Earticle

중국에 관한 유럽인의 지식은 1500~1800이라는 이 300년간의 동양과 서양 문화 교류 속에서 큰 걸음을 내딛기 시작했다. 유럽의 동양학 계보에 새로운 학 문인 ‘한학(漢學, 중국학)’이 형성되기 시작한 것이다. 이 명청시기에 유럽 중국 학의 주역은 다름 아닌 당시 중국에 온 유럽 선교사 한학자들이었다. 특히 이들 한학자들이 주도한 서양 물리학의 중국 전래는 특기할만하다. 이들이 중국에 소 개한 서양의 물리 기계가 주로 청 궁중에서 황제들의 완상물로 이용되었지만 일 부 기술과 물품은 중국의 역사ㆍ경제 발전에 상당한 영향을 미쳤다. 가령 서양의 ‘대포’는 명말청초의 전쟁에서 중요한 역할을 했다. 더해서 그에 대한 본토 중국인들의 습득과 사용은 각종 정치세력들이 각자의 투쟁에서 중요한 무기가 되었고 당대 사회변화에도 무시할 수 없는 역할을 했다. 그런가 하면 ‘시계’는 명청시기 동서양의 문화교류를 상징하는 대표적인 기술이자 물품이다. 당시 중국에 전래된 서양의 시계는 유럽 제조업을 대표하는 최고 수준의 물품일 뿐만 아니라, 그 제 조방식을 모방해서 중국 자체에서 생산한 시계는 중국의 선진기술을 대표하는 최 고 수준의 작품이기도 했다.

Europeans’ knowledge of China began to take a big step in the 300-year exchange of Eastern and Western cultures from 1500 to 1800. A new study called Sinology (Chinese studies) began to form in the genealogy of Eastern studies in Europe. During this Ming and Qing period, the protagonists of European Chinese studies were European missionaries as Chinese scholars who came to China at that time. In particular, the introduction of Western physics to China led by these Chinese scholars is noteworthy. Although the Western physical machines they introduced to China were mainly used for play by the emperors in the Qing court, some technologies and items had a significant impact on the history and economic development of China. In other words, Western cannons played an important role in the wars of the early Ming and late Ming Dynasty. In addition, the acquisition and use of it by the mainland Chinese became an important weapon in their struggles by various political forces, and played a role that cannot be ignored in the social change of the time. On the other hand, clocks is a representative technology and item that symbolizes cultural exchange between East and West during the Ming and Qing period. Western clocks brought to China at that time were not only the highest-level products representing European manufacturing, but clocks produced in China by imitating the manufacturing method were also the highest-level works representing China’s advanced technology.

본 논문에서 필자는 카메라 옵스큐라의 의미를 확장하기 위하여 근대적 담론에서 벗어나 선사시대를 그 출발지점으로 삼고자 한다. 이를 위해서는 카메라 옵스큐라의 특성을 자연의 현상으로 재규정할 필요가 있다. 특히 카메라 옵스큐라의 존재를 선사시대로 환원시켜보면 그 안에서 포착되는 이미지의 특성, 예컨대 점과 선의 관계는 오히려 새롭게 조망될 수 있는 대상이 되기도 한다. 이러한 시도 속에는 궁극적으로 회화적 전통에서 점과 선의 관계를 재구성하려는 의도가 놓여 있고, 카메라의 역사적 의미를 인류학적 관점에서 확장시키고자 하는 의도가 내포되어 있다고 할 수 있다. 본고에서는 카메라 옵스큐라의 자연현상적 의미를 근대예술 중 하나인 ‘인상파’화풍과 접맥시킴으로써 점의 가능성을 조망하고, 근대적 이미지 분류체계인 범죄인 사진 목록의 의미를 선의 가능성이 확장된 것으로 조망함으로써 궁극적으로 점과 선의 관계를 재정립하고자 한다. 하지만 이러한 시도는 결과적으로 우리가 보편적 지식으로 알고 있는 것을 향해 던지는 질문이며 이를 통해 의미의 재발견을 실천하는 것이라고 할 수 있다. 또한 영상문화학적 관점에서, 동시에 예술사의 관점에서 누락지점을 확인하는 작업으로서 의의가 있다고 할 수 있을 것이다.

This paper is aim to overlook the meaning of natural phenomena with the paleolithic camera obscura and inscribe Prehistoric significance of the Camera Obscura. It is ultimately to redefine the dots and line as formative elements. Also this article will show the hidden possibility of drawing by modern art as one of the ‘impressionist’ painting style. But it eventually can be said that these attempts imply extended meaning from the historical to the anthropological perspective. the paleolithic camera obscura informs about the visual culture that we need recognize. In this paper, the paleolithic camera obscura shows the relationship bwetween dots and lines as formative elements. But this also is the beginning of a new perspective to photograph and film as visual culture and culture contents.

This study was conducted to address the computational limitations of conventional finite element-based Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis, which, despite its high accuracy, faces exponential increases in mesh density and computation time as facility size expands and boundary conditions become more complex. To overcome these challenges, a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINNs) was applied to predict airflow inside a naturally ventilated greenhouse (7.0 m in width, 4.0 m in height, and 24.0 m in length) located at Kyungpook National University Farm. The PINNs models were constructed separately for the front-view and top-view domains. The front-view model considered the roof slope and utilized a deep neural network with four hidden layers (128-128-128-64 nodes), while the top-view model was simplified into a rectangular geometry (7.0 m × 24.0 m) with three hidden layers (64 nodes each). Both models used 2,000 collocation points and employed the Adam optimizer with an adaptive learning rate scheduler to improve computational efficiency. In addition, the Navier-Stokes equations and boundary conditions were incorporated to predict the velocity and pressure distributions. When compared with the conventional finite element-based CFD results, it was confirmed that the PINNs could reproduce physically consistent flow characteristics without mesh generation. These findings demonstrate that PINNs effectively mitigates the limitations of CFD and can serve as a foundational technology for future three-dimensional smart-farm simulations and internal environmental control studies.

This paper studies the effect of flipping the classroom in undergraduate physics classes using English as the medium of instruction (EMI). Data on student use of learning strategies, course satisfaction level and perceptions of the flipped classes were collected through a survey including close-ended and open-ended questions. The sample size was 71 students in flipped classes, with 60 students in non-flipped classes used as a control group (total N=131). It was found that students in the flipped classes showed greater intrinsic goal orientation (p<.05), control of learning beliefs (p<.05), and use of critical thinking (p<.01) than those in the non-flipped classes. While the survey highlighted problems of student engagement with the pre-class activities, students who had previous experience with online classes committed more time to pre-class, suggesting that engagement may improve with exposure to blended learning. It is concluded that the flipped classroom helps students develop their identities as self-directed learners, but that more support is necessary for weaker students in the EMI context. Implications are drawn for the content design of flipped EMI classrooms.

Purpose It aimed at assessing the current status of physics research in North Korea through a bibliographic and content analysis of the physics papers from North Korea indexed in the Scopus from 2005 to 2018. Methods The Scopus was searched on January 18, 2019 by using the search option ‘Affiliation city’ with “Pyongyang OR Chongjin OR Hamhung OR Sariwon OR Wonsan OR Kimchaek” as the city name and 171 physics papers from North Korea written in English were identified. By performing supplementary searches based on the author names and the references, 46 papers belonging to physics were added and the total of 217 papers were identified. They were classified by publication year, co-authors’ country, institution, subfield, journal and author. Representative North Korean physicists and the active subfields of physics were identified. Results The number of physics papers from North Korea has been growing rapidly in the recent years. Physics research activities in North Korea were extremely centralized in its capital, Pyongyang, where all major research institutions were located. Major research areas included condensed matter physics, optics and high energy physics and the large majority of papers were theoretical ones. From a bibliographic and content analysis, sixteen representative or notable physicists in North Korea were identified. Conclusion It appears that the North Korean government is actively encouraging researchers to publish more papers in international journals. There is a strong growth potential in physics research in North Korea. In order to achieve balanced development in physics, it is an important task to build competitive experimental groups.

Background: With the increase in the number of particle accelerator facilities under either operation or construction, the accurate calculation using Monte Carlo codes become more important in the shielding design and radiation safety evaluation of accelerator facilities. Materials and Methods: The calculations with different physics models were applied in both of cases: using only physics model and using the mix and match method of MCNPX code. The issued conditions were the interactions of 600 MeV proton and 290 MeV·n-1 oxygen with a carbon target. Both of cross-section libraries, JENDL High Energy File 2007 (JENDL/HE-2007) and LA150, were tested in this calculation. In the case of oxygen ion interactions, the calculation results using LAQGSM physics model and JENDL/ HE-2007 library were compared with D. Satoh’s experimental data. Other Monte Carlo calculations using PHITS and FLUKA codes were also carried out for further benchmarking study. Results and Discussion: It was clearly found that the physics models, especially intra-nuclear cascade model, gave a great effect to determine proton-induced secondary neutron spectrum in MCNPX code. The variety of physics models related to heavy ion interactions did not make big difference on the secondary particle productions. Conclusion: The variations of secondary neutron spectra and particle transports depending on various physics models in MCNPX code were studied and the result of this study can be used for the shielding design and radiation safety evaluation.

Background: In Japan, new regulations that revise the dose limit for the lens of the eye (hereafter the lens), operational quantities, and measurement positions for the lens dose were enforced in April 2021. Based on the international safety standards, national guidelines, the results of the Radiation Safety Research Promotion Fund of the Nuclear Regulation Authority, and other studies, the Working Group of Radiation Protection Standardization Committee, the Japan Health Physics Society (JHPS) developed a guideline for radiation dose monitoring for the lens. Materials and Methods: The Working Group of the JHPS discussed the criteria of non-uniform exposure and the management criteria set not to exceed the dose limit for the lens. Results and Discussion: In July 2020, the JHPS guideline was published. The guideline consists of three parts: main text, explanations, and 26 examples. In the questions, the corresponding answers were prepared, and specific examples were provided to enable similar cases to be addressed. Conclusion: With the development of the guideline on radiation dose monitoring of the lens, radiation managers and workers will be able to smoothly comply with revised regulations and optimize radiation protection.

비선형적 접근이라는 디지털 특성을 가진 컴퓨터 게임은 초기부터 인터랙티브 스토리텔링을 구현하였으며 오늘날 높은 게임엔진 성능으로 유저는 최소한의 제어로 스토리를주도하면서 영화와 같은 리얼타임 스토리를 감상할 수 있는 인터렉티브 무비 장르가 등장하였다. 높아진 기대수준에 맞는 3D리소스 제작에는 많은 인력과 기간이 필요하며 유저의 요구를 예상하고 연출, 제작, 녹음하는 기존의 제작방식에서 보다 더 효과적인 방안이 필요하다. 이에 게임엔진 리소스 제작량을 줄이면서 다양한 상황의 인터랙션을 구현할 수 있는 방안으로 Advanced Sub-unit interaction 방식을 제안하였다. 이는 향상된 물리엔진과 딥러닝으로 강화한 인공지능을 적극적으로 적용하여 캐릭터의 움직임, 대화, 자연환경 효과 등을 게임엔진에서 리얼타임으로 만드는 생성방식이다. 텐서플로우와 같은무료 딥러닝 라이브러리가 활성화 되고 CNN, RNN 학습법과 함께 GAN학습법이 일반화됨에 따라 인공지능의 결과물은 원본과 구별할 수 없을 만큼의 퀄러티를 보여준다. 또한향상된 물리엔진을 적극적으로 적용하여 주변사물의 디테일한 움직임을 생성할 수 있다. 연구에서 고찰된 내용들은 현재도 구현되는 기술들로서 이를 도입한다면 3D 리소스를직접 제작하지 않고 리얼타임으로 생성할 수 있으며 상황설정과 대화로서 유저가 메인스토리의 흐름을 벗어나지 않고 자연스럽게 따라갈 수 있도록 유도할 수 있을 것이다.

Computer games with the digital characteristics of a non-linear approach have implemented interactive storytelling from the beginning, and today, with high game engine performance, users lead the story with minimal control, and there is an interactive movie genre that allows users to enjoy real-time stories such as movies. Appeared. It requires a lot of manpower and time to produce 3D resources that meet the increased expectations, and a more effective method than the existing production method of predicting, directing, producing, and recording users' needs is needed. Therefore, an advanced sub-unit interaction method was proposed as a way to realize interaction in various situations while reducing the amount of game engine resource production. This is a generation method that actively applies the improved physics engine and artificial intelligence reinforced by deep learning to make the character's movement, dialogue, and natural environment effects in real time in the game engine. As free deep learning libraries such as TensorFlow are activated and GAN learning methods along with CNN and RNN learning methods become generalized, the results of artificial intelligence show a quality that is indistinguishable from the original. In addition, by actively applying the improved physics engine, it is possible to create detailed movements of surrounding objects. The contents considered in the study are technologies that are still implemented, and if they are introduced, 3D resources can be created in real time without directly producing them, and the context setting and dialogue can induce users to naturally follow the flow of the main story. There will be.

This study investigates the effectiveness of using the Science Davinci Box toolkit to enhance the teaching and learning of solar energy concepts in Grade-12 Physics classes in Myanmar. Addressing the educational challenges of limited resources, outdated curricula, and a lack of trained educators, the intervention aimed to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical applications through hands-on, experiential learning. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, quantitative data were collected through pre- and post-intervention assessments, while qualitative insights were gathered from student interviews, focus group discussions, and classroom observations. The results revealed a statistically significant improvement in students' knowledge, with mean test scores increasing from 55% to 78% (p < 0.01). Additionally, the intervention fostered critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and increased student engagement with renewable energy topics. However, challenges related to technical difficulties, time constraints, and teacher readiness were identified. The findings underscore the potential of educational toolkits in enhancing renewable energy education in resource-limited settings and provide valuable implications for curriculum reform and teacher training programs in Myanmar.