Earticle

The aim of this current study is to survey and analyze the degree of concern and difficult of elementary school teachers in elementary school science classes, and providing the results to teachers as a basic reference to improve their scientific specialties. As a result, firstly, the degree of concern of elementary school teacher in science class is more than normal level. Secondly, the degree of concern in science class differs dependent on environmental factors. Next, the degree of difficulty about science class was under normal level. Among area surveyed, physical and psychological environment were lower compared with other areas, and the difficulty in evaluation of class result was comparably higher than others. At fourth, teacher’s degree of difficulty in science class was dependent on environment factors, but not on gender. Finally, there was reverse correlation between degree of concern and the degree of difficulty of elementary school teachers in science class. Further, the degree of concern in student knowledge showed more significant reverse correlation with all of area tested.

어린이나 청소년을 대상으로 한 에듀게임은 타 게임과는 다르게 구매자와 이용자가 뚜렷하게 구분된다는 특징을 가지고 있다. 하지만 에듀게임의 구매자 측면에서의 국내 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 구매자 측면에서 에듀게임을 구매할 때 구매 의사를 결정하는 요인을 찾아내고, 구매 결정 요인을 중심으로 타 게임과의 특징적 차이점을 비교하고 파악함으로써 향후 에듀게임에 관한 연구 및 에듀게임 산업의 도움이 되고자 한다.

Edu-game for children and adolescents has unlike other games, purchaser and users are distinct, so edu-game needs to more research for purchaser. But the domestic edu-game purchaser-side study is lacking state. For these reasons, we need to study about edu-game purchaser for why purchasers buy edu-game and what specific factors have strong influences over purchaser to get to know. Having set these, this research intends to provide fundamental data for further study and edu-game industry, by investigating factors that elicit customers' purchasing of edu-game products for children and adolescents. Based upon the study result described in the above, by using the knowledge and information about the purchasing decision intention of the edu-game in the related industry and academic, it will help edu-game development and edu-game purchaser-side study, marketing strategy establishment.

Purpose: This study was to investigate the degree of the performance, importance of difficulty about elementary school health teachers’work. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted to 58 elementary school health teachers in Daegu and 89 elementary school health teachers in Gyeongnam. The collected data was analyzed statistically by using frequency, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, multiple regression analysis using SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. Results: The work of health teachers’ highest performance was indicated to be health education, importance and difficulty was indicated to be school health program. The work of lowest performance, importance and difficulty was indicated to be environmental hygiene management. Significant factors influencing performance of health teachers’work were importance(β=.440, p<.001) and difficulty(β=-.361, p<.001). These variables explained 44.5% of work performance. Conclusion: Based on this research, health teachers’troubles would be relieved and their professional development will be improved if elementary school health teachers’work perception is considered properly and if suitable training is provided for each characteristic, and administrative and financial support is provided.

We analyzed and compared factors such as changes in the degree of difficulty of concepts presented in Chemistry I textbook, changes in class types (non-face-to-face, face-to-face), etc. on academic achievement by level (upper, middle, and lower). Students from A high school in Gyeongsangnam-do were selected for the subjects of the study. As a result of analyzing the change in the degree of difficulty of concepts, the total score of chemistry I combined by non-face-to-face and face-to-face classes during the second semester was lower than that of the first semester. As a result of analyzing the impact of factors such as changes in conceptual difficulty, changes in class types, etc. on academic achievement by level, students' grades at the ‘lower level’ by non-face-to-face classes were lower than those by face-to-face classes. In particular, at the lower level of the second semester, there was a large difference in grades between non-face-to-face and face-to-face classes. In the results of these studies, it was found that instructors' active feedback is important to identify difficulties in understanding learning contents for students with low levels of academic achievement and improve them at the same time.

The purpose of this study is to seek a measure to lessen the difficulty of nurturing and heighten the degree of life satisfaction for parents with infants. In order to meet the purpose, the relationship between the difficulty of nurturing and the degree of life satisfaction of parents with infants is analyzed focusing on the mediating effect of couple communication and parental role satisfaction. First, nurturing difficulty have a negative relationships with degree of life satisfaction, couple communication, parental role satisfaction. Second, couple communication and parental role satisfaction had mediating effects on the relationship between the difficulty of nurturing and life satisfaction. Therefore, it is needed to set up plans to improve parents-with-infants' degree of life satisfaction, as well as plans to reduce fostering difficulty, enhance couple communication, and elevate parental role satisfaction. These goals may be achieved through efforts to improve the current system of home care allowance, the expansion of regional nurturing centers in which parents can learn communication skills, and the provision of family mentor services.

본 연구의 목적은 읽기 능력이 다른 고등학생들이 난이도가 다른 영어 독해 문제에 대해 어떠한 독해 전략을 사용하는지에 대한 양상을 알아보고 그 결과를 토대로 학생의 읽기 능력에 따라, 문제의 난이도에 따라 독해 전략에 대한 지도를 어떻게 해야 할지 제시하는 것이다. 본 연구는 읽기 능력이 다른 고등학교 학생들이 난이도가 다른 독해 문제를 해결할 때 사용한 상위인지 전략을 측정하기 위해 설문조사를 하였다. 설문지는 Mokhtari와 Reichard(2002)의 MARSI(Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory)의 항목 중에서 시험 상황에 적절하지 않은 항목들을 제외하고 나머지 항목들을 우리말로 번역하여 제공하였으며 모의고사 성적에 따라 상, 중, 하위 집단으로 분류된 학생들이 난이도가 다른 문제를 해결할 때 어떠한 전략을 사용하는지 대답을 하도록 설문지를 구성하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 읽기 능력이 우수한 학습자일수록 총체적 독해 전략(GLOB), 문제 해결 전략(PROB), 지원적 독해 전략(SUP) 세 가지 모든 영역의 상위인지 전략을 많이 사용하고 있다. 둘째, 문제의 난이도가 높을수록 학생들은 더 많은 상위인지 전략을 사용하고 문제의 난이도에 따라 학습자들이 활용하는 상위인지 전략의 종류가 다르다. 셋째, 문제의 난이도에 따라 상, 중, 하위 집단 간에 활용하는 상위인지 전략의 종류가 다르다. 따라서, 중위 집단 학생들이 상위 집단으로, 하위 집단 학생들이 중위 집단으로 향상하기 위해서는 그에 알맞은 방법을 안내해야 할 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of meta-cognitive strategies of Korean high school students depending on their reading proficiency and the degree of difficulty of reading passages and to provide guidance about how to teach reading strategies. The study conducted survey about students' meta-cognitive reading strategy uses by adapting MARSI(Mokhtari & Reichard, 2002). After grouping students into three group (high, middle, low proficiency group) by the result of reading test, each student was asked to answer the survey questions about how they use meta-cognitive reading strategies in solving reading questions. The results of this study are as follows. First, students in high proficiency group more frequently use reading strategies in all categories of meta-cognitive strategies: Global Reading Strategies, Problem-Solving Strategies and Support Reading Strategies. Second, the more difficult the reading passages are, the more frequently students use meta-cognitive reading strategies. However, if the reading passages are too difficult for students, the use of meta-cognitive reading strategies is reduced. Third, students who have different reading proficiency use different items of meta-cognitive reading strategies. To guide middle or low proficiency level students to become more proficient readers, teachers should offer appropriate items of meta-cognitive reading strategies to students depending on their reading proficiency. Though, meta-cognitive strategy use in reading is a crucial part of learning English, students can not use meta-cognitive reading strategies when their reading ability is not good enough for difficult passages. Therefore, it is recommended that teachers instruct students to improve their reading skills as well as to explore appropriate meta-cognitive reading strategies.

The first purpose of this study is to distinguish difficult chapters in 'Speed of objects' chapter and find the factors which give difficulty to the teachers and students. Also, it attempts to compare the students' assessment scores with the degree of difficulty in teaching and also with the degree of difficulty in learning. This report is expected to help science teachers develop their PCK(Pedagogical Content Knowledge) for teaching the chapter professionally. 15 teachers who had taught the 'Speed of Objects' chapter and their 386 students took part in the survey to acquire information about the difficulties in teaching and learning. 386 students also received a test to examine their understandings of the chapter. The results of this study are as follow; First, the degree of teachers' and students' difficulty is only affected by the contents, and the degree of onerousness felt by teachers is higher than that of students. Second, The topics caused higher difficulty to teachers were 'Understanding the meaning of motion(2nd lesson)', 'Understanding the meaning and unit of speed(5th lesson)', 'Changing unit of speed(6th lesson)', 'Drawing a distance-time graph(7th lesson)', and 'Understanding the relative motion(10th). The topics that led higher difficulty to students were the contents of 5th, 6th, and 7th lessons. Third, the 'Speed of Objects' chapter can be divided into 4 types of difficulty according to the degree of teaching and learning; 'Strong difficulty', 'Learning difficulty', 'Weak difficulty', and 'Teaching difficulty'. Last, students showed low achievement to the tasks that were related with 'Strong difficulty' and 'Teaching difficulty'.

중국에서 문학교육연구와 문학강독에 관한 교재 개발은 어느 정도 진행되어 있는 실정이다. 한국문학교육에 대한 연구는 현장 경험을 바탕으로 하는 경험 연구가 주를 이루고 있다. 그 이유는 문학강독 시수와 문학강독이라는 교과목의 특수성 때문이라고 할 수 있다. 중국의 대학들에서 문학강독은 수업시수 배정이 다양한데다 문학텍스트가 중층적이고 다성적이며 열린 텍스트로서 다양한 독법이 가능하기 때문에 교육목표 설정, 교육 방법 선택 등이 다른 과목에 비해 보다 다양해지게 된다. 여기에 다시 학습자 변인, 교수 요건, 교육 시수, 교수자 등 다양한 변인들이 작용하게 되면 무수한 교수법과 수업 방안이 나올 수 있다. 지금까지 발표된 한국문학교육 연구논문들은 단편소설, 시를 비롯하여 영화나 드라마 대본, 수필, 동화, 신화, 설화, 한시 등 다양한 장르에 대한 교육 모형이 연구되었으며 그 효과를 극대화하기 위해 시청각 방식, 음악, 비교문학 등 다양한 교육 방식들이 도입되고 있다. 대부분 연구자들이 각자의 현장경험을 바탕으로 한 연구여서 산발적이고 견해도 각양각색이다. 중국에서의 한국문학교육은 한국어 교육의 일부분으로 언어교육의 특징을 강하게 지니고 있으며 언어 능력 향상이 주요목적이다. 하지만, 문학작품들에 민속 전통, 속담, 한국 사회, 역사와 지리, 한국의 전통 복장, 한국인의 정서 및 가치관과 사고방식 등 다양한 문화적 내용들이 들어 있어 문학교육을 통해 한국문화 교육도 진행할 수 있으며, 학생들을 한국문학의 개념, 한국문학의 특징과 흐름, 갈래, 및 한국문학사의 전통과 지향성을 이해하고 중국문학과의 유사성과 차이점에 대한 인식을 넓힐 수 있는 방향으로 인도함으로써 순수한 문학교육이나 한중비교문학교육, 문학사교육으로 승화시킬 수도 있다. 본 연구는 어휘, 문법, 관용어 표현 등 학생들이 작품을 이해하는데 저해되는 요소들이 많고 적음을 난이도 척도로 삼고 필자가 강의했던 작품들을 난이도에 따라 세 단계로 설정하여 그에 상응하는 작품들을 제시한다.

At present, research on Chinese literature education and development of textbooks of selected literature readings have seen certain achievement. Present researches on the education of Korean literature mainly focus on practical teaching experience. The reason of this phenomenon lies in the class hours and the particularity of selected literature readings as a course. In China, class hours of selected literature readings vary among many universities, and there are various explanations of literature works due to their diversification, pluralization and openness. Therefore, the course of selected literature readings presents more diversities compared with other courses at the aspects of teaching objectives and teaching methods. When taking learners’ variability, teaching conditions, class hours, teachers and other variables into consideration, there will be countless teaching methods and teaching plans. Present studies on the education of Korean literature generally take the education of short stories and poetries as main models and touching on education of other genres, including films, TV scripts, essays, fairy tales, myths, legends, Korean poetry and the like. In addition, many teaching approaches such as audio-visual instruction, teaching through music, and comparative literature are being adopted to maximize the effect. Most researchers conduct researches based their own teaching experience, which make the researches sporadic, irregular and filled with innumerable ideas. In China, as a part of education of Korean, education of Korean literature enjoys certain features of language teaching, and therefore it plays a role in the education of Korean. Literature works cover various fields, such as folk traditions, proverbs, Korean society, history, geography, traditional Korean dressings, sentiment, values and ways of thinking of Korean and so forth. Therefore, education of Korean culture can be realized through education of literature, helping students understand the conception, features, process and branches of Korean literature and develop deep insight into the history of Korean literature. At the same time, teachers should guide students to broaden their recognition of the differences and similarities between Chinese literature and Korean literature, and then turn the education into sheer education of literature, education of comparative literature of Korean-Chinese literature and education of literature history. This study takes vocabulary, grammar, idiomatic expressions and other factors which influence students' understanding of literature works as the degree of difficulty. Based on this foundation, three phases are set according to the degree of difficulty of literature works the author has taught in class, and relevant literature works are presented for explanation.

사회복지현장에 있어서 사례관리의 수행이 요구되고 있는 가운데, 현장의 사례관리담당 사회복지사들이 실제로 사례관리 직무에 대해 어느 정도 수행하고 있는지, 또한 어떠한 직무영역 수행에 있어 가장 어렵고 쉽게 느끼고 있고 이러한 난이도에 영향을 미치는 요인에는 무엇이 있는지를 분석하였다. 사례관리 직무에 관한 설문지 작성을 위해 비교확인법과 데이컴 방법을 혼용하였고, 조사대상자는 서울과 경기지역의 재가복지시설에서 사례관리를 주로 담당하고 있는 사회복지사 400명이었다. 조사 시기는 2008년 9월 1일에서 12월 30일까지였다. 요인분석을 통해 확인된 사례관리 과정과 수행기법에 관련된 11개의 직무영역이 도출되었으며, 이들 직무 영역에 있어 인테이크와 행정업무가 가장 많이 이루어지고 있었으며, 지역사회 조직 및 개발이 가장 적게 이루어지고 있음이 확인되었다. 수행난이도에서는 사례관리자들은 지역사회조직 및 개발, 기관간 조정, 연계망 구축 등의 네트워크의 활용 및 활성화에 관련해 가장 많은 제약을 받고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 인테이크와 정보 수집을 위한 사정영역은 가장 쉽게 인식하고 있었다. 나아가, 사례관리 직무영역별 수행난이도에 근무부서, 교육시간, 근무기간이 어떠한 관련이 있는지를 살펴본 결과, 사례관리에 대한 교육시간이 길수록, 근무경력이 오래될수록, 지역사회보호․주간보호사업을 주 업무로 하고 있을수록 사례관리 직무에 대해 어렵지 않게 인식하고 있었다. 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 첫째, 지역사회 조직 및 자원개발에 대한 커리큘럼에 대한 개발의 필요성, 둘째, 지역사회 내에서 사회복지사업을 전개하고 있는 각 기관(단체)과 시설간의 영역을 조율하고 협조체계를 구축하기 위한 상설 시스템 정비, 셋째, 지역사회 내에서 공유할 수 있는 통합 전산 프로그램의 개발과 보급, 넷째, 사례관리자들에 대한 보수교육훈련의 강화를 위한 체계구축의 필요성을 제안하였다.

This study explored how social workers performed care management- related tasks, how they perceived the degree of difficulties to perform certain tasks, and what factors had influenced the degree of difficulties. Verification method and DACUM were utilized to organize the survey questionnaire. A total of 400 social work care managers of community social service centers in Seoul and Kyung-gi areas of South Korea participated in the study from September 1st to December 30th, 2008. Utilizing factor analysis, the study results were analyzed. A total of eleven task areas, related to care management and practice methods, were categorized. Intake and administration-related tasks were the most frequently performed. Community organization and development was the least frequently performed among care management related tasks. Care mangers reported the highest degree of difficulties in coordinating community networks, while they reported the least degree of difficulties in intake and assessment for data collection. Care managers, who have longer educational training, more working experiences in care management, and mainly perform community services, reported lower degree of difficulty in practicing care management than their counterparts. The implications of this study are the followings: (1) suggesting the needs for developing curriculum for community organization and resource development; (2) improving networks among community social service agencies, in order to coordinate their practice areas and target populations; (3) developing and distributing computer networking systems to share information in community; and (4) suggesting the needs for enhanced continuing education for care mangers.

Factors that affect the degree of difficulty in test items - Focusing on context structure - The current study surveyed 58 Japanese language learners to investigate factors that affect the difficulty of test items. focusing on the one of the question types of JLPT, i.e. sentence order questions. The result shows that, empirically, there can be a difference in difficulties between questions at a similar level estimated. Specifically, it was revealed that following facts affect the difficulty : whether or not a clue from a preceding sentence or succeeding sentence can play a crucial role in the question and whether or not a target item in the question is the first element in the sentence.

본 연구는 집착소비행동을 규명하고 자아개념 및 불안감과 집착소비행동 간의 관계에서 정서조절 곤란도와 메타인지전략의 매개효과를 검증하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 조사대상은 서울과 수도권에 거주하는 20대에서 60대 남녀 소비자, 785명이었다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 집착소비행동을 규명하고 유형화하기 위하여 요인분석을 실시한 결과, 3개의 요인이 추출되었다. 집착소비 측정문항은 변수의 정제와 제거과정을 거쳐 최종 15개의 항목으로 결정되었다. 요인의 최저 적재치는 .64 이상이었으며 설명된 총 분산은 71.86%이었다. 집착소비행동은 3개의 요인, 즉, 현재성결여, 소비집중성, 소비의존성 요인으로 정리되었다. ‘현재성결여’는 자신이 원하는것에 대한 소비의 집착성과 마음이 묶여 있는 것, 그러한 상태로 인해 현재의 일에 방해를 받는 것, ‘소비집중성’은 자신의 소비욕구가 절대적인 것이라고 여기는 착각에 대한 것, ‘소비의존성’은 구매에 대해 ‘거리두기’를 하지 못하고 의존하려는 것 등에 대한 내용으로 구성되었다. 둘째, 자아개념과 불안감, 정서조절 곤란도, 집착소비행동 간의 상관관계를 분석하고 유의한 영향관계를 보인 변수를 중심으로 정서조절 곤란도의 매개효과를 검증하였다. 회귀분석 분석결과, 열등자아개념과 집착소비행동의 모든 유형과, 사회자아개념과 소비의존성 간의 관계에서 정서조절곤란도가 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 열등자아개념이 집착소비행동에 직접적인 영향을 미치기 보다는 정서조절 곤란을 통해 간접적으로 영향을 미친다는 것을 의미하는 것이다. 또한, 불안감과 집착소비행동 간의 관계에서 정서조절 곤란도가 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 메타인지전략이 자아개념과 집착소비행동 간의 관계에서 매개변인으로 역할을 하는지 분석하였다. 열등자아개념과 집착소비행동과의 관계에서 메타인지전략이 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 메타인지 계획요인은 열등자아개념과 현재성결여 집착소비행동과의 관계에서, 메타인지 조절요인은 열등자아개념과 집착소비행동의 모든 유형과의 관계에서 매개효과를 보였다. 사회자아개념과 소비의존성과의 관계에서는 메타인지의 계획과 조절요인의 매개효과가 검증되었다. 또한, 불안감과 집착소비행동 간의 관계에서 메타인지전략이 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다.

The aim of this research was to identify preoccupied consumption behavior and verify the mediation effect of the degree of emotion control difficulty, as well as metacognition in the relationship among self-concept, anxiety, and preoccupied consumption behavior. The subjects of this research are a total of 785 male and female consumers in their 20s?60s, who are living in Seoul and its surrounding areas. The research results are as follows. First, when this research conducted a factor analysis to identify and stereotype preoccupied consumption behavior, three factors were extracted. The measurement questions of preoccupied consumption behavior, which were initially composed of a total of 21 items, were finally reduced to a total of 15 items after the purification and elimination processes of variables. This research ensured that the lowest load value of the factors was over .64 and that the total dispersion?which was explained?was 71.86%. Preoccupied consumption behavior was summarized into three factors: lack of nowness, consumption absoluteness, and consumption dependence. The “lack of nowness” means that consumers are preoccupied with buying what they want and paying excessive attention to it. Also, their present work is hindered by such phenomena. “consumption absoluteness” means that the illusion of their desire for consumption is absolute, while “consumption dependence” means that they cannot distance themselves from the purchase and are thus willing to rely on consumption.Second, this research analyzed the interrelationship between self-concept and anxiety, as well as the degree of emotion control difficulty and preoccupied consumption behavior. Then, a regression analysis was conducted to verify whether the degree of emotion control difficulty played a parameter role, focusing on variables that showed a meaningful relationship effect. The results of such analyses showed that the degree of emotion control difficulty acted as a mediator in every type of inferior self-concept and preoccupied consumption behavior and the relationship between social self-concept and consumption dependence. These results mean that inferior self-concept not so much has a direct effect on preoccupied consumption behavior as it has an indirect effect on preoccupied consumption behavior because difficulties in controling emotion exist. Similarly, the degree of emotion control difficulty also acts as a mediator in the relationship between anxiety and preoccupied consumption behavior. Third, when this research broke down whether the metacognition strategy acted as a parameter in the relationship between self-concept and anxiety and preoccupied consumption behavior, it was found that the metacognition strategy acted as a mediator in the relationship between inferior self-concept and preoccupied consumption behavior. The metacognition planning factors showed a mediation effect on the relationship between inferior self-concept and lack of nowness-related preoccupied consumption behavior. In addition, the metacognition control factors showed a mediation effect on the relationship between inferior self-concept and every type of preoccupied consumption behavior. It was also verified that both the metacognition planning factors and control factors have a mediation effect on the relationship between social self-concept and consumption dependence. This research found that the metacognition strategy acted as a mediator in the relationship between anxiety and preoccupied consumption behavior.

In the Core Technology R&D of the defence area, the development of the related core element technology could be the foundation to develop advanced weapon system in the future. But it might make various problems if you can not accurately define the TRL of the element technology. In other words, if the technology is not sufficiently mature and then the project starts, it might require an increase in the development period and additional cost. Finally the system will be in an incomplete state and result in user dissatisfaction and the project failure. Therefore it is a very important task to properly assess the TRL for a successful project. In this study, We propose the method for risk management of core technology R&D project of the defence area using the QFD process with degree of difficulty and technology readiness level. It is also presented the process to determine the risk level using TRL and Degree of difficulty. Finally We apply this method to UGV system for verifying the result of this study.