Earticle

일학습병행법이 그 목적에 맞게 운영되는지는 정확한 실태조사를 통해 검토되어야 할 것이다. 또한 학습근로자가 외부평가에 합격할 경우 기간의 정함이 없는 근로자로 전환시킬 의무를 부여하지만 그것이 정확히 지켜지는지도 그 현황과 실태조사가 필요하다. 또한 학습근로자의 해지권을 보호하고 학습기업의 해지권 즉, 해고권에 대해서는 근로기준법 제23조 제1항이 적용되어야 한다. 미성년자인 학습근로자를 보호해야 하며, 특히 고등학교 3학년으로서 18세인 미성년자인 경우에는 근로기준법상 연소근로자(15세 이상 18세 이하)와 동일하게 보호되어야 한다. 재학생인 학습근로자에 대한 근로시간 제외 사유는 없으며, 재직자에 대한 예외를 재학생에게 적용해서는 안 될 것이다. 또한 학습근로자도 최저임금법상 근로자이고, 일학습병행법상 별도의 수습기간에 대해 규정하고 있지 않으므로 학습근로자에 대한 최저임금액의 감액은 법적으로는 허용되지 않는다. 학습근로자에 대한 내부평가나 외부평가에 있어서 객관적 평가기준에 의한 공정성이 담보되어야 하고, 특히 외부평가의 경우 그 대상자나 합격자에 대한 현황은 이를 담당하는 기관인 한국산업인력공단이 공시하여야 한다. 또한 학습근로자에 대한 차별적 처우의 내용을 유형화할 필요가 있고, 학습근로자가 노동위원회에 차별신청이 용이하지 않으므로 학교교사의 상담이 선행되거나 고용노동부 민원을 통해 근로감독관을 통한 시정이 요구된다. 헌법상 퇴직의 자유 및 근로기준법상 강제근로의 금지로 인해 학습근로자의 이직청구권은 보장되어야 한다. 헌법상 학습근로자의 교육훈련권을 보장하기 위해 학습기업의 영업의 자유를 제한하는 것은 정당하기 때문이다. 또한 현실적으로 일학습병행을 연계하는 학교 담임교사의 역할과 의무를 명시하여 학생들의 고민 상담 등을 통해 학습기업에 종사하는 학생들의 교육훈련과정을 보호할 필요가 있다. 마지막으로, 학습기업은 대부분이 영세 사업장이고 주로 외국인 근로자를 사용하고 있는 게 현실이지만, 국내 청년실업율 증가를 해소하기 위해서라도 국내 학생들에 대한 일학습병행의 운영이 적극적으로 요구된다.

It is necessary to conduct a fact-finding investigation to determine whether the Work-Study Parallel Program Act is being operated in accordance with its intended purpose. Furthermore, while the Act imposes an obligation to convert learning workers into permanent employees upon passing external evaluations, it is necessary to investigate the current status and actual conditions to ensure this is being strictly observed. Additionally, the learning worker's right to terminate employment must be protected, and regarding the learning company's right to terminate employment—that is, the right to dismiss—Article 23, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act must apply. Minor learning workers must be protected; in particular, minors who are 18 years of age and in their third year of high school should be protected in the same way as young workers (aged 15 to 18) under the Labor Standards Act. There are no grounds for excluding working hours for learning workers who are currently enrolled students, and exceptions for employed workers should not be applied to students. Moreover, learning workers are considered employees under the Minimum Wage Act, and since the Work-Study Parallel Program Act does not stipulate a separate probationary period, a reduction in the minimum wage for learning workers is not legally permissible. Fairness based on objective evaluation criteria must be guaranteed in both internal and external evaluations of apprentices; in particular, regarding external evaluations, the status of subjects and successful candidates must be publicly disclosed by the Korea Human Resources Development Service, the agency responsible. Furthermore, it is necessary to categorize the nature of discriminatory treatment against apprentices. Since it is difficult for apprentices to file discrimination complaints with the Labor Relations Commission, corrective action through labor inspectors is required, either through prior counseling by school teachers or by filing a complaint with the Ministry of Employment and Labor. The right of apprentices to request resignation must be guaranteed due to the constitutional right to resign and the prohibition of forced labor under the Labor Standards Act. This is because restricting the freedom of business of apprentice companies to guarantee apprentices' constitutional right to education and training is justified. In reality, it is necessary to protect the education and training process of students working at apprentice companies by specifying the roles and duties of homeroom teachers at schools linked to the work-study program and providing counseling on their concerns. Finally, while the reality is that most apprentice companies are small businesses that primarily employ foreign workers, the active operation of the work-study program is required to address the rising domestic youth unemployment rate.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of falling exercise program in parallel treadmill gait training on balance and gait in chronic stroke patients. Chronic stroke patients who use walking assistance devices (cane, AFO) when walking were selected as research subjects, and ten were assigned to the experimental group and another ten were assigned to the control group. Experiment took place once a day for 30 minutes. For experimental group, walking exercise took place after implementing experience of falling on treadmill around three times and determining that it was safe to execute the exercise. Control group conducted an exercise of walking 20 meters of distance back and forth indoors, and assessment of effect was measured by estimating BBS, TUG, 10mWT, 6MWT and a degree of community walking. For the examination of effect before and after mediation in each group, control group showed significant differences in all assessment criteria except for 10 meter walking speed examination, and experimental group showed significant differences in all assessment criteria. To conclude, ground walking exercise and treadmill walking exercise group with compensation for falling applied are both effective in increasing the balance and walking ability of hemiparalysis patients. Also, variation amount comparison of two groups revealed that suspension treadmill walking exercise group applied on chronic stroke patients is more effective for walking of hemiparalysis patients than ground walking exercise.

현재 국내 대학에서는 비전공자 대상 코딩 교육을 의무화하는 추세이지만 비전공자 대상 교육 프로그램이나 코딩 도구에 따른 효과 분석과 관련된 사례는 부족하다. 본 연구에서는 교육대학교 1학년 38명을 대상으로 텍스트 기반 코딩 도구와 블록 기반 코딩 도구로 병행학습하는 프로그램을 개발하고 학습효과와 학습자는 어떤 도구를 선호하는지에 대해 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 학습자는 코딩에 대한 이해도, 문제 해결력, 학습 동기, 자기 효능감의 4가지 영역에서 모두 향상되었으며 통계적으로도 유의미하게 평가되었다. 학습 후 선호하는 도구를 28.9%는 텍스트 기반 코딩 도구, 71.1%는 블록 기반 코딩 도구를 선택하였다. 텍스트 기반 도구를 선택한 이유로는 주로 언어의 전문성과 실용성에 근거했으며 블록 기반 도구를 선택한 이유는 용이성, 접근성, 흥미 요소, 교육적 활용 가능성을 주요 원인으로 제시하였다. 또한 코딩 도구 선택을 기반으로 한 효과 분석 결과는 향후 비전공자 대상 혹은 교육대학교의 코딩 교육에서 코딩 도구 선정의 참고 자료로 역할을 기대할 수 있을 것이다.

Coding education is increasingly mandatory for non-majors in Korean universities, yet studies on effective programs and tools for these learners remain limited. This study developed a hybrid program combining textbased and block-based coding tools and applied it to 38 first-year education students. The aim was to evaluate learning outcomes and explore tool preferences. Results showed significant improvement across four domains?coding comprehension, problem-solving ability, learning motivation, and self-efficacy?between pre- and post-tests. After the program, 28.9% of students preferred text-based tools, citing professionalism and practical applicability, while 71.1% favored block-based tools for their ease of use, accessibility, engagement, and educational value. These findings indicate that integrating text-based and block-based tools can enhance coding education for non-majors, improving both cognitive and affective outcomes. Moreover, learners’ preferences highlight the importance of tool choice in designing effective curricula, particularly in colleges of education.

안전보건관리체계구축 컨설팅 사업은 조직의 안전보건 인식개선, 사업장 위험성평가, 산업재해 위험관리 매뉴얼과 절차 마련 등 기업의 안전보건 관리시스템 전반의 구축을 지원하여 산업재해를 예방하기 위해 고용노동부와 안전보건공단이 2022년부터 시작한 공공사업이다. 본 연구에서는 안전보건관리체계구축 컨설팅 사업을 통해 사업장에서 산업재해(업무상 사고사망) 감소 효과가 발생했는지 여부와 순 효과의 크기를 추정하였다. 2022년 사업에 참여한 3,053개 사업장(처치집단, treatment group)과 동질한 통제집단(control group)을 설정하기 위해 성향점수매칭(propensity score matching, PSM) 방법을 적용하고, 이중차분(difference-in-difference, DiD) 모형 추정과 평행추세 검정(parallel trends test)을 수행하여 사업의 순 효과를 추정한 결과, 안전보건관리체계구축 컨설팅 사업에 참여한 사업장의 사고사망만인율(‱)이 참여하지 않은 사업장들에 비해 약 0.8054‱p (18.54명) 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 공단이 직접 선정하여 지원한 사업장뿐만 아니라 자발적으로 신청하여 참여한 사업장 에서도 0.7782‱p 사고사망만인율 감소 효과가 나타났는데, 이는 안전보건관리체계구축 컨설팅 사업이 기업의 자율안전보건 노력을 유도하 여 산업재해를 감소시키려는 목적에도 부합하는 사업임을 의미한다. 또한 컨설팅에 참여한 사업장 중 고위험(high risk)으로 분류된 사업장에 서는 매우 유의한 사고사망만인율 감소 효과가 나타난 반면, 그렇지 않은 저위험(low risk) 사업장에서는 유의한 효과가 발생하지 않아 상대적 으로 위험도가 낮은 사업장에 대한 지원이 단기에 유의한 효과를 기대하기는 어렵다는 점을 밝혀냈다.

The Occupational Safety and Health System Support Consulting Program is a public initiative launched in 2022 by the Ministry of Employment and Labor and the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency. The program aims to prevent occupational injuries by supporting workplaces in establishing comprehensive safety and health management systems. This includes improving organizational awareness of occupational safety and health, conducting workplace risk assessments, and developing manuals and procedures for managing occupational injury risks. This study estimates whether participation in the program led to a reduction in occupational fatalities and assesses the magnitude of the program's net effect. Using data from 3,053 workplaces that participated in the 2022 program (treatment group), a comparable control group was constructed through propensity score matching (PSM). A difference-in-differences (DiD) estimation and a parallel trends test were employed to measure the program’s net effect. The results indicate that the fatality rate per ten thousand workers (‱) in participating workplaces decreased by approximately 0.8054‱p, equivalent to 18.54 fewer cases, compared to non-participating workplaces. Notably, this effect was observed not only among workplaces selected and supported directly by the KOSHA but also among those that voluntarily applied to participate, with a reduction of 0.7782‱p. This suggests that the program successfully encourages voluntary corporate efforts toward safety and health management. Furthermore, a significant decrease in fatality rates was found among high-risk workplaces, whereas no statistically significant effect was observed in low-risk workplaces. This implies that in the short term, support for relatively low-risk workplaces may have limited effectiveness.

Detecting races is important for debugging shared-memory parallel programs, because the races result in unintended nondeterministic execution of the programs. Previous on-the-fly techniques to detect races in parallel programs with general inter-thread coordination show serious space overhead which is dependant on the maximum parallelism of the program. This paper presents a tool for space-efficient on-the-fly race detection. This employs a two-pass algorithm which splits a parallel loop with just one event variable into a series of two serializable loops, while preserving the semantics of the original program. The first serializable loop contains all the original dynamic blocks which are executed before the first wait operation in every thread. And, the next serializable loop contains all the original dynamic blocks which are executed after the first wait operation in every thread.

Detecting data races in multi-threaded programs is a challenging problem in debugging, because the races could reveal nondeterministic program behavior in execution of such pro- grams. Nondeterministic runtime eects of a race are hard to identify and it is dicult to decide whether the reported data races can appear or not in the actual program executions. Previous techniques for detecting races cannot provide method to locate rst races in par- allel programs with random synchronization including lock/unlock mechnism. This paper presents an algorithm which extracts rst races by replaying the program and checking con- currency between sequenced traced data and candidate accesses, which are from a particular execution of parallel programs. We also present the correctness of our algorithm by showing that all the rst races are included in the traced accesses which are composed of key accesses.

New performance leaps has been achieved with multiprogramming and multi-core systems. Present parallel programming techniques and environment needs significant changes in programs to accomplish parallelism and also constitute complex, confusing and error-prone constructs and rules. Intel Cilk Plus is a C based computing system that presents a straight forward and well-structured model for the development, verification and analysis of multi-core and parallel programming. In this article, two programs are developed using Intel Cilk Plus. Two sequential sorting programs in C/C++ language are converted to multi-core programs in Intel Cilk Plus framework to achieve parallelism and better performance. Converted program in Cilk Plus is then checked for various conditions using tools of Cilk and after that, comparison of performance and speedup achieved over the single-core sequential program is discussed and reported.

Purpose: The aims of this study were to investigate the efficacy of combining the systematized behavioral modification program(SBMP) with desmopressin therapy and to compare this with desmopressin monotherapy in the treatment of nocturnal polyuria(NPU). Methods: Patients were randomized at 8 centers to receive desmopressin monotherapy (group A) or combination therapy,comprising desmopressin and the SBMP (group B). Nocturia was defined as an average of 2 or more nightly voids. The primaryendpoint was a change in the mean number of nocturnal voids from baseline during the 3-month treatment period. The secondaryendpoints were changes in the bladder diary parameters and questionnaires scores, and improvements in self-perceptionfor nocturia. Results: A total of 200 patients were screened and 76 were excluded from the study, because they failed the screening process. Atotal of 124 patients were randomized to receive treatment, with group A comprising 68 patients and group B comprising 56 patients. The patients’ characteristics were similar between the groups. Nocturnal voids showed a greater decline in group B (?1.5)compared with group A (?1.2), a difference that was not statistically significant. Significant differences were observed betweengroups A and B with respect to the NPU index (0.37 vs. 0.29, P=0.028), the change in the maximal bladder capacity (?41.3 mLvs. 13.3 mL, P<0.001), and the rate of patients lost to follow up (10.3% [7/68] vs. 0% [0/56], P=0.016). Self-perception for nocturiasignificantly improved in both groups. Conclusions: Combination treatment did not have any additional benefits in relation to reducing nocturnal voids in patientswith NPU; however, combination therapy is helpful because it increases the maximal bladder capacity and decreases the NPI. Furthermore, combination therapy increased the persistence of desmopressin in patients with NPU.

멀티코어 환경이 보편화됨에 따라 병렬프로그래밍 기법과 이에 대한 컴파일 기술의 중요성이 더해지고 있다. 하지만 각 병렬 프로그래밍 기법과 컴퓨팅 환경에 따라 컴파일 기술이 개발되어야 하는 단점이 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 다양한 병렬 프로그래밍 기법과 컴퓨팅 환경을 지원할 수 있는 범용 컴파일러의 개발을 위해 병렬프로그래밍 기법과 컴파일러에 따른 병렬 프로그램의 컴파일 성능을 비교하고, 높은 수행 성능을 가진 범용 병렬 프로그램 컴파일러의 설계 방안을 모색한다.

일학습병행은 산업현장과 학교 교육의 미스매치를 해소하고 능력중심 사회를 구현하기 위한 핵심적인 정책으로 추진되어 2022년 12월 기준으로 16,664개 기업이 훈련에 참여하였다. 학습기업은 현장훈련을 실시하는 교육훈련 공급기관으로써 매우 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 일학습병행에 참여하고 있는 학습기업의 평가를 위해 해당기업을 담당하고 있는 전문가들의 인지구조 분석을 통해 기업현장 교육훈련의 질을 결정하는 중요 요인을 도출하고 학습기업의 평가지표를 제시하여 일학습병행의 질적 내실화를 도모하는 기초 자료로 활용될 것이다.

The Work-Study parallel program has been promoted as a key policy to resolve the mismatch between industrial sites and school education and realize a competency-centered society, and as of December 2022, 16,664 companies participated in the training. Learning companies play a very important role as education and training supply organizations that conduct field training. In this study, for the evaluation of learning companies participating in work-study program, the authors derive important factors that determine the quality of on-site education and training by analyzing the cognitive structure of experts in charge of the company and present evaluation indicators for learning enterprises. Therefore, it is intended to lay the foundation for promoting the quality of work-study parallel program.

본 연구는 뇌교육 기반 대안학교 학업병행제 프로그램에 참여한 청소년이 학업적 자기효능감과 학업 스트레스 및 회복탄력성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 본 연구의 방법으로 연구 대상은 B대안학교 학업병행제 프로그램에 참여한 중･고등학생 49명이며, 연구 도구는 학업적 자기효능감, 학업 스트레스, 회복탄력성을 척도를 사용하였고, 자료 분석은 대응 표본 t검증으로 분석하였다. 본 연구의 내용은 기본 프로그램과 특별 프로그램으로 운영되었다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 뇌교육 기반 대안학교 학업병행제 프로그램이 청소년의 학업적 자기효능감(자기조절효능감, 자신감)을 향상시켰으며, 학업 스트레스(성적, 수업, 공부)는 감소되었고, 회복탄력성(원인분석력, 감정통제력, 충동통제력, 감사하기, 생활만족도, 낙관성)은 향상되었다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 B대안학교 학업병행제 프로그램의 활성화 방안 및 후속 연구에 대한 제언을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of adolescents participating in a brain education-based alternative school academic parallel program on academic self-efficacy, academic stress, and resilience. The subjects of this study were 49 middle and high school students who participated in the Academic Parallelism Program at Alternative B School, and the research tools used the scales of academic self-efficacy, academic stress, and resilience, and the data analysis was performed by the corresponding sample t-test. Analyzed by. The content of this study was operated as a basic program and a special program. The main results of this study are as follows. Brain education-based alternative school academic parallel program improved adolescents’ academic self-efficacy (self-regulatory efficacy, self-confidence), reduced academic stress (grade, class, study), and resilience (cause analysis, emotional control, Impulse control, gratitude, life satisfaction, and optimism) improved. Based on these findings, a plan for revitalizing the Academic Parallelism Program at Alternative School B and suggestions for follow-up studies was presented.

본 연구는 일학습병행 학습기업 평가지표 개발의 후속연구로 평가지표를 정량화하여 평가모형을 정립하는데 그 목적이 있다. 선행연구에서 도출된 최상위 레벨의 구성요소인 학습기업의 정량적요인, 정성적요인, 전담인력역량요인, 그리고 학 습근로자 역량 요인을 주축으로 2레벨 구성요소를 검증하여 평가모델을 구축하였다. 학습기업의 평가를 위해 해당기업을 담당하고있는 전문 가들과 AHP 설문을 수행하여 기업현장 교육훈련의 질을 결정하는 중요요인을 도출하고 평가항목간의 가중치산정을 통하여 학습기업의 평가모형을 완성하고 등급별 그룹핑을 진행하였다. 일 학습병행은 산업현장과 학교교육의 미스매치를 해소하고 능력중심 사회를 구현하기 위한 핵심적인 정책으로 추진되어 2022년 12월 기준으로 16,664개 기업이 훈련에 참여하였다. 학습기업은 현장훈련을 실시하는 교육훈련 공급기관으로써 매우 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있다. 본 연구에서 제시된 평가모형에 따른 학습기업 등급별 지원 및 컨설팅방안이 일학습병행의 내실화와 질적수준을 향상하는 기초자료로 활용될 것을 기대한다.

This study aims to establish an evaluation model by quantifying the evaluation index as a follow-up study to the development of evaluation index for work-study parallel learning companies. An evaluation model was established by verifying the 2nd level components based on the quantitative factors of the learning company, the qualitative factors, the competency factors of the person in charge, and the competency factors of the learning workers, which are the highest-level components derived from previous study. For the evaluation of a learning company, an AHP survey was conducted with experts in charge of the company consulting to derive important factors that determine the quality of on-site education and training, and the evaluation model of the learning company was completed and grouped by calculating the weight between evaluation items proceeded. Work-study parallel program was promoted as a key policy to resolve the mismatch between industrial sites and school education and realize a competency-centered society, and as of December 2022, 16,664 companies participated in the training. Learning companies play a very important role as education and training supply organizations that conduct field training. It is expected that the support and consulting plan for each level of learning companies according to the evaluation model presented in this study will be used as basic data to improve the quality of work-study parallel program.

산학협력의 한가지 방법으로 산업사회의 요구에 부응하는 인력 양성을 위한 계약학과는 도입된 지 20년이 가까워지고 있다. 특히 중소기업의 인력육성 지원정책의 일환으로 계약학과에 대한 관심이 새 정부 들어서 더욱 증가하고 있어 당분간 신설되는 계약학과 또한 늘어날 것으로 예상된다. 학습자 유형과 계약 방식에 따른 계약 학과별 특성을 파악하고 중소기업에 적합한 재교육형, 3자계약방식 계약학과의 신설에 따른 절차와 고려사항에 대해 제안하고자 한다. 특히 공급자인 운영기관의 입장과 수요자인 다수의 기업의 요구사항을 조화롭게 반영하여 선 순환되는 구조가 되도록 교과과정을 설계하는 방법에 대해 K 대학 사례를 들어 제시하고자 한다.

As a kind of industry-university cooperation, the contract-based department for nurturing the employers that meets the needs of industrial society has started for about 20 years. In particular, interest in contract departments as part of the SMEs' human resource development support is increasing with the newly starting government, so it is expecting that the number of new contract departments will increase for the time being. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of each contract department according to the learner type and contract method, and to suggest procedures and considerations for the establishment of re-education-type and third party contract-type contract departments suitable for SMEs. In particular, the authors would like to present the case of K University for how to design the curriculum to create a virtuous cycle by harmoniously reflecting the position of the operating institution as a supplier and the requirements of many companies as consumers.

A parallel nonlinear analysis program of prestressed concrete frame is migrated on a PC cluster system and a massively parallel processing system, CRAY T3E system, using MPI. The PC cluster system is configured with Pentium Ⅲ class PCs and fast ethernet. The CRAY T3E system is composed of a set of nodes each containing one Processing Element (PE), a memory subsystem and its distributed memory interconnect network. Parallel computing algorithms are implemented on element-wise processing parts including the calculation of stiffness matrix, element stresses and determination of material states, check of material failure and calculation of unbalanced loads. Parallel performance of the migrated program is evaluated through typical numerical examples.

본 논문에서는 자료종속성제거와 관련해서 선형루프변환의 새로운 이론을 제안한다. 이는 선형루프변환이 병렬성 추출의 주요한 대상이 되기 때문이다. 이러한 이유 때문에 완전한 중첩루프에서 최대의 루프 병렬성을 추출하는 방법이 제안되었다. 제안된 이론은 거리와 방향에 관계없이 종속성을 갖는 일반적인 중첩루프에 적용할 수 있다.

In this paper A new theory of linear loop transformation called Elimination of Data Dependency(BDD) is presented. The current framework of linear loop transformation cannot identify a significant fraction of parallelism. For this reason, a method to extract the maximum loop parallelism in perfect nested loops is presented. This technique is applicable to general loop nests where the dependence include both distance and directions.

In this paper, I propose double parallel manipulator for machining work. And I derive an kinematics by combining the kinematics of the central axis and the kinematics of the link train of linear actuator. The Jacobian of the central axis and the Jacobian of the link train of the linear actuators are induced by a motor algebra and they are combined to an entire Jacobian matrix to transform the velocity of the end effector to those of linear actuators. And then this paper presents the development of control system and user interface program for machining work.

With the rapidly increasing complexity of decision-marking or system development in the fields of industry, management, etc., modelling techniques using simulation has become more highlighted. Particularly, the advent of parallel computer systems not only has opened a new horizon of parallel simulation, but also has greatly contributed to the speed-up of the execution of simulation. The implementation of parallel simulation, however, is not a easy job for those who accustomed to the existing computer systems. And it is also necessarily confronted with the problem of synchronization conflict in the process. Thus, how to allow a wider community of users to gain access to parallel simulation while solving synchronization conflicts has become an important issue in simulation study. As a method to solve these problems, this paper is primarily concerned with the implementation of GPSS which is a generally used simulation language for discrete event simulation, onto a parallel computer using C-LINDA. For that, this paper, is to suggest a model and algorithm and to experiment it using a case.