only sentential ending -ta. And the type of these sentences have several kinds of time reference, and are supposed to have a covert tense marker. However it does not satisfied conditions for zero morph which must have an exclusively expressed meaning in the tense system, so that can be interpreted as nothing. However in aspectual meanings, this sentential type has contrastiveness in the aspectual system with a portmanteau morpheme -nun- which is a cumulated tense-aspect marker and represents the non-past imperfective. So zero morph in verb predicates of unconditional sentences is a perfective aspect marker, but the adjective or copula predicates in these sentences have not a zero tense marker but a zero aspect maker.

Recently proposed transmitted reference pulse cluster (TRPC) signaling has a more compact and uniform spacing for the reference and data pulse and therefore solves the implementation problem caused by the long delay line requirement in the conventional transmitted reference (TR) ultra-wideband (UWB) system. However, this compact and uniform spacing for the reference and data pulse in the TRPC signaling structure is critical to the inter pulse interference (IPI) of TRPC, which is not studied in the literature. In this paper, the impact of the delay time for the TRPC UWB system is analyzed based on different channel scenarios. Through the Monte Carlo simulations, it is verified that increasing the uniform spacing interval between the reference and data pulse in the TRPC structure can reduce the IPI dramatically and improve the system performance especially at high SNR conditions.

The purpose of this study was to establish reference criteria for evalu-ating gait pattern similarity during normal gait in research using dynam-ic time warping (DTW). For this purpose, the DTW algorithm was imple-mented using the R programming language, and DTW analyses were conducted on normal gait data collected from the ankle, knee, and hip joints via 3-dimensional motion analysis in a sample of 55 healthy par-ticipants. The final optimal warping path identified by DTW was defined as the path having the smallest cumulative perpendicular distance from the diagonal of the cost matrix. DTW analyses were categorized into three groups: (1) same lower-limb within-subject, comparing identical limbs within each participant; (2) same lower-limb between-subjects, comparing identical limbs between different participants; and (3) oppo-site lower-limb within-subject, comparing the left and right limbs within each participant. A generalized linear model was employed to analyze the effects of group and gender. Reference criteria for gait pattern simi-larity are provided as estimated marginal means and 95% confidence intervals according to group and gender for each lower-limb joint during normal gait. Given statistically significant differences among groups, the results underscore the necessity of evaluating not only whether pa-tient gait patterns align within the normal range of healthy individuals but also the similarity between the patient’s own limbs for precise reha-bilitation assessment.

From the ancient time of sundials and hour glasses to the modern day emphasis on time management skills, time has always been a key issue worthy of investigation by philosophers like Husserl, Heidegger and Derrida and more recently by business managers. However, relatively little attention has been paid by the academic community to include it in EFL classes. Dictionaries normally give only the meaning and not the context in which words and expressions occur. Therefore, students despite knowing the meaning, often find it difficult to use them appropriately. Thus it is essential to understand the concepts behind words and expressions. One way of doing this is to ‘ look for those contexts in corpora that are rich in knowledge about the concept, such as contexts that contain definitions or explanations, rather than contexts which simply contain an example of the term in use’ (Bowker & Pearson, 2002). This paper uses a corpus-based approach for the selection and prioritization of teaching time-related idiomatic expressions (both written and spoken) in this case, academic discourse, by drawing on the Hyland Corpus and Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE). In the present research, a list of time related idiomatic expressions, based on an article in English Teaching FORUM (1996), Cambridge Dictionary of American Idioms (2003) and Shehzad (forthcoming) was compiled and used as a reference. This inventory was used to investigate its usage in the academic corpora to provide a guideline to EAP teachers, material designers and text book writers. The major findings of the research show that academic spoken English uses relatively different idiomatic phrases from the written language. For instance, although there are more than three thousand entries for the word TIME, there is no expression like burn the midnight oil or till the cows come home, in MICASE. This helps in answering the question why foreign students sound like ‘books read aloud’. The paper concludes with some pedagogical ideas.

본 연구는 실시간 참고서비스의 도입을 위한 필요 요소들을 정책적 측면과 운영적 측면에서 고찰하고 효과적인 활용방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 참고서비스의 새로운 방법으로 소개되어지고 있는 실시간 참고서비스는 선진국의 사례에 기초해 성급하게 도입과 적용을 결정하기보다 충분한 사전 조사와 사례분석에 의한 적절한 적용 및 활용방안이 결정되어야 한다. 즉, 서비스정책의 수립, 적절한 프로그램의 선정, 프라이버시 정책의 확립, 그리고 도서관간 협력방안의 모색 등의 정책적 요소와 서비스 인력의 확보 및 교육, 운영시간, 홍보 및 평가시스템 운영 등의 운영적 요소에 대한 고려와 검토작업이 선행되어야 한다.

This study is about the factors required to be considered in the aspects of policy and operation before introducing the real-time reference service and about the way to use the real-time reference service effectively. The real-time reference service should not be accepted and applied just based on the case of advanced nations without deciding how to apply and use through enough advanced investigation and example analysis. Working out in service policies, selecting appropriate programs, securing service manpower, devising privacy policies, groping the ways of cooperation between libraries, and operating the adequate evaluation system are the factors which should be considered in the policy aspect. Preparation of proper ways of application, operation time, and promotion are the factors which should be considered and reviewed in the operative aspect.

본 연구는 현대몽골어의 복합 과거시제 중 ‘과거 기준시의 현재(과거의 현재)’ 표현을 중심으로 그 구조적, 의미적 특성을 분석하고, 이를 한국어 의 대응 표현과 비교함으로써 두 언어 간 시제 체계의 상호 대응 양상을 고찰하였다. 몽골어의 해당 시제 표현은 절대시제와 상대시제의 개념을 바탕으로 시점 간의 관계뿐 아니라, 동작이나 상태의 상(相)적 특성과 화 자의 인식 양태(樣態)를 정교하게 드러낸다. 특히 ‘-ж/ч{-аад 4 , -н, -саар 4} бай-’ 형태는 ‘상대시제 현재’의 시제 의미와 함께 ‘병렬 진행’, ‘선행 지 속’, ‘공동･동시 진행’, ‘끊임없는 계속’ 등 다양한 상의 의미를 내포하며, 뒤에 결합되는 종결어미에 따라 직접 인식과 간접 인식의 양태적 차이를 표현한다. 이러한 분석은 몽골어와 한국어의 시제 표현 방식에 대한 이 해를 심화시키는 데 기여하며, 향후 복합시제 유형에 대한 대조 연구의 기반을 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

This study examines the structural and semantic characteristics of the compound past tense in Modern Mongolian, focusing on constructions that express the present in past reference time (i.e., “present in the past”). Through a comparative analysis with Korean equivalents, the study explores how the tense systems of the two languages correspond and diverge. Mongolian compound past tense constructions are grounded in the concepts of absolute and relative tense, revealing not only the temporal relationships between reference points but also the aspectual properties of actions or states and the speaker’s cognitive modality. Specifically, the construction ‘-j/ch{-aad4, -n, -saar4} bai- /-ж/ч{-аад4, -н, -саар4} бай-/’ encodes the relative present tense within a past reference frame, while simultaneously incorporating diverse aspectual meanings such as Simultaneous Progressive, Anterior Durative, Associative-Simultaneous Progressive, and Persistent Continuous. These aspectual nuances reflect distinctions in temporal structure, participant interaction, and continuity of action. Furthermore, depending on the final suffix attached, these forms express modal differences between direct and indirect cognition. This analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of tense –aspect–modality interaction in Mongolian and Korean, and provides a foundation for future contrastive studies on compound tense constructions.

본 연구는 IPTV, 디지털케이블TV 등 디지털미디어 서비스에서 제공하는 지상파 실시간 방송 채널의 시청 률 추세 변화와 영향 요인에 관한 연구이다. 수년 사이에 젊은 층의 TV 시청은 감소하고, 미디어의 대표격인 지상파의 시청률이 감소하면서 방송 산업 전반의 변화가 진행되고 있다. 특히 지상파사업자의 VOD 홀드백이 연장된 이후 시청자의 경쟁 채널 과 모바일 매체로의 이동은 급격히 이뤄졌다. 연구자는 지상파 실시간 방송의 시청률에 종합편성채널, CJ E&M 등의 계열 채널들이 영향을 준 것으로 가정하였다. 이를 통계적 방법론인 시계열 분석과 회귀분석을 통해 검증한 결과 연관성을 검증 하였으며, 지상파 실시간 방송 시청률 감소의 원인을 면밀하게 확인하였다. 연구자는 이러한 결과를 토대로 정책입안주체 와 사업자들이 시청자의 만족과 시장의 상생 성장을 위한 정책을 만들 것을 기대한다.

This paper deals with the viewing rate trends of digital media service special reference to terrestrial real time broadcasting of IPTV. In a few years, TV viewership of young people is decreasing, the audience viewing rate of the terrestrial broadcasting which is the representative of the media decreases, and the change of the broadcasting industry is progressing. Especially after the terrestrial broadcaster 's VOD holdback was extended, the viewer' s movement on the competitive channel & mobile media was rapidly progressing. Researcher assumed that the viewing rate of the terrestrial real-time broadcasting has influenced the comprehensive channel, CJ E&M subsidiary channels. As a result, researcher verified using statistical methodological time series analysis and regression analysis. Based on these results, researcher expects media players to prepare policies for viewers' satisfaction and symbiotic growth of markets.

생물의약품 국가표준품은 백신, 혈액제제 등 생물의약품의 국가출하승인 및 품질관리, 연구개발 등에 사용하는 기준물질이다. 생물의약품은 보관온도 등 환경변화에 특히 민감하며 이로 인해 역가 감소 등의 문제가 발생할 수 있으므로 기 확립된 국가표준품의 품질유지에 대한 신뢰도 확보가 필수이며, 이를 위해서는 표준품을 표시 역가 및 함량에 따라 효율적으로 관리해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 세균 백신 생물의약품 국가표준품 9개 품목의 신뢰성 확보를 목적으로 실시간 안정성 시험을 수행하였다. 제조시점부터 2023년까지의 안정성 시험 결과를 통계분석하여 국가표준품의 역가/함량 변화 추세를 분석한 결과, 9개의 세균 백신 국가표준품이 관리한계 내에서 안정적으로 유지됨을 확인하였다. 따라서, 본 연구 결과가 안전하고 우수한 품질의 생물의약품을 공급하는데 기여할 것으로 기대된다

National reference standards for biopharmaceuticals, including vaccines and blood products, are essential for the national lot release, quality control, and research and development of biopharmaceuticals. These standards are particularly sensitive to environmental changes such as those in storage temperature, which can lead to reduced potency and other issues. Therefore, ensuring the reliability of the established national reference standards is crucial, and effective management of the standards according to their designated potency and contents is required. This study conducted real-time stability tests on MFDS’s 9 national reference standards for bacterial vaccines to ensure their reliability. Statistical analysis of the test results from the time of manufacture up to 2023 showed that the stability of all the 9 standards had been maintained within control limits. Our study results are expected to contribute to the supply of safe and high-quality biopharmaceuticals.

현재 ITS 성능평가는 교통정보 수집 장비에 대한 평가를 중심으로 시행하고 있다. 하지 만 교통정보 수집 장비에 대한 평가만으로는 도로 이용자에게 제공되는 교통정보의 신뢰성 을 보장할 수 없기 때문에 ITS 서비스를 평가할 수 있는 제도적인 뒷받침이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 도로 이용자가 제공받는 구간 통행시간정보의 정확도를 평가할 수 있는 방법을 검토하였다. 그리고 실제 도로에서 데이터를 수집하기 위하여 이동식 평가 기준장비를 개발 하였다. 개발한 평가 기준장비에 대한 성능평가와 현장 여건을 고려한 평가 방법을 마련하 기 위해, 서울청 관할 국도 2개 구간에서 시범평가를 수행하였다. 평가 결과, 서울청에서 제 공하는 통행시간정보는 90% 이상의 정확도로 높게 나타났다. 시범평가 결과를 바탕으로 표본 수를 늘리기 위한 기준장비 검지 방식 개선과 수집지점 위치 조정에 대한 사항을 논의하였다.

The ITS performance evaluation has been performed in the evaluation of traffic data collection equipment. However, evaluation of the data collection equipment alone cannot guarantee the reliability of the traffic information. So, ITS service evaluation has to be implemented institutionally. In this study, an evaluation method has been prepared to evaluate the accuracy of travel time information in road sections. In addition, a piece of portable reference equipment was developed to collect travel time data on the road. Field tests were performed on two national road sections managed by the Seoul Construction and Management Administration (SCMA) to prepare an evaluation method considering field conditions and evaluate the reference equipment’s performance. Based on the test results, the improvement of the reference equipment to collect more samples and the adjustment of collection points were discussed.

그 동안 이루어진 웹 캐싱에 대한 연구주제는 캐시에 대한 구조적인 접근을 통한 성능의 향상과, 캐싱 기법 자체에 대한 연구, 이들 기법을 혼합적으로 결합한 기법에 대한 연구가 주로 이루어져 왔다. 또한 기존의 웹 객체 참조특성 분석은 웹 로그를 통한 히스토리 분석, 사용자 선호도, 데이터마이닝 관점에서의 사용자 특성을 위주로 이루어져왔다. 본 연구에서는 웹 객체 참조특성을 확률분포적인 특성 관점에서 분석하며, 이를 통해 객체의 평균수명을 분석하고 이를 웹 캐싱 성능 향상에 도입하는 새로운 연구 방법을 제시한다. 본 연구는 다양한 연구로 발전할 수 있으며, 전자상거래시스템의 성능향상, 지연시간 개산을 통한 고객 만족도의 향상, 웹 로그분석을 통한 데이터마이닝 분야 등 다양한 분야에 대해 연구의 파급 효과가 기대된다.

Generally, a study of web caching is conducted on a performance improvement with structural approaches and a new hybrid method using existing and studies on caching method itself. And existing analysis of reference-characteristic are conducted on a history analysis and a preference of users, a view point of data by log analysis.In this study, we analyze the reference-characteristic of web object on a view point of a charac-teristic of probability-distribution and a mean value of lifetime of a web-object. And using this result, we propose the new method for a performance improvement of a web-caching.

Objectives: Individuals with nonfluent agrammatic aphasia show impaired production and comprehension of time reference via verbal morphology. However, cross-linguistic findings to date suggest inconsistent evidence as to whether tense processing in general is impaired or time reference to the past is selectively difficult in this population. This study examined production and comprehension of time reference via verb morphology in Korean-speaking individuals with nonfluent aphasia. Methods: A group of 9 healthy controls and 8 individuals with nonfluent aphasia (5 for the production task) participated in the study. Sentence priming production and auditory sentence to picture matching tasks were used, parallel with the previous cross-linguistic experiments in English, Chinese, Turkish, and others. Results: The participants with nonfluent aphasia showed different patterns of impairment in production and comprehension. In production, they were impaired in all time references with errors being dominated by substitution of incorrect time references and other morpho-phonologically well-formed errors, indicating a largely intact morphological affixation process. In comprehension, they showed selective impairment of the past, consistent with the cross-linguistic evidence from English, Chinese, Turkish, and others. Conclusion: The findings suggest that interpretation of past time reference poses particular difficulty in nonfluent aphasia irrespective of typological characteristics of languages; however, in production, language-specific morpho-semantic functions of verbal morphology may play a significant role in selective breakdowns of time reference.

This paper proposes power-efficient ICs for measuring the signal of a Floating Gate (FG) radiation sensor. The ICs include the function of converting the current signal generated in the FG into a digital signal through a regulated-cascode current reference (RCCS) and a time-based quantizer. The proposed sensor interface ICs are implemented with the PDK of DB Hitek process, securing a 45 dB SNR with only 14.7 μW power consumption.

Seismic qualification by test is widely used as a way to show the integrity and functionality of equipment that is related to the overall safety of nuclear power plants. Another means of seismic qualification is by direct integration analysis. Both approaches require a series of time histories as an input. However, in most cases, the possibility of using real earthquake data is limited. Thus, artificial time histories are widely used instead. In many cases, however, response spectra are given. Thus, most of the artificial time histories are generated from the given response spectra. Obtaining the response spectrum from a given time history is straightforward. However, the procedure for generating artificial time histories from a given response spectrum is difficult and complex to understand. Thus, this paper presents a simple time-domain method for generating a time history from a given response spectrum; the method was shown to satisfy conditions derived from nuclear regulatory guidance.

Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici is a soil borne pathogenic fungus associated with wheat roots. The accurate quantification of gene expression during the process of infection might be helpful to understand the pathogenic molecular mechanism. However, this method requires suitable reference genes for transcript normalization. In this study, nine candidate reference genes were chosen, and the specificity of the primers were investigated by melting curves of PCR products. The expression stability of these nine candidates was determined with three programs-geNorm, Norm Finder, and Best Keeper. $TUB{\beta}$ was identified as the most stable reference gene. Furthermore, the exopolygalacturonase gene (ExoPG) was selected to verify the reliability of $TUB{\beta}$ expression. The expression profile of ExoPG assessed using $TUB{\beta}$ agreed with the results of digital gene expression analysis by RNA-Seq. This study is the first systematic exploration of the optimal reference genes in the infection process of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici.

Edwardsiella tarda is a gram-negative pathogenic bacterium in aquaculture that can cause hemorrhagic septicemia in fish. Many secreted proteins have already been identified as virulent factors of E. tarda. Moreover, since virulent phenotypes are based on the expression regulation of virulent genes, understanding the expression profile of virulent genes is important. A quantitative RT-PCR is one of the preferred methods for determining different gene expressions. However, this requires the selection of a stable reference gene in E. tarda, which has not yet been systematically studied. Accordingly, this study evaluated nine candidate reference genes (recA, uup, rpoB, rho, topA, gyrA, groEL, rpoD, and 16S rRNA) using the Excel-based programs BestKeeper, GeNorm, and NormFinder under different culture conditions. The results showed that 16S rRNA was more stable than the other genes at different culture growth phases. However, at the same culture time, topA was identified as the reference gene under the conditions of different strains, different culture media, and infection, whereas gyrA was identified under the condition of different temperatures. Thus, in experiments, the expression of gapA and fbaA in E. tarda was analyzed by RT-qPCR using 16S rRNA, recA, and uup as the reference genes. The results showed that 16S rRNA was the most suitable reference gene in this analysis, and that using unsuitable reference genes resulted in inaccurate results.

Zi geese (Anser anser domestica) belong to the white geese and are excellent layers with a superior feed-to-egg conversion ratio. Quantitative gene expression analysis, such as Real-time qRT-PCR, will provide a good understanding of ovarian function during egg-laying and consequently improve egg production. However, we still don't know what reference genes in geese, which show stable expression, should be used for such quantitative analysis. In order to reveal such reference genes, the stability of seven genes were tested in five tissues of Zi geese. Methodology/Principal Findings: The relative transcription levels of genes encoding hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 (HPRT1), ${\beta}$-actin (ACTB), ${\beta}$-tubulin (TUB), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GADPH), succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein (SDH), 28S rRNA (28S) and 18S rRNA (18S) have been quantified in heart, liver, kidney, muscle and ovary in Zi geese respectively at different developmental stages (1 d, 2, 4, 6 and 8 months). The expression stability of these genes was analyzed using geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper software. Conclusions: The expression of 28S in heart, GAPDH in liver and ovary, ACTB in kidney and HPRT1 in muscle are the most stable genes as identified by the three different analysis methods. Thus, these genes are recommended for use as candidate reference genes to compare mRNA transcription in various developmental stages of geese.

Related to the error dynamics of an adaptive system, averaging theorems are developed for coupled differential equations which consist of ordinary differential equations and a parabolic partial differential equation. The results are then applied to the convergence analysis of the parameter estimate errors in the model reference adaptive control of a nonautonomous parabolic partial differential equation with lowly time-varying parameters.