Earticle

캐럴은 원래 무용이었다. 그러나 현대에 와서 그 인식의 저하로 지금은 음악만이 많이 전수되어지고 또한 생성되어져 가고 있다. 본 연구는 세계적으로 종교계뿐 아니라 일반대중문화에도 많은 영향을 끼치는 캐럴에 대한 연구가 부족함을 인식하고 캐롤의 무용적 측면과 공연예술적 측면을 역사적, 예술적, 실용적, 종교적 관점으로 연구하였다. 역사적인 캐럴의 무용적인 측면의 연구에서는 고대에서부터 현대에 이르기까지의 다양한 의미와 모습을 가진 캐럴을 보며, 예술적 측면의 연구에서는 무용 안무가가 캐럴을 안무하는데에 있어 도움을 줄 수 있는 자료들과 즉흥교육활용과 교인들뿐 아니라 일반인들에게 캐롤을 가지고 무용 교육을 실시할 수 있는 가능성들을, 또한 실용적 측면에서는 캐럴을 무용으로 공연하는 본래의 의미를, 종교적 측면에서의 연구는 문헌의 캐럴무용에서 나오는 동작의 의미들을 신학철학자들의 사상을 통하여 찿아본다. 본 연구를 통하여 캐롤을 가장 많이 사용하는 교회들뿐 아니라 대중무용공연예술의 활성화로의 가능성 증대, 크리스마스와 캐럴의 바른 이해를 통한 올바른 전승과 그 가치에 대한 고찰 등 더 많은 캐럴무용 활용의 이론적 배경을 제시 하는 것이 본 연구의 의미이다.

The carol was originally dance. In modern times, the carol is represented almost exclusively as a festive song. This study recognized that there has not been enough study about carol in religious world and also modern cultural field, and examined about carol as dance and performance art from historic, artistic, practical, religious viewpoint. From historic viewpoint, this study presented carol's various types and meaning of ancient times to today. From artistic viewpoint, this study presented the documents and study dance movement. Also, it tried to show how we can execute the carol as dance education to Christians as well as non-Christian. From practical viewpoint, this study examined about original meaning and theoretical background of carol. From religious viewpoint, this study investigated about thoughts and ideas of theology philosophers from their dance movements in carol choreography through various documentary literatures. The meaning of this study is that it examined about carol as dance performing art by representing its right comprehension and value, and finally, I hope this study would be the theorical background for utilizing carol dance.

Objective: To investigate the effect of performing three different bridge exercise conditions on the activities of four different muscles using surface electromyography (sEMG) in healthy young adults. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A total of 20 healthy young adults (10 males, 10 females) voluntarily participated in this study. All subjects randomly performed three different bridge conditions as follows: general bridge exercise, isometric hip abduction (IHAB) with a blue Theraband (Hygenic Corp., USA), and isometric hip adduction (IHAD) with a Swiss ball (Hygenic Corp.). The muscle activities of bilateral erector spinae (ES), gluteus maximus (GM), biceps femoris (BF), and external oblique (EO) muscles during the bridge exercises were measured using sEMG. Subjects performed each of the three bridge conditions three times in random order and mean values were obtained. Results: For bilateral ES and BF, there was a significant increase in muscle activity in the IHAD condition compared to the general bridge and IHAB condition (p<0.05). For bilateral GM, there was a significant increase in muscle activity in the IHAB condition compared to the general bridge condition (p<0.05) and there was a significant increase in muscle activity in the IHAB condition compared to IHAD condition (p<0.05). For left EO, a significant increase was observed in the IHAD condition compared to the general bridge condition (p<0.05). Conclusions: ES and BF muscle activity increases were observed with hip adduction and increased GM activity was observed with hip abduction. These findings may be applicable within the clinical field for selective trunk and lower extremity muscle activation and advanced rehabilitation purposes.

Objective: This study aimed to identify the effects of assuming different knee angles and hip abduction during bridge exercise and hip thrust exercise on lower body muscle activity. Design: Cross-sectional study Methods: Thirty-three healthy adults (18 men and 15 women) were instructed to perform the bridge and hip thrust exercises while randomly assuming 120°, 90° and 60° of knee flexion and 0° and 30° of hip abduction. EMG data (%maximum voluntary isometric contraction) were recorded three times from the erector spinae (ES), gluteus maximus (GM) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles of participant's dominant side and the mean values were analyzed. Results: The results showed that, during the hip thrust compared to the bridge exercise, there was significantly greater gluteus maximus muscle activity in all hip conditions while the biceps femoris activity was significantly less, and the erector spinae muscle activity was significantly greater with 30° of hip abduction (p<0.05). With all exercises, the erector spinae and the biceps femoris exhibited significantly greater muscle activity with 60° of knee flexion compared to 90° and 120° of knee flexion (p<0.05), and significantly greater muscle activity with 90° compared to 120° of knee flexion (p<0.05). In the case of the gluteus maximus, greater muscle activity was exhibited with 120° compared to 60° of knee flexion with all hip abduction conditions (p<0.05). Conclusions: It was effective for muscle activation of main agonists such as the gluteus maximus and erector spinae during thrust exercise, and the change in knee flexion angle was effective for muscle activation of the gluteus maximus. Therefore, it is considered that this study can be used as a selective indicator of the target movement angle during hip strengthening exercise for specific muscles.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to show the effectiveness of performing squat exercises at various angles to show the maximum muscle activity of the Vastus Medialis Oblique (VMO) and Biceps femoris (BF). Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A total of seventeen healthy young adults (8 males and 9 females) voluntarily participated in the study. All subjects randomly performed three different squat variations as follows: A squat performed with the ankle joint at $0^{\circ}$ of incline, a squat performed with the ankle joint at $5^{\circ}$ of incline, and a squat performed with the ankle joint at $10^{\circ}$ incline. Muscle activity was measured using surface electromyography. Electrodes were placed on the VMO and BF to measure the muscle activity on the various ankle angles for comparison analysis. Results: There was a significant increase in bilateral VMO muscle activation at $10^{\circ}$ of incline compared to $0^{\circ}$ and $5^{\circ}$ (p<0.05). Greater increases in muscle activation and exercise effect was observed with increasing incline angles of the board. Changes in bilateral BF muscle activity were found; however, none were found to be significant. Conclusions: Bilateral VMO activity was found to be significant when the squats were performed at an ankle angle of $10^{\circ}$ of incline when compared to at an ankle angle of $0^{\circ}$ and $5^{\circ}$ of incline. Squats performed on an incline can be recommended as an effective method to facilitate lower extremity muscle activities.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the activation of trunk and gluteal muscles during bridge exercises with a sling (BS), single-legged bridge exercise with a sling (SBS), single-legged bridge exercise (SB), and general bridge exercise (GB). Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Twenty-five healthy participants (19 males and 6 females, aged 27.8 [4.78]) voluntarily participated in this study. In the bridging exercise, each subject lifted their pelvis with their legs and feet in contact with the sling or normal surface. The electrical activities of the erector spinae (ES), gluteus maximus (GM), external oblique (EO), and internal oblique (IO) muscles during the bridging exercises on the 2 surfaces were measured using surface electromyography. Subjects practiced each of the four bridge condition three times in random order and average values were obtained. Results: On the ipsilateral side, activities of the IO, EO, and ES during SBS was significantly higher than those during BS, SB, and GB (p<0.05). Activities of the IO and EO during SB was significantly higher than those during BS and GB (p<0.05). On the contralateral side, activities of the GM and EO during SB and SBS was significantly higher than that during BS and GB (p<0.05). These results verify the theory that the use of sling and single leg lift increases the activation trunk and gluteal muscles during bridging exercises. Conclusions: The single-legged bridge exercise with a sling can be recommended as an effective method to facilitate trunk and gluteal muscle activities.

Purpose: This study investigated the influence of muscle activity of the trunk and lower limb during a bridge exercise using a unstable surface and during one-legged bridge hip abduction in healthy adults. Methods: Nineteen healthy participated in this study (12 males and 7 females, aged $29.0{\pm}5.0$). The participants were instructed to perform the bridge exercises under six different conditions. Trunk and lower limb muscle activation, such as the erector spinae (ES), gluteus maximus (GM), external oblique (EO), and internal oblique (IO), was measured using surface electromyography. The six different bridge exercise conditions were conducted randomly. Data analysis was performed by using the mean scores after three trials of each condition. Results: On the ipsilateral side, muscle activity of the IO, EO, and ES during the hip abduction condition (Single-legged hip abduction bridge, Bridge with use of a ball and single-leg hip abduction, Bridge with use of a sling and single-leg hip abduction) was significantly higher than those during Unstable surface (Bridge with use of a ball, Bridge with use of a sling) and General bridging exercise (p<0.05). In the contralateral side, activities of the GM and EO during Single-legged hip abduction bridge, Bridge with use of a ball and single-leg hip abduction and Bridge with use of a sling and single-leg hip abduction was significantly higher than that during Bridge with use of a ball, Bridge with use of a sling and General bridging exercise (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that performing a bridge exercise with use of a sling and single-leg hip abduction had an effect on trunk and gluteal muscle activation. The findings of this study suggest that this training method can be clinically effective for unilateral training and for patients with hemiplegia.

Behavioral analysis in mice provided important contributions in helping understand and treat numerous neurobehavioral and neuropsychiatric disorders. The behavioral performance of animals and humans is widely different among individuals but the neurobehavioral mechanism of the innate difference is seldom investigated. Many neurologic conditions share comorbid symptoms that may have common pathophysiology and therapeutic strategy. The forced swim test (FST) has been commonly used to evaluate the "antidepressant" properties of drugs yet the individual difference analysis of this test was left scantly investigated along with the possible connection among other behavioral domains. This study conducted an FST-screening in outbred CD-1 male mice and segregated them into three groups: high performers (HP) or the active swimmers, middle performers (MP), and low performers (LP) or floaters. After which, a series of behavioral experiments were performed to measure their behavioral responses in the open field, elevated plus maze, Y maze, three-chamber social assay, novel object recognition, delay discounting task, and cliff avoidance reaction. The behavioral tests battery revealed that the three groups displayed seemingly correlated differences in locomotor activity and novel object recognition but not in other behaviors. This study suggests that the HP group in FST has higher locomotor activity and novelty-seeking tendencies compared to the other groups. These results may have important implications in creating behavior database in animal models that could be used for predicting interconnections of various behavioral domains, which eventually helps to understand the neurobiological mechanism controlling the behaviors in individual subjects.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide methods for assessment of functional balance through study of correlation with the weight bearing ratio, functional balance, and functional gait on patients with stroke. Methods: Thirty-nine patients with stroke participated in this study. The timed up and go test was used to measure balance and the functional ambulation category test to measure functional gait. Weight bearing was measured in the quiet standing posture and weight bearing in the quiet standing posture immediately after performing the standing-task. Results: Both timed up and go test and functional ambulation category test showed significant correlation with balance in the quiet standing posture immediately after performing the standing task. Conclusion: Measurement of balance in the quiet standing posture immediately after performing the standing-task was considered a meaningful scale for measurement of both balance function and gait function of patients with stroke.

Background Changes in trunk angle as part of modifying the seated cable row exercise (MSCRE) are associated with trapezius muscle activity and ratio. Purpose This study aimed to determine the changes in muscle activity and ratio for the upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius (MT), and lower trapezius (LT) muscles during the MSCRE in healthy participants without shoulder pain. Study design Cross-sectional study Methods We included participants who were 23 healthy individuals aged 23?39 years. The participants performed a pulling motion three times during the MSCRE at each of the following trunk angles: upright posture 0˚, forward lean 30˚, and backward lean 20˚. Surface electromyography was performed for the UT, MT, and LT muscles during the 5-s isometric contraction, with the participant in a preset position, while the muscle activity was normalized with the maximal voluntary isometric contraction using the manual muscle test. Results The UT and LT muscle activities showed significant differences in angle (p<0.05); the highest muscle activity was observed for the UT at backward lean 20˚ and LT at forward lean 30˚. The UT/MT and UT/LT ratios showed significant differences in angle (p<0.05), with the highest values observed at backward lean 20˚ for both the ratios. Conclusions These results suggest that the forward lean 30˚ trunk angle was most suitable for the MSCRE in the selective strengthening of the LT muscle, indicating that the trunk should be tilted forward during exercise for normal and balanced recovery of trapezius muscle activities in shoulder rehabilitation.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare muscle activities of stroke patients and healthy participants during bimanual tasks. Design: A cross sectional study. Methods: A total of 25 participants (13 hemiparetic stroke patients and 12 healthy participants) were recruited. The muscle activities using electromyogram (EMG) during bimanual tasks were collected from the following muscles: extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL), biceps brachii (BB), and triceps brachii (TB). The bimanual tasks included eight tasks consisted of (1) raising the wrists up and down, (2) supinating and pronating the palms, (3) touching the shoulder with fingertips, (4) drawing vertical dot, (5) reaching for a cup and bring it in to drink, (6) drawing a circle outward and (7) inward, and (8) grasping the fingers. The EMG data collected from the muscles of paretic and non-paretic sides of stroke patients and the average from both sides of healthy subjects were normalized and compared after calculating the percentage of maximal isometric voluntary contraction. Results: The ECRL, BB and TB of the paretic side of the stroke patients showed relatively greater muscle activity compared to the non-paretic side as well asaverage of the healthy subject duringall tasks (p<0.05). In addition, the ECRL showed the highest muscle activity during most of the tasks. All of the non-paretic side musclesfrom stroke patients showed higher muscle activity compared to those of healthy subjects. Conclusions: The current study showed that muscle activities of upper extremity varied between paretic and non-paretic sides of stroke patients during bimanual tasks. Interestingly, the non-paretic side muscle activities were also different from those of normal participants.

Objective: Purpose of this study was to compare muscle activity ratio of multifidus to erector spinalis according to various cueing including tactile stimulation to provide an effective strategy to provide verbal and tactile feedback during exercise to provoke multifidus muscle activation. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Participants of this study included 28 healthy adults. Muscle activities of the multifidus and erector spinalis were measured while the participants performed tasks according to the three different methods of verbal cueing and three different tactile stimulation. Surface EMG was used to measure the muscular activity of the muscles during all the tasks. Results: Tactile stimulation to abdomen and lumbar vertebrae showed no significant difference in the muscle activity ratio (p>0.05). However, muscle activity ratio of the multifidus in relation to the erector spinalis was increased when subjects were given verbal instructions to make lumbar curvature with little force and to make lumbar curvature while pulling navel (p<0.05). However, it was decreased when they were provided with verbal instruction to make lumbar curvature with strong force (p<0.05). Conclusions: According to the results, proper verbal instruction was an effective tool to increase the muscular activity of multifidus. This study aimed to find and provide the most appropriate verbal cueing while doing exercises to activate multifidus.

PURPOSE: This study researched the effects of the changes of elbow joint angle and of arm position in PNF pattern on muscle activation of the contralateral shoulder muscles while performing PNF pattern exercise. METHODS: The research subjects were 16 male physical therapists who had no neuromuscular or neurological disorders. To measure the muscle activation of the contralateral shoulder muscles, EMG electrodes were attached to the muscle valley of the middle and posterior areas of the deltoid and triceps muscles of the arm. Muscle activation while performing the ulnar thrust PNF pattern exercise was measured with the elbow joint positioned at angles of $30^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, and $60^{\circ}$. Resistance points were at the initial, middle, and end ranges of PNF pattern exercise. RESULTS: Muscle activation of the middle and posterior portions of the deltoid muscle increased significantly according to the changes of elbow joint angle. In each resistance point the middle range was significantly higher than at other points. A significant difference on muscle activation was demonstrated throughout each range depending on the type of muscle. Muscle activation of the middle and posterior portions of the deltoid muscle was higher than muscle activation of the triceps. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that the PNF pattern exercising method used in this study is a selective exercising method focusing on the deltoid muscle over the triceps muscle. In order to increase the muscle strength to the maximum level, it is necessary to provide the maximum level of resistance in the middle range of the elbow joint.

Background The squat is not only used for training purposes in many sports, but also for rehabilitation after knee surgery, such as cruciate ligament repair surgery. However, when the squatting posture becomes unstable during the exercise or the body alignment changes, it can cause injury to the back or knees. Purpose This study examined the change in height of the medial longitudinal plantar arch according to the distance between the knees while performing squats. Study design Pre/post?test design. Methods The subject maintained a squat against a wall, with the hips and knees at 90 degrees. The distance between the knees was the independent variable: two-, three, and four-thirds of the pelvic width. We measured the navicular drop in the three squatting stances. Results The navicular drop differed significantly among the three conditions. Conclusions Changing the distance between the knees while squatting affects the medial longitudinal plantar arch. Clinicians should educate their patients on the correct squat position.

It is a known fact that K-POP has become a global art form, understood within an aural, musical context. But the role of dance as a primary engine (primarily through the form of the music video) is rarely discussed. Even less considered is the fundamental, universal aspect of dance’s appeal and origins in the cognitive workings of kinesthetic empathy as actualized by mirror neurons and their role in the creation of the hybridic sense of visual proprioception that lies at the heart of felt artistic expericece on the part of an observer. This sense of visual proprioception lies at the heart of enjoyment of various media whose currency is vicarious pleasure, whether one is enjoying an action film, dance performance, cooking show, or pornography. K-POP dance’s success lies in visual proprioceptively mediated art forms as projected on millions of interconnected screens across the globe, and the key to understanding K-POP dance’s success lies in understanding K-POP as a representational art form at a time when Korean popular culture is trending worldwide, and as an art form that was hyper mediated at just he right time in the beginning of an era in which the world has only recently become visually connected across screens. The power of K-POP dance is not in the individual moves contained within it, but in its ability to maximally leverage itself within the Age of Screens and while utilizing the mechanism of visual proprioception to form a global language of dance.

이 논문은 추모와 기억이 작동하는 방식에 대한 이론적 논의를 바탕으 로 예이츠의 “1916년 부활절 봉기”를 분석한다. 기억과 망각, 기념과 반기념이라는 대 립적 개념의 긴장을 통해 희생자들에 대한 예이츠의 양가적이고 분열적인 욕망을 읽 어낸다.

Commemoration is an unfinished living process and the meanings of monuments always evolve as each generation brings new horizons and understandings to them. With an eye toward such critical issues commemoration and memory raise, this article examines in what follows how W. B. Yeats performs an act of commemoration in “Easter 1916” and how his mixed impulses and self-divisive impulses are textualized into the poem.

P‟ansori, narrative song of lower class origin, became popular amongst all levels of society through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As the genre grew in popularity with the upper class, performers altered stories and performance style to suit the audience. The folk style was more emotionally expressive, linguistically direct, was performed outdoors, and had a raspier sound; the aristocratic style was more emotionally reserved, used refined language, was performed indoors, and had a clearer tone. Current performances are typically held in theatrical settings and students train in institutions. Still, through fieldwork, variations in performance practice became apparent to me. Some singers gesture to mime words while other singers gesture to emphasize ornamentation; some singers use a large amount of stage space and interact directly with the audience while other singers remain center stage and interact with the accompanying drummer. The choice performance style seems to often reflect a gender divide with men performing folk style and women the aristocratic style. As women age they seem to be allowed more freedom of movement and expression and shift towards the folk style. Through ethnographic and movement analysis, I demonstrate how movement and gesture are culturally encoded with varying class and gender identities.

On August 13, 1999, the Japanese government enacted a law to designate the country's de facto national flag and anthem, known respectively as Hinomaru and Kimigayo, as its official national symbols. Regardless of their legal status or lack thereof, the Japanese have tacitly approved Hinomaru and Kimigayo as representations of their nation-state in both official and unofficial capacities for over a century. Nevertheless, there were considerable misgivings over the official endorsement of Hinomaru and Kimigayo and what they signify as national symbols at the end of the twentieth century. The legislation opened up heated debates on anachronism and outdated imperial references of these historically charged signs and their appropriateness as national symbols for today’s democratic Japan. Although most of the discussion concerning Kimigayo focused on the anthem’s lyrics, its semantic meanings and connotations, this essay examines the anthem as a musical composition and what its “official” arrangement based on the 1888 score acoustically embodies. Three different renditions of recent Kimigayo performance that attempted to deviate the composition from the standardized military band rendition—the unisonous collective singing (seishô) in Japanese school ceremonies; the rare gagaku (Japanese court music ensemble) rendition in the 1998 Nagano Olympics’ opening ceremony; and a variety of solo performances (dokushô) by celebrity singers and musicians in widely broadcast athletic event—will be analyzed in their respective contexts. I shall discuss how these examples “undid” Kimigayo and the collective voice it embodied in its sonority, and the implications of such procedures.

Taiwanese opera (gezaixi), the most vibrant type of traditional theatre in Taiwan today, is sustained as a living art primarily through temple performances and secondarily through government-sponsored events. During temple festivities, patrons hire troupes for daylong performances that include a ritual performance, and opera performances in the afternoon and evening. On any specific day, professional troupes usually perform in different styles for the afternoon and evening shows, with a notable variance in vocal musical repertoire. The music of the “classic style” opera performed in the afternoon consists of songs from a pool of uniquely Taiwanese opera tunes. In contrast, popular songs dominate the musical repertoire used for the evening’s “hybrid style” performances. Although hybrid style opera has been performed for over forty years and the two operatic styles are both equally important to the performance practices of professional troupes, hybrid style opera continues to be marginalized. Surprisingly, some practitioners and scholars reject and critique hybrid style opera as deviant and non-traditional, particularly in its inclusion of popular songs. Government-sponsored events heavily favor classic style operas. My field research experience with Taiwanese opera, however, has led me to deconstruct the disapproving viewpoint of hybrid style opera and reconsider the nature of the opera’s musical repertoire formation. Through analyses of performance practices and dramatic functions of songs, I contend that performers select and use popular songs in corresponding manners as they do for that of non-popular, that is, traditionally-based, music. Furthermore, I delve into the formation of the opera’s vocal repertoire to argue that the bulk of the repertoire is formed through the appropriation of existing songs. Performers’ selection and usage of songs from the popular music genres is part and parcel of the vocal repertoire’s formation process. The latest transformation is in the performance of popular songs and the ways in which actors are featured in unprecedented fashions.

It is widely accepted in contemporary Western* 9) ethnomusicological scholarship that, as part of fieldwork, researchers will themselves learn the genres they are studying, often not just to the level of ‘bi-musicality’ (Hood 1960) but to the level of professional performance (Baily 2001). In contrast, Korean musical scholarship, while especially strong in musicological analysis and historical musicology, has only received limited impact from Western traditions of ethnomusicological research (Park Mikyung 2013: 25). In examining the different scholarly traditions encountered in my research on Korean sung storytelling form pansori, I postulate that it is through the practical learning and performance of a musical genre that the gap between different research approaches can be breached. By showing demonstrable skill and in-depth knowledge of a genre in terms acceptable to local music scholars, an ‘outsider’ scholar can build a path to engage with and thus build bridges between academic traditions that have so far mostly developed independently, fostering the potential for constructive future debate.