Earticle

본 연구는 묵논습지 토양 및 수문환경 특성을 분석하고 생태영향권 내 토지피복 유형의 변화를 고찰하여 묵논습지에 영향을 끼치는 다양한 환경요인 중에서 묵논 토양 및 수질 환경요인을 분석하고 생태영향권 내 토지피복유형의 변화를 살펴보았다. 습지화가 진행되고 있는 묵논습지를 대상으로 문헌연구와 환경공간정보서비스 및 예비답사를 통해 묵논습 지를 선정 후 추가 정밀답사를 실시하여 묵논습지 생태환경 특성을 규명하였으며, 1980년대 이후 40년간의 생태영향권 내 토지피복유형의 변화를 고찰하여 표준 묵논습지의 내부적 외부적 환경요인을 분석함으로써 묵논습지 보전 복원 창출 을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 본 연구를 통해 급증하는 유휴농경지를 습지로 천이되도록 하여 자연습지와 동등 또는 그 이상의 기능을 발휘할 수 있도록 관리할 수 있을 것이다. 특히 토지피복변화를 통해 묵논습지가 주변 생태적 영향권으로 확산될 수 있는 단서를 확인한 바 본 연구대상지는 묵논습지의 표준습지로서의 가능성이 높은 것으로 판단되며, 추후 정밀조사를 통해 지형과 토양, 물순환 체계와 탄소감축 성능 등을 정밀 분석한다면 묵논습지의 발달 과정을 표준화할 수 있을 것이다. 묵논습지 생태영향권의 토지피복유형은 주로 산림과 농경지가 분포하였지만 대체로 최근 10-20년 사이에 급속도로 감소하였고, 산림은 침엽수림에서 활엽수림이나 혼효림 또는 초지 등으로 바뀌고 있었다. 아직은 습지로 온전히 전화되지 못하고 나지 또는 초지 형태를 유지하고 있는 것으로 나타났는데, 휴경된 지 30년 이상 경과되어 자연습지화 된 사례에서 볼 수 있는 것처럼 점차 자연습지와 구조적으로나 기능적으로 유사한 습지로 천이가 진행될 것으로 예측된다.

This study analyzed the characteristics of the soil and hydrological environment of abandoned paddy wetlands examined the changes in land cover type in the ecological affect area, analyzed the environmental factors of abandoned paddy wetlands, and examined the changes in land cover type in the ecological impact area. The ecological environment characteristics of the reference abandoned paddy wetlands were investigated through literature research, environmental spatial information service, and preliminary exploration of the abandoned paddy wetlands, and the basic data for the restoration of abandoned paddy wetlands ware provided by examining the changes in land cover type in the ecological impact area for 40 years. Through this study, it will be possible to manage the rapidly increasing number of abandoned farmland to be converted into wetlands so that it can perform functions equivalent to or greater than that of natural wetlands. In particular, as we checked the clues that abandoned paddy wetlands could spread to surrounding ecological influences through land cover changes, the study sites are highly likely to be reference wetlands, and if the topography, soil, water circulation system, and carbon reduction performance are analyzed carefully, it will be possible to standardize the development process. In addition, through the change in land cover, clues were confirmed that the abandoned paddy wetlands could spread to the surrounding ecological affect areas. The land cover type in the ecological impact area, forests was mainly distributed, but generally decreased rapidly in the last 10-20 years, and forests were changing from coniferous forests to broad-leaved forests, mixed forests, or grassland. It has not yet been fully called to the wetland, and it is found that it has maintained the form of barren or grassland, and as can be seen in the case of natural wetlands after more than 30 years after abandoned, it is expected that the transition will gradually proceed to wetlands that are structurally and functionally similar to natural wetlands.

The present study explored the use of references and conjunctions in 116 argumentative essays written by Chinese university EFL students. Mainly guided by Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) model on cohesion, the study revealed the following major findings: (1) the participants used references more than conjunctions and tended to use demonstrative references and clause connectives and additive conjunctions most frequently in their argumentative essays, (2) high-quality essays had significantly more frequent use of comparative references than low-quality essays, (3) comparative references were a positive predictor for the whole sample’s writing scores and reflexive references a negative predictor for low-quality essay scores, and (4) the participants generally had an appropriate use of different kinds of references and conjunctions, with a small percent of problematic use of different types of references and conjunctions in their writing. It is thus concluded that the use of references and conjunctions greatly affects the quality of argumentative writing produced by ESL/EFL students.

This study explored the effects of English immersion education on referential cohesion in L2 writing. To measure the discourse competence arising from a curricular difference, referential use was chosen to be investigated in order to find the effect of English immersion education. Written personal narratives of 29 students in an immersion school and 35 students in regular high schools were examined to compare the two groups’ use of reference. The only significant group difference was found in the use of zero anaphora. In order to extend their writing as well as construct cohesion in their writing, the students in the immersion school used zero anaphora more often than those in the regular high school. In addition, the regular high school students showed a tendency to produce more errors with third-person singulars and demonstratives. These differences can be attributed to curriculum differences, and in particular to English immersion education’s greater language input, which facilitates textual cohesion in immersion students’ writing.

The purpose of this study is to compare the usage of demonstratives in English and Korean. For this, 16,678 words of English texts and 9,870 ejeol of translated Korean texts are analyzed. English demonstratives can be divided into two groups according to the location in a given sentence: proximal and distal. Although Korean has proximal and distal demonstratives, when English demonstratives are translated into Korean, it does not always match in parallel. Many of demonstratives in English are omitted when translated into Korean. And Korean tends to use antecedents with more frequency as opposed to demonstratives. It is interesting to note that there are many examples where the distal demonstrative ‘that/those’ in English are translated into the proximal demonstrative ‘i’ in Korean. This difference can be explained the by speaker’s emotional distance. The usefulness of this study is that the frequency can be clearly seen of each language’s use of demonstratives.

이 글은 중국 고대 제자백가의 언어에 대한 철학적 논의와 관점을 명실 논쟁을 중심으로 살펴보는 데 그 목적이 있다. 제자백가의 명실 논쟁에 대한 현대적 이해 및 비교철학적 논의를 바탕으로, 언어에 대한 중국 고대의 철학적 관점을 종합적으로 비교 분석해 보려는 것이다. 세부적으로 언어에 대한 철학적 관심과 그에 따른 의미론적 탐구 주제를 살펴본 다음, 이를 근거로 언어에 대한 제자백가의 철학적 관심과 논의를 의미론(어의론)적 문제를 중심으로 조망해 보고, 이어 명실 논쟁에 나타난 제자백가의 철학적 관점을 언급(지시)론과 의미론적 관점에서 종합적으로 비교 분석해 보았다. 하지만 언어에 대한 제자백가의 철학적 관심과 논의를 의미론(어의론)의 언급(지시) 문제와 의미 문제를 중심으로 조망해 보는 것이 과연 객관적인가 하는 것은 별도의 문제로 남는다. 또한 제자백가의 명실 논쟁에 대한 언급(지시)론적 이해와 의미론적 이해의 내용이 과연 객관적으로 인정될 수 있는가 하는 것에 대한 세부적인 논의도 필요하다. 그럼에도 이 글에서 다루어진 내용은 앞으로 탐구되어야 할 과제를 드러내고 있다는 점에서 그 자체로 의미가 있다.

This paper studied the philosophical arguments and viewpoint about the 'ming(名)' and 'shi(實)'. So to speak we tried to examine the modern and comparison comprehension about the 'ming(名)'-'shi(實)' arguments of all philosophers and scholars in ancient china. And we tried to analyze and contrast their philosophical viewpoint about semantical problem synthetically on the foundation of he modern and comparison comprehension. As the result of it, we carried out three theses as following. First, we inspected the philosophical interest and the subject matter of semantic theory for language problem. Second, we examined all kind of argument of all philosophers and scholars in ancient china in a viewpoint of semantics theory. And third, we analyzed and compared philosophical viewpoint which were revealed from 'ming(名)'-'shi(實)' arguments of all philosophers and scholars synthetically according to the theory of reference and the theory of meaning.

오늘날 AI(Artificial Intelligence) 기술은 다양한 분야에서 활용 목적에 맞게 분류, 회기 작업을 수행하며 광범위하게 활용되고 있으며, 연구 또한 활발하게 진행 중인 분야이다. 특히 보안 분야에서는 예기치 않는 위협을 탐지해야 하며, 모델 훈련과정에 알려진 위협 정보를 추가하지 않아도 위협을 탐지할 수 있는 비 지도학습 기반의 이상 탐지 기법이 유망한 방법이다. 하지만 AI 판단에 대한 해석 가능성을 제공하는 선행 연구 대부분은 지도학습을 대상으로 설계되었기에 학습 방법이 근본적으로 다른 비 지도학습 모델에 적용하기는 어려우며, Vision 중심의 AI 매커니즘 해석연구들은 이미지로 표현되지 않는 보안 분야에 적용하기에 적합하지 않다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 침해공격의 원본인 최적화 Reference를 탐색하고 이와 비교함으로써 탐지된 이상에 대한 해석 가능성을 제공하는 기법을 활용한다. 본 논문에서는 산출된 Reference를 기반으로 실존 데이터에서 가장 가까운 데이터를 탐색하는 로직을 추가 제안함으로써 실존 데이터를 기반으로 이상 징후에 대한 더욱 직관적인 해석을 제공하고 보안 분야에서의 효과적인 이상 탐지모델 활용을 도모하고자 한다.

Today, AI (Artificial Intelligence) technology is widely used in various fields, performing classification and regression tasks according to the purpose of use, and research is also actively progressing. Especially in the field of security, unexpected threats need to be detected, and unsupervised learning-based anomaly detection techniques that can detect threats without adding known threat information to the model training process are promising methods. However, most of the preceding studies that provide interpretability for AI judgments are designed for supervised learning, so it is difficult to apply them to unsupervised learning models with fundamentally different learning methods. In addition, previously researched vision-centered AI mechanism interpretation studies are not suitable for application to the security field that is not expressed in images. Therefore, In this paper, we use a technique that provides interpretability for detected anomalies by searching for and comparing optimization references, which are the source of intrusion attacks. In this paper, based on reference, we propose additional logic to search for data closest to real data. Based on real data, it aims to provide a more intuitive interpretation of anomalies and to promote effective use of an anomaly detection model in the security field.

Increasing demands on precision machining have necessitated the tool to move not only position error as small as possible, but also with smoothly varying feedrates. Because of the lack of accurate and efficient algorithms for generation of 3-dimensional lines and circles, a full accomlishment for available machine tool resolution is generally unavailable. In this paper, a reference-pulse type 3-axis PC_NC milling system is developed for the precision machining of complex shapes in 3-dimensional space. Three AC servomotors are used as the actuator instead of the hand wheel to operate a 3-axis milling machine under the same mechanical structure. A PC is used to handle the control signal calculation for various types of motion command. To achieve the synchronous 3-axis motion, a real-time reference-pulse 3-dimensional linear and circular interpolator based on the intersection criteria is developed in software. The performance test via computer simulation and actual machining have shown that the PC-NC milling system is useful for the machining of arbitrary lines and circles in 3-dimensional space.

본 연구는 정보서비스측면에서 국내 문헌정보학 교과목의 문제점을 다루어봄으로써 교육의 전문성과 현장적응성을 높이기 위한 방안을 제시하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 국내 32개 대학의 2005년과 2009년의 문헌정보학 교과목의 변화를 분석하였으며, 미국의 현황과 비교하였다. 조사결과, 국내 문헌정보학의 경우, 개론 및 원론위주의 교과목이 많은 부분을 차지하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 대학 간 제공 교과목의 수에 차이가 많았으며, 도서관 현장에 대한 이해 및 관찰, 그리고 참여가 이루어지는 교과목이 부족한 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서, 효율적인 정보서비스 교과목의 운영을 위해서는 이용자와 주제에 대한 이해 및 서비스를 위한 과정의 제공과 도서관 현장과의 연계방안을 통한 실무교육을 강화할 필요가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 이용자교육과 커뮤니케이션 능력 향상을 위한 교과목의 확충과 대학별 특화도 시급한 것으로 분석되었다.

This study is to suggest the ways to make the education in Library and Information Science more professional and more practical by going through the problems in the curriculum of Library and Information Science in the aspect of ‘reference service'. For this purpose, the curriculum changes of 32 domestic universities offering Library and Information Science between 2005 and 2009 was analyzed and compared with the current situation of the U.S. The research has revealed some problems. First of all, it shows that the subjects such as the introduction of or the theory of library and information science still comprise a large portion of the domestic curriculum. Additionally, there seems to be much difference in the number of subjects between the universities. Lastly, there are few subjects which consist of the observation and understanding of the library field, and participation therein. Therefore, to operate the ‘reference service' curriculum effectively, it is necessary to offer courses for understanding the users and subjects and for the reference service. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the practical education through a close connection with the library field. Finally, it is urgent not only to expand the subjects for improving the ability of user education and communication but also to make the curriculum of each university specialized.

This study grasped the true nature of the inquiry domain by analysing the requests for collaborative reference service in the social science field using the co-word technique, and schematized the intellectual structure. First, this study extracted 748 uncontrolled keywords from inquiries for reference in the field of social science. Second, calculated similarity indices between the words on the basis of co-occurrence frequency, and performed not only clustering but also MDS mapping. Third, to grasp the difference in inquiries for reference by period, dividing the period into two parts, and performed comparative analysis. As a result, there formed 5 clusters and "Korea Education" showed an overwhelming size with 40.3% among those clusters. The result of the analysis through the period division showed there were many questions about "Education" during the first half, while a lot of inquiries with focus on "welfare and business information" during the second half.

본 연구는 EA참조모델의 품질을 평가하기 위한 품질요소와 측정 기준에 관한 프레임워크를 제안하고 이의 적용가능성을 살펴보는데 그 목적이 있다. EA 참조모델은 이를 이용하여 EA를 구축하기 위해 사용되기 때문에 그 품질은 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 EA 참조모델 중에서 서비스컴포넌트 참조모델을 중심으로, 품질에 관한 평가요소를 도출하기 위해 언어학적 기반의 분류 프레임워크를 사용하였다. 이 프레임워크는 언어적(Syntactic), 의미론적(Semantic), 실용적(Pragmatic)의 세가지 품질요소로 구분 할 수 있다. 그라고 이 프레임워크의 적용가능성을 알아보기 위하여 범정부 서비스컴포넌트 참조모델을 기반으로 작성된 공공부문의 서비스컴포넌트 참조모델에 대하여 마스터 참조모델 기반 평가 방법, EA 참조모델 순응도를 사용하여 제시된 EA 참조모델 평가 프레임워크의 적용가능성을 평가하여 보았다.

The purpose of this research is to suggest the framework for quality evaluation of EA Reference Model. EA Reference Model quality is ensured because EA is developed using EA Reference Model. For this purpose, analysis of quality element was performed to focus on the Service component Reference Model among EA Reference Models. There are three quality elements which are Syntactic, Semantic, Pragmatic using the linguistics based framework. In order to test this framework, a case study was performed on several government organizations service component reference models developed based on govermentwide service component referece model, using Master Reference Model-Based Evaluation and Compliance of the EA Reference Models.

The efficiency and quality of the social reference sites are being challenged because a large quantity of the questions have not been answered or satisfied for quite a long time. Main goal of this study is to investigate important factors that affect the performance of question triage to relevant answerers in the context of social reference. To achieve the goal, expert finding techniques were used to construct an automated question triage approach to resolve this problem. Furthermore, important factors affecting triage decisions in digital reference were first examined, and extended them to the social reference setting by investigating important factors affecting the performance of automated question triage in the social reference setting. The study was conducted using question-answer pairs collected from Ask Metafilter. For the evaluation, logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine which factors would significantly affect the performance of predicting relevant answerers to questions. The results of the current study have important implications for research and practice in automated question triage for social reference. Furthermore, the results will offer insights into designing user-participatory digital reference systems.

The cloud has already become the core infrastructure of information systems, and government institutions are rapidly migrating information systems to the cloud. Government institutions in several countries use private clouds in their closed networks. However, because of the advantages of public clouds over private clouds, the demand for public clouds is increasing, and government institutions are expected to gradually switch to public clouds. When all data from government institutions are managed in the public cloud, the biggest concern for government institutions is the leakage of confidential data. The public-private-partnership (PPP) cloud provides a solution to this problem. PPP cloud is a form participation in a public cloud infrastructure and the building of a closed network data center. The PPP cloud prevents confidential data leakage and leverages the benefits of the public cloud to build a cloud quickly and easily maintain the cloud. In this paper, based on the case of the PPP cloud applied to the Korean government, the concept, architecture, operation model, and contract method of the PPP cloud are presented.

Reference Evapotranspiration Calculator Software (REF-ET)는 ASCE 및 FAO 기준증발산량을 포함한 총 17개의 FAO Penman-Monteith (PM) 방정식의 연산을 동시에 수행할 수 있는 프로그램으로서, 본 연구에서는 REF-ET에 대한 상세한 소개와 함께 기상관측소의 관측자료를 이용하여 REF-ET의 효용성을 논하였다. REF-ET는 각종 PM 방정식들에 대한 시일 월 단위 모의와 지역적 특성의 반영 및 결측자료에 대한 보정 등이 가능하다. REF-ET를 이용하여 서울 기상관측소의 29년간 증발산량을 모의한 결과, 일복사량에 주로 좌우되는 FAO24-Rd 식과 1957-Makk 식의 상관계수가 각각 0.89와 0.88로 높게 나타났으며, 이는 소형증발접시를 이용한 기준증발산량 관측값이 공기 동력학적 증발량만을 주로 반영하기 때문인 것으로 사료된다. 또한 RMSE/bias 분석을 통해 기준증발산 방정식들에 의한 계산값이 증발접시로부터의 기준증발산량에 비해 다소 과대평가되는 현상을 나타내었으나, 이 경우에도 1957-Makk 식이 가장 정확한 것으로 나타났다. 일단위 시계열 분석시 1957-Makk 식은 여름철의 증발산량을 저평가하는 경향을 나타내었으나, 전체적으로 1.06 mm/day의 오차로 증발산량을 모의 가능하였다. 차후 기상관측자료의 정확도를 높이는 연구들과 REF-ET를 병행한다면, 해당 지역 및 기간에 대한 증발산량 모의 및 관련 특성인자를 파악하는 연구에 활용도가 높을 것으로 기대된다.

The Reference Evapotranspiration Calculator Software (REF-ET) supports computational guidelines for the reference evapotranspiration using seventeen FAO Penman-Monteith (PM) equations simultaneously such as the ASCE and FAO standardized forms. The REF-ET can conveniently consider missing data predictions and regional site characterizations, when reference ET is computed on monthly, daily, and hourly time steps. The applicability of the REF-ET was estimated to simulate the reference ET using hourly weather data from Seoul weather station for 29 years. The result found that the FAO24-Rd and 1957-Makk equations closely concerned with solar radiation parameter which were the most highly correlated to reference ET computed by pan coefficient. In addition, the 1957-Makk equation was identified as the most correct computational method for reference ET by analysis of bias and root mean square error. The 1957-Makk equation could predict the reference ET within the error of less than 1.06 mm/day, though all the other equations tended toward overestimation of predicting the reference ET in comparison with refecence ET of pan. The results of this study suggest that the REF-ET will be applicable to support reference ET estimation for a variety of field condition and time-scale.

Objective: To establish the reference standard of the median nerve conduction study (NCS) in Korea.Methods: A total of 648 median motor and 602 median sensory NCSs from 349 Korean healthy volunteers were tested and analyzed prospectively. Equipment calibration, assessment of intraand inter-rater reliability, and the NCSs per se were conducted according to a predetermined protocol. A reference standard was established from uncertainty components for the following parameters: the onset and peak latencies; the baseline-to-peak and peak-to-peak amplitudes; the area and duration of the negative wave; and the nerve conduction velocity. The effects of sex, age and stimulation intensity were analyzed.Results: Each measured value of 648 median motor and 602 median sensory nerves were obtained and presented with both mean and expanded uncertainties, as well as mean and standard deviations. The cut-off values with expanded uncertainty were determined for different age and sex groups. After adjusting for anthropometric covariates, all parameters except duration were affected by age, and sex appeared to influence both duration and area. While stimulation intensity significantly affected some parameters including latencies, the effect sizes were negligible.Conclusion: We propose the median NCS reference standard using the largest Korean dataset ever available. The use of the traceable and reliable reference standard is anticipated to promote more accurate and dependable diagnosis and appropriate management of median neuropathies in Korea.

Objective To develop a set of reference standards for tibial motor, common peroneal motor, sural sensory, and superficial peroneal sensory nerve conduction studies (NCSs) with expanded uncertainty in a healthy Korean population.Methods Standardized procedures were conducted for individual lower extremity NCSs of 199 healthy participants in their 20s (n=100) and 50s (n=99). Mean values and expanded uncertainties for parameters were analyzed with thorough consideration of multiple uncertainty factors under the International Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. In addition, side-to-side differences in onset latency, amplitude, and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) were analyzed.Results Mean (reference range) for distal onset latency, baseline to negative peak amplitude, NCV of tibial motor nerve in males in their 20s were 4.3 ms (3.1?5.4 ms), 7.1 mV (3.4?10.9 mV), and 50.7 m/s (42.2?59.3 m/s), respectively; sural sensory nerve baseline to negative peak amplitude in males in their 20s was 21.7 μV (8.3?35.2 μV). Including the aforementioned data, we present a vast dataset of normative mean values and expanded uncertainties for NCSs of the leg in a healthy Korean population. Furthermore, upper limits for normal side-to-side differences for onset latency, amplitude, and NCV of each nerve are suggested.Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study to present the reference standards of leg NCSs with consideration for multifactorial uncertainties in an Asian population. We expect these results to help practitioners make reliable and reproducible clinical decisions.

Objective To determine the optimal stimulation and recording site for infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve (IPBSN) conduction studies by a cadaveric study, and to confirm that obtained location is practically applicable to healthy adults. Methods Twelve lower limbs from six cadavers were studied. We defined the optimal stimulation site as the point IPBSN exits the sartorius muscle and the distance or ratio were measured on the X- and Y-axis based on the line connecting the medial and lateral poles of the patella. We defined the optimal recording site as the point where the terminal branch met the line connecting inferior pole of patella and tibial tuberosity, and measured the distance from the inferior pole. Also, nerve conduction studies were performed with obtained location in healthy adults. Results In optimal stimulation site, the mean value of X-coordinate was 55.50±6.10 mm, and the ratio of the Y-coordinate to the thigh length was 25.53%±5.40%. The optimal recording site was located 15.92±1.83 mm below the inferior pole of patella. In our sensory nerve conduction studies through this location, mean peak latency was 4.11±0.30 ms and mean amplitude was 4.16±1.49 mV. Conclusion The optimal stimulation site was located 5.0?6.0 cm medial to medial pole of the patella and 25% of thigh length proximal to the X-axis. The optimal recording site was located 1.5?2.0 cm below inferior pole of patella. We have also confirmed that this location is clinically applicable.

Objective To establish reference data for dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials (DSEP) using a stimulation intensity lower than what is conventionally utilized. Method Fifty subjects (25 older adults＞48 years old; 25 younger adults＜32 years old) without history of neck pain or cervical spine surgery were enrolled. The DSEP study was performed with stimulation intensities of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.5 times sensory threshold (ST) on right arms for C5, C6, C7, and C8 dermatomes. Results The mean latencies of DSEP stimulating C5, C6, C7, and C8 dermatomes with 1.5 times ST intensity were 17.6±1.7 ms, 22.2±2.1 ms, 22.8±1.4 ms, and 22.6±1.8 ms, respectively. The mean amplitude (N1P1) of DSEP stimulating C5, C6, C7, and C8 dermatomes with 1.5 times ST intensity were 0.9±0.4 μV, 0.9±0.5 μV, 1.0±0.6 μV, and 1.1±0.8 μV, respectively. The C5, C6, C7, and C8 DSEP were evoked in 84%, 98%, 100%, and 96% of cases with 2.5 times ST compared to 64%, 56%, 60%, and 62% with 1.5 times ST, respectively. When one DSEP was not evoked, the DSEP of the opposite side was evoked only in 2 subjects. Conclusion This study provides the reference data of DSEP with lower stimulation intensities than are conventionally utilized. Additionally, two cases of clinical significance were reported.

Objective To investigate the reference value for cross sectional area (CSA) of the fibular nerve in Koreans. Method One musculoskeletal radiologist and one physiatrist performed fibular nerve ultrasonography (US) on 60 lower extremities of 30 asymptomatic Korean volunteers (16 males, 14 females). The mean age was 46.6 years (range: 21-75 years). We measured CSA of the fibular nerve at three sites: proximal portion (PP) at the bifurcation, mid-portion (MP), and an area just above the fibular head (FH). In addition, the fibular nerves of 7 lower extremities from 4 cadavers were cut from the fibular head to the proximal portion and divided into three sections (PP, MP, FH). They were subsequently fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin and perpendicularly excised to 2 mm thickness. They were photographed by an operating microscope and CSA was measured. Using the Kruskal-Wallis test, measurements obtained from US images were compared between asymptomatic volunteers with a significance level of 0.05. Results In asymptomatic volunteers, the CSA of the three portions were PP: 13.8±1.2 mm2, MP: 11.1±1.0 mm2, FH: 10.9±0.6 mm2. The fibular nerves were well visualized with clear borders by US. In cadavers, the CSA of three portions were PP: 20.3±10.3 mm2, MP: 16.7±8.6 mm2, FH: 14.4±8.9 mm2. There was no significant difference between the three portions in asymptomatic volunteers and cadavers (p＞0.05). Conclusion In normal Korean adults, the area of fibular nerve at the fibular head is 10.9±0.6 mm2. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the fibular nerve can be helpful in diagnosing fibular nerve lesions.

In this paper, we propose a radial reference map-based location fingerprinting technique with constant spacing from an access point (AP) to all reference points by considering the minimum dynamic range of the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) obtained through an experiment conducted in an indoor environment. Because the minimum dynamic range, 12 dBm, of the RSSI appeared every 20 cm during the training stage, a cell spacing of 80 cm was applied. Furthermore, by considering the minimum dynamic range of an RSSI in the location estimation stage, when an RSSI exceeding the cumulative average by ${\pm}6dBm$ was received, a previously estimated location was provided. We also compared the location estimation accuracy of the proposed method with that of a conventional fingerprinting technique that uses a grid reference map, and found that the average location estimation accuracy of the conventional method was 21.8%, whereas that of the proposed technique was 90.9%.

This paper provides an adaptive 5G-NR based solution for non-terrestrial networks (NTN) to support the high mobility of the user equipment (UE). A front-loaded demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) symbol pattern with additional orthogonal symbols is proposed to support UE mobility 500 km/h. We develop a 5G-NR link-level simulator (LLS) to analyze the performance of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) under the proposed front-loaded DM-RS symbol pattern, tapped delay line (TDL) channel model, and precoding-based beamforming/MIMO schemes. The simulation results show that the proposed channel estimation method based on front-loaded DM-RS helps to improve the link reliability and achieves the maximum spectral efficiency up to 5.05 bps/Hz under 64-QAM, which can also contribute to the evolution of NTN in 6G networks to support the transonic speed mobility of UE.