Earticle

This study aims to evaluate the applicability of composite pouch films containing ionite as heat-suppressing pouch films for secondary batteries by manufacturing them and assessing their structural characteristics and temperature changes during charging and discharging. Film coating was performed using Coretech CT-AF300 to produce pouch films with varying ionite content and particle size. The influence of plasma treatment on the surface condition of PET film, aimed at improving coating adhesion, was also examined to derive optimal manufacturing conditions. Furthermore, the temperature characteristics of the pouch film during charging and discharging were investigated using an infrared thermal imaging camera and a self-developed test apparatus, respectively, to assess the feasibility of developing next-generation high-performance pouch films. Translated with DeepL.com (free version)

This study examines a digital training model for the professional development of French language educators, focusing on module-based collaborative learning. It explores the theoretical foundations of teacher development, the concept and practice of digital training, and the educational implications of modular learning design. The case study analyzes a digital training program jointly operated by FEI and CNED in July 2020, which involved over 24,000 educators from 162 countries. Comprising eight modules, the program integrated digital content, real-time forums, and collaborative projects. Based on participant experiences, this study identifies key characteristics of digital training and essential factors for enhancing teacher competencies. Findings suggest that digital training fosters teachers’ digital skills and practical application while yielding positive outcomes in gamification strategies and sustainable online training models. However, challenges such as technological accessibility gaps, imbalances in program design, and cultural differences persist. To address these, the study proposes adopting a hybrid education model, strengthening practice-oriented module design, and expanding collaborative learning strategies to support an effective and sustainable training framework in the digital era.

Cette étude analyse un modèle de formation numérique destiné au développement professionnel des enseignants de français, en mettant particulièrement l’accent sur l’apprentissage collaboratif basé sur des modules. Elle explore les fondements théoriques du développement professionnel des enseignants, le concept et la mise en oeuvre de la formation numérique, ainsi que les implications pédagogiques de la conception modulaire de l’apprentissage. L’étude de cas porte sur un programme de formation numérique co-organisé par le FEI et le CNED en juillet 2020, auquel ont participé plus de 24 000 enseignants issus de 162 pays. Ce programme, composé de huit modules, se caractérise par une conception intégrée incluant des contenus numériques, des forums en temps réel et des projets collaboratifs. Les résultats montrent que la formation numérique favorise le développement des compétences numériques des enseignants et leur capacité d’application pratique, tout en apportant des résultats positifs en matière de stratégies de ludification et de mise en place d’un modèle de formation en ligne durable. En réponse, cette étude propose l’adoption d’un modèle d’éducation hybride, le renforcement de la conception modulaire axée sur la pratique et l’élargissement des stratégies d’apprentissage collaboratif, afin de contribuer à l’élaboration d’un modèle de formation efficace et durable à l’ère du numérique.

건축에서 유래한 모듈러 개념은 제품, 패션 분야로 확장하며 다수의 모듈이 상호작용하여 구조를 이루는 모듈러 시스템으로 발전해 현재까지 다양하게 활용된다. 그러나 모듈러 시스템에 대한 용어 정의가 명확하지 않고 건축과 제품의 모듈러 시스템 구조를 그대로 적용한 선행연구가 다수여서 패션의 고유성을 반영한 패 션 디자인의 모듈러 시스템 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구는 패션 디자인의 모듈러 시스템 구조를 이해하고 체계 화하기 위해 다음과 같이 연구하였다. 첫째, 문헌연구를 바탕으로 모듈러 시스템 개념을 정리하고 건축, 제품, 패션 분야의 모듈러 시스템 사례를 고찰한다. 둘째, 이론 연구와 패션 고유성을 바탕으로 패션 디자인의 모듈 러 시스템 구조를 체계화한다. 셋째, 사례 분석을 위해 브랜드 22개의 2001년~2022년까지 모듈러 시스템이 나타난 의상 3,512개를 수집하고 기준에 따라 구조별로 분류하고 그 결과를 해석한다. 연구결과는 첫째, 패션 디자인의 모듈러 시스템을 고찰하기 위한 체계화 기준은 의복의 기본 구조 여부, 인체 곡선을 고려한 모듈의 동질 형태 여부, 내구성을 반영한 모듈의 가변성 유무 세 가지이다. 둘째, 체계화한 구조에 따라 기본형과 부가형에서 각각 동정구조, 이정구조, 동변구조, 이변구조로 나뉘어 총 8개의 구조로 분류한다. 셋째, 사례 분석 결과 기본형 1,341개, 부가형 2,171개이며 각각 동정구조 사례가 가장 많았고 이변구조 사례가 가장 적 게 집계되었다. 같은 형태의 고정형 모듈로 구성한 의복이 모듈을 활용한 패션 디자인에서 선호되며, 다른 형태의 가변형 모듈로 만든 의복은 소수이지만 독특한 형태로 디자인의 다양성을 제시하였다. 모듈러 시스템 의 일반성과 분야별 특수성을 모두 고려한 것에 의의가 있으며, 패션 사례 모수를 확대하여 신뢰성을 높이고 디자인의 다양성을 탐구하여, 패션 디자인의 모듈러 시스템에 체계적이고 실질적인 고찰과 분석 수행으로 향후 모듈러 시스템을 적용한 패션 디자인에 활용될 수 있다.

The concept of modular systems, originating in architecture, has expanded into product and fashion design, evolving into systems where multiple modules interact to form structures. Despite being widely used, there remains ambiguity in defining the term “modular system,” and prior research has often applied architectural and product modular systems directly to fashion, highlighting the need for research that reflects the uniqueness of fashion. This study aims to understand and systematize the modular systems in fashion design. First, a literature review clarifies the concept of modular systems and examines cases across architecture, product design, and fashion to understand their structures. Second, the criteria for classifying modular systems in fashion design are established based on theoretical research and fashion’s inherent characteristics. Third, the study analyzes 3,512 modular garments from 22 brands between 2001 and 2022, categorizing them into eight modular system structures: homogeneous-static, heterogeneous-static, homogeneous-dynamic, and heterogeneous-dynamic, within basic and additive forms. The analysis shows that 1,341 basic and 2,171 additive forms were used, with homogeneous-static modules being the most common and heterogeneous-dynamic modules the least frequent. Fixed modules with similar forms were preferred, while variable modules offered unique and diverse designs. This research emphasizes the need to consider both the general principles of modular systems and the specific characteristics of fashion, expanding the dataset to enhance its reliability and explore design diversity. The findings provide a systematic framework for future applications of modular systems in fashion design, contributing to both creativity and practicality in garment construction and aesthetics.

motion prototype module & moving element를 시스티나성당 천정화를 중심으로 분석하였다. 예술가는 자기의 직관적 경험내용을 예술이란 고도의 정신적 활동을 통해 미적으로 표현함으로서 이를 보편적으로 전달 할 수 있으며 이러한 보편적 전달을 통해서 타인은 이를 직관할 수도 있는 것이다. 직관은 대상을 직접 인식하는 작용이며 보편적인 것에 대한 인식이다. 움직임은 직관의 대상이자 현상이다. motion prototype module과 moving element의 연구는 애니메이션과 캐릭터의 보편적 동작 연구 및 영상 디자인에 바탕이 되는 아주 중요한 분야로서 지속적인 연구가 필요하며 분석한 motion prototype module과 moving element는 애니메이션과 영상의 핵심요소이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 영상과 애니메이션의 근본적의 미인 움직임의 현상을 새롭게 지각하고 분석하는 원형의 틀frame을 제안 하고자 한다.

This paper analyzed a motion prototype module and moving element through mural paintings in Cappella Sistina. An artist expresses beautifully the contents that oneself experienced intuitionally through high mental activity called art and can deliver this generally. Others can experience intuitionally through this process. Intuition is an operation to recognize the object directly, and is to recognize the universal thing. A movement is a phenomenon as soon as the object of intuition. Therefore, the action of a movement to have appeared in mural paintings of Cappella Sistina is to have acquired a intuitional universality and the motion prototype module which analyzed by computer simulation in this paper can carry an objective universality. The study on motion prototype module and moving element becomes a basis of a general motion study of an animation and a character, and a digital moving image design. The motion prototype module and moving element which analyzed at the front are the crucial field of animation and image design. Therefore this study presents frame which newly recognizes and analyzes phenomenon of the movement that is basic meaning of image design and an animation.

This study was conducted to improve performance flow of PACS registration and output of external medical images by developing or adding File Transfer Protocol(FTP) Module on Order Communication System(OCS) and to upgrade efficiency of performance. The numbers of requests for examination of external medical images from January 2004 to December 2007 were investigated and the numbers of cases of examinations and losses were done respectively from January to June, 2007 as a period before the improvement and from July to December, 2007 as a period after it. Satisfaction of persons inputting external medical images of CD was asked directly before and after the improvement. When the numbers of requests for examination of external medical images from 2004 to 2007 2004 were investigated, they were 12,783, 16,774, 21,613 and 27,487 cases in 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively. For the numbers of the requests from January to December, 2007 it was the lowest in February by recording 1846 and it was 2800 in October. While the number of loss of external medical images was averagely 3.6 before using FTP Module on OCS, it reduced to 0 and satisfaction increased to 98% after it. By utilizing FTP Module on OSC for PACS registration of external medical images, the images were delivered simultaneously with occurrence of order, PACS registration of many patients was conducted together and CDs were returned to patients immediately after sending images from outpatient clinics or wards to remove possibility of losing them. In addition, because the module was established on OCS and data were sent associated with order, problems related with order were decreased. By eliminating movement distance it was turned out to be very effective in terms of time and space.

A universal plasma-chemical module (PChM) for the industrial processing of different hydrocarbon raw material pyrolysis was designed and tested. Laboratory investigations for the plasma-chemical method of acetylene production from natural gas and different coals were made. Similar laboratory tests on the industrial production of acetylene as a raw material for organic synthesis were developed using the PChM. A comparison of the suggested plasma-chemical method with the traditional process of acetylene production were carried out. The outlook of the plasma-chemical method was shown.

본 논문은 New Module장치를 융합한 탄산수 정수기에 대한 CTQ(Critical to Quality)를 도출, QFD기법을 활용하여 소비자의 요구사항을 반영한 핵심 품질요소를 도출하는데 목적이 있다. 시음 대상자, 일반소비자와 New Module장치를 개발한 개발자를 대상으로 설문조사와 FGI(Focus Group Interview)를 실시하여 VOC(Voice of Customer)를 도출, 개발자를 통해 EC를 도출하여 VOC와 EC(Engineering Characteristic)간의 상간관계를 도표화하여 HOQ(House of Quality)를 작성하였다. HOQ 차트를 통해 탄산수 정수기는 일정한 맛, 소음, 출수량, CO2 실린더 교 체주기, 사용 편리성 등의 요소가 중요한 품질요인이라는 결과를 도출 하였다. 부품별 요인으로는 물의 맛과 관련된 Module 장치 (혼합조)와 이와 밀접한 레귤레이터, 부스터펌프, 솔레노이드가 가장 핵심부품으로 고려해야 한다는 결 과를 도출 하였다.

This paper CTQ(Critical to Quality) to draw, aim to derive a key quality factor reflects the customer's requirements by utilizing the QFD technique for sparkling water purifier device that combines the new module. Tasting participants, consumers and New Module device intended for developers who develop and conduct a survey and FGI (Focus Group Interview) VOC(Voice of Customer) to draw, drawn by the EC through the developer VOC and EC (Engineering Characteristic) and charts the relationship between the phases was prepared HOQ(House of Quality). Sparkling water purifier through the HOQ chart certain taste, sound, running water, CO2 cylinder replacement cycle, we obtain results that element is an important quality factors such as ease of use. These factors are closely related to each component regulators and Module device (mixing) associated with the taste of water, booster pumps, and deliver results that the solenoid is considered the most critical part.

본 연구는 우편물의 효율적인 수송을 위해 복합연계수송 개념을 도입한 Multi-commodity, Multi-modal Network Model과 이를 토대로 정식화하고 이를 적용 한 LHGO programming Model를 제안하고자 한다. 구축된 LINGO Model은 응용 Application내에 장착되어지는 Module로 구성가능하며 이를 GIS Tool인 GEOmania를 이용한 우편물 수송 DSS을 위한 Application 개발에 활용하고자 한다.

Gesetzesfolgenabschätzung(GFA) ist ein Verfahren zur Erkundung und vergleichenden Bewertung von Folgen beabsichtigter bzw. in Kraft getretener Rechtsvorschriften. Sie dient ① der expertengestützten Enrwicklung von Regelungsalternativen und deren vergleichender Folgenbeurteilung, ② der Überprüfung von Entwürfen nach bestimmten Kriterien wie Kosten/Wirksamkeit, Verständlichkeit, ③ der laufenden oder zeitpunktbezogenen Evaluierung der tatsächlich eingetretenen Wirkungen in Kraft gesetzter Rechtsvorschriften.Aus den Anforderungen unterschiedlicher Studien der Gesetzgebung wurden drei GFA-Module abgeleitet: ① Die prospektive GFA(pGFA) als vorausschauendes Verfahren der Folgenabschätzung auf der Basis von Regelungsalternativen. ② Die begleitende GFA(bGFA) als vorausschauendes Verfahren auf der Basis eines rechtsförmigen Entwurfs. ③ Die retrospektive GFA(rGFA) als rückschauendes Verfahren auf der Basis einer in Kraft getretenen Rechtsvorschrift. Die GFA stellt politisch-admistrativen Entscheidungsträgern Informationen über vorhersehbare Folgen von Regelungsalternativen bereit (pGFA). Sie liefert frühzeitig Hinweise auf spätere Befolgbarkeit und Vollziehbarkeit von Rechtsvorschriften, einschließlich der zu erwartenden Be- und Entlastungen (bGFA). Bewährungsprüfungen ermitteln als nachträgliche Kontrolle den Zielerreichungsgrad und die Akzeptanz der in Kraft gesetzten Rechtsvorschriften bei den Normadressaten(rGFA).Die Arbeit skizziert grundlegende Merkmale der drei GFA Module. Sie schlägt für jedes Modul zweckmäßige Ansatzpunkte vor und gibt Hinweise für die Durchführung der GFA. Anschließend wird der Versuch unternommen, die drei stufigen GFA-Module in Korea einführen zu können.

Federated learning (FL) enables decentralized model training without sharing data, but most existing methods assume homogeneous model architectures across clients, limiting applicability in heterogeneous real-world environments. We propose FedUNet, a lightweight and architecture-agnostic FL framework that introduces an additive U-Net-inspired module attached to each client’s backbone. By sharing only the compact bottleneck of the U-Net, FedUNet enables efficient knowledge transfer without architectural alignment, shared data, or costly distillation. The encoder?decoder structure with skip connections integrates multi-scale features into a shared latent space, promoting client-invariant representation alignment across heterogeneous models. Experimental results on CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 with VGG and ResNet backbones show that FedUNet achieves high accuracy with significantly reduced communication and computational overhead. Notably, a full U-Net attains 93.92% accuracy while requiring only 0.89 MB of communication per round, highlighting its practicality for resource-constrained FL systems.

Image captioning is a task to generate a new caption using the training data of the image and caption. Since existing deep learning is a black-box model, it is crucial to analyze the influence on each module for understanding the model. In this paper, we analyze the impact of the five modules and do a comparative analysis according to three losses and two optimizations using two datasets. From extensive experiments, the best component of each module has been identified as an improved method.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop an online oncology nursing simulation module focused on septic shock care for cancer patients. Additionally, it sought to evaluate the module’s effectiveness in improving nursing students’ clinical performance, clinical confidence, learning satisfaction, and learning flow. Methods: A mixed-methods experimental design was employed. The simulation module was developed using the ADDIE model and delivered via a web-based platform. Fifty nursing students were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=25) or a control group (n=25). As normality assumptions were not met, the Mann-Whitney U test was used for group comparisons, and Spearman’s rank correlation was employed to examine relationships among dependent variables. Additionally, three focus group interviews were conducted with the experimental group, and qualitative data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Results: The experimental group showed significantly higher scores in clinical confidence, learning satisfaction, and learning flow compared with the control group (all variables p<.001). Clinical performance also improved, but the difference was not significant (p=.070). Exploratory correlation analysis indicated strong interrelationships among clinical confidence, learning satisfaction, and learning flow (ρ=.53-.76, p<.001), whereas clinical performance was only weakly related to learning flow (ρ=.28, p=.047). Qualitative findings supported these results, highlighting immersive learning and enhanced clinical reasoning. Conclusion: The online oncology nursing simulation module effectively enhanced core competencies, particularly clinical confidence, while also supporting interrelated experiences of learning satisfaction and learning flow, as indicated by exploratory correlation analysis. These findings suggest that web-based simulation is a practical and scalable strategy for nursing education in the digital era.

As the solar power generation system expands, researches on the development and production technology of solar modules are being actively conducted. In addition, in the production of polysilicon for solar modules, a high-purity carbon electrode is essential, which greatly affects the performance and productivity of the solar module. This research is about the development of a carbon electrode used to manufacture high-purity polysilicon rod, which is essential for the manufacture of the photovoltaic modules. Fine graphite chuck is used as a carbon electrode. Generally, it is a consumable material that is used once and discarded. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an assembly-type high purity graphite chuck that can recycle some resources to dramatically improve the utilization of resources. In order to maintain the purity and performance of polysilicon, the composition and performance of the graphite chuck are important. The fine graphite chuck is manufactured through the high-purification process after precision machining, and the performance is confirmed through the component analysis of the specimen. At about 5,000 nm or more from the surface, the compositions of the sample appeared almost constant, and a high purity sample satisfying the target specification was obtained. In addition, it was confirmed that the cost reduction could be achieved by designing the graphite electrode as a separable type, and the results of this study can be applied to the design of the fine graphite chuck for the production of high purity polysilicon.

본 연구에서는 전통시장과 시장현대화사업과 관련한 선행연구를 분석하여 연구의 경향과 전통시장과 관련한 연구내용을 분석하였다. 이후 전국 각지의 시장현대화사업이 추진된 전통시장 4곳을 선별하여 점포모듈과 동선, 시설 구성과 영업형태에 대하여 현장조사 및 관계자 인터뷰를 진행하였다. 건축 하드웨어적인 현황에 대하여는 실측 및 관찰을 통하여 실증적인 비교분석을 실시하였으며, 영업환경 및 업종별 요구특성에 대하여는 해당 시장 상인회와의 인터뷰를 통해 데이터를 수집하였다. 가능한한 일관된 기준을 적용하여 4개의 시장현대화사례를 비교분석 하였으며, 개별 시장만이 가지고 있는 고유한 특성에 대해서는 그 원인을 사업추진과정의 히스토리와 지역적 특성과 관련하여 파악하도록 하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 전통시장의 업종별 점포모듈의 가이드라인을 제시를 위한 기초데이터를 확보할 수 있었으며, 향후 시장현대화사업에서 필수적으로 고려해야할 시설설비 기준을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 향후 시장현대화사업의 시행착오를 최소화하고 사업의 효율성을 담보할 수 있는 정책적 시사점을 도출할 수 있을 것이다.

The study analyzed previous studies on traditional markets and market modernization projects to analyze research trends and content related to traditional markets. Next, the study selected 4 traditional markets throughout the nation where there was promotion of market modernization projects to conduct field research and interviews about store modules, line of flow, facility configuration, and types of businesses. Empirical comparative analysis was conducted on construction hardware status through measurement and observation and data was collected on business environment and requirement characteristics by business type through interviews with merchant associations of the corresponding markets. Consistent standard was applied as much it was possible to comparatively analyze the 4 market modernization cases and on the unique characteristics of individual markets, the cause was determined in conjunction to the history of the business promotion process and regional characteristics. After the study, basic data to suggest guidelines in store modules by business type in traditional markets could be acquired and the study identified the facilities equipment standards that must be considered in future market modernization projects. Through this it will be possible to derive policy implications to minimize trial and error and guarantee business efficiency in future market modernization projects.

In this paper, a fire case report that occurred in an ABS Module that uses constant power while parked for a long time with a vehicle that has been running for a long time for more than 10 years is estimated that the cause of ignition is tracking due to the inflow of foreign substances such as moisture into the module printed circuit board. Based on this, a recall is in progress to replace ABS Module power with ACC power. I judged it as a manufacturing defect due to design defects and motor failure, and I would like to reveal that the recall method is rather threatening safety.

In this paper, a circuit for detecting a fine oscillation in an integrated PCS and W-CDMA receiver is presented. The advantages for this design are small size and flexible compatibility for system operation compared with the conventional method. The fine oscillation level can be detected by dB unit through selecting the receiver mode as PCS of 1.8 GHz range or W CDMA of 1.9 GHz range by a RF switch and monitoring the corresponding frequency band. Also, the circuit is designed to be flexible for other communication systems with the consideration of the required dynamic range of 75 dB