Earticle

This study characterize, classify and evaluates the function of topography on spatial variability of some selected soil properties to assist in designing land management that support uniform agricultural production. The study site, an agricultural land, was part of the derived savanna zone in southwest Nigeria. Four soil profile pits each were established along two delineated toposequence and described following the FAO/UNESCO guidelines. Samples were collected from the identified genetic horizons. Properties of four soil series developed on different positions of the two delineated Toposequence viz upper, middle, lower slopes and valley bottom positions respectively were studied. The soil samples were analysed for selected physical and chemical properties and data generated were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that soil colour, depth and texture varied in response to changes in slope position and drainage condition. The sand content ranged from 61 to 90% while the bulk density ranged between 1.06 g cm-3 to 1.68 g cm-3. The soils were neutral to very strongly acid with low total exchangeable bases. Available phosphorus value were low while the extractable micronutrient concentration varied from low to medium. Soils of Asejire and Iwo series mapped in the study area were classified as Typic isohyperthermic paleustult, Apomu series as Plinthic isohyperthermic paleustult and Jago series as Aquic psamment (USDA Soil Taxonomy). These soils were correlated as Lixisol, Plinthic Lixisol and Fluvisol (World Reference Based), respectively. Major agronomic constraints of the soils associations mapped in the study area were nutrient availability, nutrient retention, slope, drainage, texture, high bulk density and shallow depth. The study concluded that the soils were not homogenous, shows moderate spatial variation across the slope, had varying potentials for sustainable agricultural practices, and thus, the agronomic constraints should be carefully addressed and managed for precision agriculture.

제방의 안정성을 평가하기 위하여 결정론적인 해석과 신뢰성 해석을 수행하였다. 해석 대상인 제방은 경상북도 고령지역에 존재하는 제방으로 해석을 위해 필요한 제방 형상과 지반 물성치는 상세 지반조사 결과에 근거하여 결정하였다. 제방의 활동 모멘트와 저항 모멘트는 Bishop simplified method를 이용하여 평가하였다. 제방의 신뢰성 분석을 위하여, 균질하다고 가정할 수 있는 영역 내에서의 지반 정수의 공간적인 변동성을 재현하기 위하여 Gaussian random field 이론을 적용하였다. 제방주변에 수위가 낮을 경우에는 결정론적인 방법으로 계산한 제방 안전율은 설계기준에 제시된 최소 안전율보다 크게 평가되었고, 신뢰성 분석을 통하여 평가된 잠재된 제방 파괴확률은 목표 기준보다 낮아 안전한 것으로 평가되었다. 하지만 수위가 올라가면 제방 안전율은 떨어지고 제방의 파괴확률도 급격히 증가하는 것을 확인하였다.

The evaluation of embankment stability was performed based on the results from a conventional deterministic analysis and a reliability analysis. The embankment used in the analyses was selected from real sites located at Goryeong area in South Korea. The Bishop simplified method was implemented to calculate driving and resistance moments of the embankment. In the reliability-based design, Gaussian random field theory was used to account for spatial variabilities of soil properties. The results show that the calculated factors of safety (FS) from the conventional deterministic analyses exceeded the minimum FS proposed in design codes. Also, the random field-based reliability analyses revealed that the probability of embankment failure assuming no water table was much lower than the lower bound of the proposed target probability of failure. However, under increasing levels of water table, FS drops and the probability of failure increases significantly.

본 연구는 아마추어 골퍼들의 퍼팅기술 향상과 안정성을 위해 공간가변성 조절훈련과 청각적 피드백을 통한 타 이밍 훈련이 골프퍼팅 과제의 정확성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다. 골프경험이 없는 대학생 36 명을 대상으로 퍼팅과제의 학습과 파지, 그리고 전이가 어떻게 이루어지는지 알아보았다. 이와 같은 연구과정을 거쳐 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 첫째, 실험집단은 비교집단에 비해 퍼팅거리의 정확도가 우수하였다. 실험집단은 퍼팅거리의 편차가 비교집단에 비해 작았으며, 목표거리에 대한 평균 반경오차 점수도 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 실험집단은 퍼팅의 방향성이 비교집단에 비해 우수하였으며, 보다 안정된 과제수행을 보였다. 셋 째, 실험집단은 임팩트 정확도에서 비교집단에 비해 우수하였다. 넷째, 실험집단은 비교집단에 비해 백스트로크의 거리의 편차가 작고, 속도는 늦고, 비율은 작은 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 백스트로크 거리의 편차와 임팩트 비율 이 작고, 스윗스팟 타격이 이루어질수록 거리 정확도와 방향정확도는 증가하였다. 마지막으로, 백스트로크의 거리 와 비율이 증가할수록 스윗스팟 타격 정확도는 감소하였다. 백스트로크 거리가 증가하고, 또한 백스트로크 속도 가 증가하면 공간가변성이 커져서 임팩트 정확도가 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다.

This study was to examine the effects of spatial variability control training on accuracy of the golf putting. 36 University undergraduates were participated in this experiment. They don't have any golf experiences. The results of this research were as follows; First, experiment group has more excellent accuracy of putting than comparison group. Experiment group has smaller deviation of putting than comparison group. And it showed that mean radius variation (MRE) for objective is excellent. Second, experiment group has more excellent direction of putting than comparison group. Third, experiment group was superior to comparison group in sweet-spot stroke. Fourth, experiments group has smaller deviation of distance of backstroke, slower speed, and smaller back-stroke ratio than comparison group. Fifth, Distance and direction accuracy increased when back-stroke's distance deviation and smaller impact ratio are and sweet-spot hitting is correct. Finally, as the back-stroke ratio increases, the distance and accuracy of hitting the sweet spot decreased. As back stroke distance increase, also the stroke speed increases, the spatial variability of the back-stroke becomes large and impact accuracy becomes low.

디지털 안에서 ‘모듈(module)’은 시스템 간의 교환 체계이자, 결합 원리로 적용된다. 반복과 규칙의 원리로서 사각의 격자 형태를 가리키는 ‘모듈’은, 대상에 규칙과 질서를 부여하는 일을 넘어 다양한 각도에서 응용·변주된다. 르 코르뷔지에(Le Corbusier)는, 모듈이 인체 길이로부터 도출된 수학적 값에 바탕 하여 대상에 규칙과 질서를 부여하는 것으로서 모듈러의 원리와 정의를 설명한다. 현대 미술에서는 작품의 크기와 형태가 통일되고 반복·나열되는 양상을 포함해, 단위 결합이 전체 화면을 이루는 작품 구성과, 공간적 좌표를 활용하고 이를 변형한 전시사례가 발견되고 있다. 이와 같은 발견을 통하여 보다 종합적이며 체계적인 시선에서 전시를 이해할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 전시와 작품의 제작 형태로부터 발견한 공통의 특징을 모듈(module)의 원리와 특성으로부터 찾고, 이를 세 가지 성격으로 유형화하여 분석하였다. 먼저 ‘절대 규격형’ 전시는 작품의 크기를 비롯한 외부 디스플레이 요소들이 규칙적으로 반복·통일되는 양상을 포함해, 전시 자체에서부터 규칙과 규율이 적용된 경우를 가리킨다. ‘단위 결합형’ 전시는 작품이 수적 결합과 형태 조합에 바탕 하거나, 행위의 반복과 축적이 작업 과정에 있어 중요한 의미를 지니는 경우를 말한다. ‘공간 가변형’ 전시는 공간과 관련한 수치와 형태, 작품의 감상 방안이 여러 관점에서 응용·변주되거나, 디지털적 변형을 통하여 공간의 가변적 성격을 드러내는 것을 가리킨다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 전시 사례를 통해 발견되어지는 규칙과 호환, 결합과 변형의 원리를 모듈성과 연계하여 분석하였다.

During digital operations, a ‘module’ is an exchange device between systems and is applied based on a combination principle. The 'module', referring to a square grid which works on the principle of repetition and rule, is applied and varied at different angles beyond merely assigning rules and order to objects. Le Corbusier explains the principle and definition of a 'Modulor', which assigns rules and order to objects based on mathematical values derived from the length of the human body. In modern art, the composition of works is such that unit coupling makes up the entire screen, with exhibition cases using spatial coordinates with transformation also found, including the aspects by which the size and form of the works are unified, repeated and arranged. Given these research findings, we can understand exhibitions in a more comprehensive and systematic manner. Accordingly, in this study, the common features found in displays and production forms of works are investigated based on the principles and characteristics of modules and are categorized based on three characteristics for an analysis. First, the 'absolute standard type' exhibition refers to cases in which rules and regulations are applied to the exhibition itself, including the aspect in which external display elements with information about the sizes of works are regularly repeated and unified. The 'unit-coupled' exhibition indicates cases in which works are based on numerical combinations and form combinations, or where the repetition and accumulation of actions have important meanings during the work process. The exhibition of the 'spatial-variable type' refers to cases in which space-related figures, forms, and appreciation plans of works are applied and modified from various perspectives, or where the variable nature of space is revealed through digital transformation. In the present study, rules and compatibility and the principles of combination and modification as found through various exhibition cases are analyzed in connection with modularity.

This paper analyzes the validity of temperature maps obtained by means of single and mixed interpolation methods. In this context, several interpolation methods are used for the temperature mapping: inverse distance square (IDS), ordinary kriging (OK) and co-kriging (CK) and mixed methods (combined global, local and geostatistical methods). And the validity of the maps is checked through the cross-validation error statistics presented in terms of Mean absolute error (MAE) and root-mean-square error (RMSIE). The results show that the spatial temperature distribution formed by IDS, OK and CK show similarity in general while the CK method better reflects the temperature distribution. Moreover, the best result for temperature mapping is obtained using the mixed method, which suggests that the correction of regression models using residuals improves the interpolation accuracy. Reliable calculation for agricultural management and improvement of climatic models at local scales can be obtained with increased efficiency.

Purpose: Determining the spatial structure of data is important in understanding within-field variability for site-specific crop management. An understanding of the spatial structures present in the data may help illuminate interrelationships that are important in subsequent explanatory analyses, especially when site variables are correlated or are a combined response to multiple causative factors. Methods: In this study, correlation, principal component analysis, and single and nested variogram models were applied to soil electrical conductivity and chemical property data of two fields in central Missouri, USA. Results: Some variables that were highly correlated, or were strongly expressed in the same principal component, exhibited similar spatial ranges when fitted with a single variogram model. However, single variogram results were dependent on the active lag distance used, with short distances (30 m) required to fit short-range variability. Longer active lag distances only revealed long-range spatial components. Nested models generally yielded a better fit than single models for sensor-based conductivity data, where multiple scales of spatial structure were apparent. Gaussian-spherical nested models fit well to the data at both short (30 m) and long (300 m) active lag distances, generally capturing both short-range and long-range spatial components. As soil conductivity relates strongly to profile texture, we hypothesize that the short-range components may relate to the scale of erosion processes, while the long-range components are indicative of the scale of landscape morphology. Conclusion: In this study, we investigated the effect of changing active lag distance on the calculation of the range parameter. Future work investigating scale effects on other variogram parameters, including nugget and sill variances, may lead to better model selection and interpretation. Once this is achieved, separation of nested spatial components by factorial kriging may help to better define the correlations existing between spatial datasets.

In order to study spatial variabilities and major controlling factors, we measured fugacity of $CO_2(fCO_2)$, temperature, salinity and nutrients in surface waters of the North Pacific($7^{\circ}30'{\sim}33^{\circ}15'N$, $123^{\circ}56'E{\sim}164^{\circ}24'W$) between September$\sim$October 2007. The North Pacific and the marginal sea were distinguished by $fCO_2$ distribution as well as unique characteristics of temperature and salinity. There was a distinct diurnal SST variation in the tropical North Pacific area, and surface $fCO_2$ coincidently showed diurnal variation. In the North Pacific area, surface $fCO_2$ was mainly controlled by temperature, while in the marginal sea area it was primarily dependent on alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations. Air-sea $CO_2$ flux showed a large spatial variation, with a range of $-6.10{\sim}5.06\;mmol\;m^{-2}day^{-1}$. The center of subtropical gyre of North Pacific acted as a source of $CO_2(3.09{\pm}0.95\;mmol\;m^{-2}day^{-1})$. Tropical western North Pacific (i.e. the 'warm pool' area and the subtropical western North Pacific) acted as weak sources of $CO_2$($1.07{\pm}1.20\;mmol\;m^{-2}day^{-1}$ and $0.50{\pm}0.53\;mmol\;m^{-2}day^{-1}$, respectively). In the marginal sea, however, the flux was estimated to be $-0.68{\pm}1.17\;mmol\;m^{-2}day^{-1}$, indicating that this area acted as a sink for $CO_2$.

Dense macroalgal assemblages are a common feature of the rocky subtidal habitats along the coast of Geumo Archipelago in the central South Sea of Korea, but are highly variable in space. This study addresses two questions concerning the algal assemblages: (1) how variable the distribution, abundance and species composition of the assemblages are in space, and (2) how closely the distribution, abundance and species composition of the assemblages are correlated to the spatial variation in abiotic factors. To answer these questions, we investigated 30 sites along the coast in autumn of 2003. The nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis showed that there were strong differences in the composition and abundance of species in the assemblages among the sites. The similarity among the sites based on presence/absence data was approximately 51%, whereas the similarity based on abundance data was less than 37%, suggesting that the abundance of species contributed much to these differences. There were also strong differences in the number of species, abundance and vertical distribution of the assemblages along the coast. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the number of species, abundance and vertical distribution of the assemblages had a positive relationship with water depth, but less than 58% of total variation in these variables was explained by this abiotic factor. The results suggest that spatial (between habitats) variation is an important and consistent component of subtidal algal assemblages in Geumo Archipelago and should be explained before any differences between localities are assessed.

본 연구는 경기도 광주지역의 낙엽송 임분에 인공 강우기를 설치하여 수리특성과 관련한 공간 변이와 상관관계를 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 수분유속과 보유능은 원래 토성, 구조와 유기물을 근거로 지표면에서 인공가우기로 수분을 일정속도로 가하면서 측정하였다. 이 방법은 간단히 유기물을 제거하거나 기존의 상태에서 수평한 지표면에 3가지의 강우 강도에서 실시하였으며 한편 경계면은 안정하며 포화상태의 습윤 토양에서 투수계수와 매트릭 유속기능을 조사하였다. 투수계수는 $_1$( $Z_{c}$) = $_2$( $Z_{c}$) = $_{c}$ 이라는 지속적 유속 조건하에서 $K_{i+}$$_1$ $_{c}$= $K_{i}$( $_{c}$) [1-d /dz]의 공식을 적용하였다. 본 연구 결과 토양내에서 유속에 영향을 미치는 공극 특성과 유기물 함량이 광범위하게 수분 보유능과 포화투수계수의 공간 변이에 영향을 미치는 것으로 조사되었다.것으로 조사되었다.되었다.

Soil structure and organic matter have been known to strongly affect water flow and solute transport, yet little information is available concerning soil hydraulic properties related to soil physical and chemical properties in the forest site. The purpose of this study was to quantify the spatial variability and spatial correlation of the measured parameter values from the plots established with the rainfall simulator on Japanese larch(Larix leptolepis) dominated site in Kwangju. Kyunggi-Do. Measurement of soil water flux and retention were made with the inherent soil texture, soil structure, and organic matter. The method was based on the observation that when water was applied at a constant rate to the soil surface on each plot. The method was simple to apply and consists of following steps: (i) Wet the soil from a rainfall simulator with several known discharge rates on a relatively leveled soil surface with and without organic matter. (ii) Once the borders of the ponded zone were steady, saturated hydraulic conductivity( $K_{s}$) and the matric flux function(F) was evaluated from a regression of flux vs. the reciprocal of the ponded area. A conductivity of the form $K_{i+}$$_1$ $_{c}$= $K_{i}$( $_{c}$) [1-d /dz] where flux continuity implies. For this, continuity of matric potential at the interface at all times are as follows: $_1$( $Z_{c}$) = $_2$( $Z_{c}$) = $_{c}$ for steady state intake from water ponded on the soil surface. Results of this investigation showed the importance of understanding spatial variability in wide differences of water retention and saturated hydraulic conductivity with respect to pore geometry and organic matter contents which influenced the water flux throughout the soil profile.l profile.ile.

Objective: The study aimed at quantifying seasonal and spatial variations in availability and nutritive value of herbaceous vegetation on native pastures and supplement feedstuffs for domestic ruminants in Western Kenya. Methods: Samples of herbaceous pasture vegetation (n = 75) and local supplement feedstuffs (n = 46) for cattle, sheep, and goats were collected in 20 villages of three geographic zones (Highlands, Mid-slopes, Lowlands) in Lower Nyando, Western Kenya, over four seasons of one year. Concentrations of dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), gross energy (GE), and minerals were determined. Apparent total tract organic matter digestibility (dOM) was estimated from in vitro gas production and proximate nutrient concentrations or chemical composition alone using published prediction equations. Results: Nutrient, energy, and mineral concentrations were 52 to 168 g CA, 367 to 741 g NDF, 32 to 140 g CP, 6 to 45 g EE, 14.5 to 18.8 MJ GE, 7.0 to 54.2 g potassium, 0.01 to 0.47 g sodium, 136 to 1825 mg iron, and 0.07 to 0.52 mg selenium/kg DM. The dOM was 416 to 650 g/kg organic matter but differed depending on the estimation method. Nutritive value of pasture herbage was superior to most supplement feedstuffs, but its value strongly declined in the driest season. Biomass yields and concentrations of CP and potassium in pasture herbage were highest in the Highlands amongst the three zones. Conclusion: Availability and nutritive value of pasture herbage and supplement feedstuffs greatly vary between seasons and geographical zones, suggesting need for season- and region-specific feeding strategies. Local supplement feedstuffs partly compensate for nutritional deficiencies. However, equations to accurately predict dOM and improved knowledge on nutritional characteristics of tropical ruminant feedstuffs are needed to enhance livestock production in this and similar environments.

There is developing interest in precision agriculture in Korea, despite the fact that typical Korean fields are less than 1 ha in size. Describing within-field variability in typical Korean production settings is a fundamental first step toward determining the size of management zones and the inter-relationships between limiting factors, for establishment of site-specific management strategies. Measurements of rice (Oriza Sativa L) yield, chlorophyll content, and soil properties were obtained in a small (100-m by 30-m) Korean rice paddy field. Yield data were manually collected on 10-m by 5-m grids (180 samples with 3 samples in each of 60 grid cells) and chlorophyll content was measured using a Minolta SPAD 502 in 2-m by 2-m grids. Soil samples were collected at 275 points to compare results from sampling at different scales. Ten soil properties important for rice production in Korea were determined through laboratory analyses. Variogram analysis and point kriging with and without median polishing were conducted to determine the variability of the measured parameters. Influence of variogram model selection and other parameters on the interpretation of the data was investigated. For many of the data, maximum values were greater than double the minimum values, indicating considerable spatial variability in the small paddy field, and large-scale spatial trends were present. When variograms were fit to the original data, the limits of spatial dependency for rice yield and SP AD reading were 11.5 m and 6.5 m, respectively, and after detrending the limits were reduced to 7.4 m and 3.9 m. The range of spatial dependency for soil properties was variable, with several having ranges as short as 2 m and others having ranges greater than 30 m. Kriged maps of the variables clearly showed the presence of both large-scale (trend) variability and small-scale variability in this small field where it would be reasonable to expect uniformity. These findings indicate the potential for applying the principles and technology of precision agriculture for Korean paddy fields. Additional research is needed to confirm the results with data from other fields and crops.d similar tendency with the result for the frequency less than 20 Hz, but the width of change was reduced highly.

난방도일과 냉방도일은 에너지 사용량 예측에 사용되는 개념으로 특정 지역의 열기후적 특성을 이해하는 데 유용하게 사용되어 왔다. 난방도일과 냉방도일의 공간 분포는 반대로 나타난다. 난방도일의 경우 남부에서 최소가 나타나고 북쪽으로 올수록 그 값이 증가하고 강원도를 포함한 북동쪽에서 최대가 나타났다. 냉방도일은 제주도와 남부에서 최대가 나타나고 북쪽으로 올수록 그 값이 감소한다. 냉방도일에는 최근 30년간 뚜렷한 변화 경향이 나타나지 않지만 난방도일의 경우는 모든 지점에서 뚜렷한 감소 경향이 나타났다. 난방도일의 감소는 최저기온의 급격한 상승에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 또한 난방도일의 감소는 연 평균기온의 증가보다 뚜렷한 변화 경향을 나타냈다. 평균기온에서 뚜렷한 변화 경향이 탐지되지 않더라도 기후변화의 영향이 존재할 수 있음을 나타낸다. 또한 최근 급격한 난방도일의 감소는 기후편차지수의 증가를 초래하여 한반도 내 난방도일의 변동이 커지고 있음을 보여주고 있다.

The spatial and temporal variations of heating degree-days (HDDs) and cooling degree-days (CDDs) are closely related with the temperature field. The spatial distribution of 30-year mean HDDs shows that the higher values locates in the northern part of South Korea while the lower values locates in the southern part. The 30-year mean CDDs shows a more randomized distribution than the HDDs. The changing trends of HDDs and CDDs show a different feature: HDDs have a distinct decreasing trend while CDDs have an insignificant change. The decreasing trends of HDDs are consistent over South Korea and most of stations have experienced the statistically significant change. As significant changing areas of HDDs are much broader than those of annual mean temperature, HDDs can be more useful than annual mean temperature to detect the climate change impact on a regional level. In other words, an insignificant change on the mean temperature field can induce the significant change of thermal climatology in a region. The temporal pattern of climatic departure index (CDI) for South Korea HDDs series shows a general decreasing, but a sharp increase during recent years. The drastic decrease of HDDs induces higher CDI indicating larger variability among stations. However, the decrease of South Korea HDDs series cannot totally attribute to the global warming due to urban effects. By the early 1980s, there were no big differences of HDDs between urban and rural series, but later the differences are getting larger. This was expected to be with the intensification of urbanization in South Korea. However, still there is a decreasing trend of HDDs for rural stations.

Temporal and spatial variability of precipitation (P), evaporation (E), and moisture balance (P-E; precipitation minus evaporation) has been investigated over the tropical ocean during the period from January 1998 to July 2001. Our data were analyzed by the EOF method using the satellite P and E observations made by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) and the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I). This analysis has been performed for two three-year periods as follow; The first period which includes the El Ni${\tilde{n}}$o in early 1998 ranges from January 1998 to December 2000, and the second period which includes the La Ni${\tilde{n}}$o events in the early 1999 and 2000 (without El Ni${\tilde{n}}$o) ranges from August 1998 to July 2001. The areas of maxima and high variability in the precipitation and in the P-E were displaced from the tropical western Pacific and the ITCZ during the La Ni${\tilde{n}}$o to the tropical middle Pacific during the El Ni${\tilde{n}}$o, consistent with those in previous P studies. Their variations near the Korean Peninsula seem to exhibit a weakly positive correlation with that in the tropical Pacific during the El Ni${\tilde{n}}$o. The evaporation, out of phase with the precipitation, was reduced in the tropical western Pacific due to humid condition in boreal summer, but intensified in the Kuroshio and Gulf currents due to windy condition in winter. The P-E variability was determined mainly by the precipitation of which the variability was more localized but higher by 2-3 times than that of evaporation. Except for the ITCZ (0-10$^{\circ}$N), evaporation was found to dominate precipitation by ${\sim}$2 mm/day over the tropical Pacific. Annual and seasonal variations of P, E, and P-E were discussed.

In this investigation, a wavelet transform analysis was used to decompose beta-radiographic formation images into spectral and spatial components. Conventional formation analysis may use spectral analysis, based on Fourier transformation or variance vs. zone size, to describe the grammage distribution of features such as flocs, streaks and mean fiber orientation. However, these methods have limited utility for the analysis of statistically stationary data sets where variance is not uniform with position, e.g. paper machine CD profiles (especially those that contain streaks). A continuous wavelet transform was used to analyze formation data arrays obtained from radiographic imaging of handsheets and cross machine paper samples. The response of the analytical method to grammage, floc size distribution, mean fiber orientation an sensitivity to feature localization were assessed. From wavelet analysis, the change in scale of grammage variation as a function of position was used to demonstrate regular and isolated differences in the formed structure.

The hypothesis that the common market equilibria for housing attributes are attained within distinctive submarkets was tested. Markets for housing attributes with greater supply flexibility, i.e., structural variables, were found to be closer to their common equilibria than markets with less supply flexibility, i.e., neighborhood and distance variables. In addition, submarkets with greater mobility were found to achieve common market equilibria for more housing attributes with greater supply flexibility, but not for housing attributes with lower degree of supply flexibility. Results suggest supply flexibility and occupier mobility are both necessary conditions for achieving common market equilibria for housing attributes.

The DEEP-South photometric census of small Solar System bodies is producing massive time-series data of variable, transient or moving objects as a by-product. To fully investigate unexplored variable phenomena, we present an application of multi-aperture photometry and FastBit indexing techniques to a portion of the DEEP-South year-one data. Our new pipeline is designed to do automated point source detection, robust high-precision photometry and calibration of non-crowded fields overlapped with area previously surveyed. We also adopt an efficient data indexing algorithm for faster access to the DEEP-South database. In this paper, we show some application examples of catalog-based variability searches to find new variable stars and to recover targeted asteroids. We discovered 21 new periodic variables including two eclipsing binary systems and one white dwarf/M dwarf pair candidate. We also successfully recovered astrometry and photometry of two near-earth asteroids, 2006 DZ169 and 1996 SK, along with the updated properties of their rotational signals (e.g., period and amplitude).

Variations in the extent and dispersal of river plume are important in the study of coastal environment. The objectives of this study are to examine relationship between satellite detected plume area and river discharge and to clarify the temporal and spatial dynamic of plume from Tokachi River, Hokaido, Japan. We used 1.1 km spatial resolution of SeaWiFS normalized water-leaving radiance (nLw) images from 1998 to 2002. Supervised maximum likelihood classification was implemented to define classes of surface water optical properties. Satellite observed plume area was correlated to the amount of river discharge from April to October. First mode (44% of variance) of EOF analysis shows the turbid plume distribution resulting from re-suspension by strong wind mixing along the coast during winter. This mode also shows plume distribution along-shelf direction in spring and late summer. Second mode (17% of variance) shows spring pattern across-shelf direction due to strong discharge of snow melting water.