Earticle

The present study sought to investigate the relative effects of three types of written input (i.e., genuine, simplified, and elaborated) on reading comprehension and target grammar learning of Korean college learners. The mediating effects of the learners’ reading proficiency were also examined. Four genuine articles were selected for simplification and elaboration, and 94 Korean college students were asked to read one of the three versions each over four sessions. The results showed that input modification had positive effects on the learners’ reading comprehension. In particular, the learners at the lower level of reading proficiency benefited from the simplified input, while those at the higher level benefited from the elaborated input. In addition, the simplified input was found to have positive effects on target grammar learning, regardless of the learners’ reading proficiency. Pedagogical implications and directions for future studies will be provided.

Language falls within immanence or transcendence. It should then prompt philosophers. Considering approaches to the immanent theory of language, the "point of view" is immanent to dispose of any "extra-linguistic reality," following the exclusion of the two "realities" generally taken into account by the "transcendent" approaches. Among many others, Spinoza, in a particularly marked form, gives the example of a reflection on language as far as possible from any immanent perspective. The reverse is true for Hjelmslev: it is probably impossible to implement a more immanent-design language. Compared to these two opposing views, the position of Saussure will be appreciated at its true value. Finally, there is the permanence in the language: language in its permanent essence.

Le langage relève de l’immanence ou de la transcendance. Il faudrait alors interroger les philosophes. Les prises en compte centrale de Spinoza, dans tout discours sur le langage et les langues, des données relatives au sujet parlant et au changement sont, d’emblée, des indices non trompeurs d’une conception non immanentiste. Après la visée vient l’examen des méthodes à mettre en oeuvre pour aboutir à la théorie immanente du langage. Le «point de vue» (synspunkt) immanentiste consiste à procéder à l’élimination de toute «réalité extralinguistique ». S’ensuit l’exclusion des deux «réalités» généralement prises en compte par les approches «transcendantes». Hjelmslev ne dénie pas les modifications que l’histoire apporte inévitablement à toute langue. Cependant son attitude à l’égard du changement linguistique présente une spécificité, signalée par un phénomène révélateur : il ne reprend pas la dichotomie saussurienne de la synchronie et de la diachronie. Spinoza, parmi beaucoup d’autres, mais sous une forme particulièrement accusée, donne l’exemple d’une réflexion sur le langage aussi éloignée que possible de tout point de vue immanentiste. C’est l’inverse pour Hjelmslev : il est sans doute impossible de mettre en place une conception du langage plus immanentiste. Par rapport à ces deux conceptions opposées, la position de Saussure va pouvoir être appréciée à sa juste mesure. Finalement, il y a de la permanence dans la langue. La langue est en son essence permanente.

The causative alternation in English is semantically determined: change-of-state denoting unaccusatives but not activity-denoting unergatives can participate in the alternation. Surprisingly, manner-of-motion verbs, one subtype of unergatives, can appear in lexical causatives when accompanied by a directional complement. In contrast, the causatives in Korean don't seem to be semantically conditioned. Furthermore, Korean manner-of-motion verbs which are unequivocally activity-denoting unergative verbs fail to participate in the alternation and a goal complement can appear in the presence of a directed motion verb ka- in Korean. The main objective of the paper is to examine Korean speakers' knowledge of lexical causatives in English. Results of the study suggest that the learners generally know semantic properties pertinent to the causative alternation, showing their ability to extract abstract semantic determinants from the variable input. Nevertheless, the data reveal that the acquisition of lexical causatives with manner-of-motion verbs with a directional PP is delayed. Such delayed acquisition is accounted for by constructionists' views, the difference between the case of instantiation and of modification and by L1-transfer.

The Purposes of this study are to clarity adverbs which have meaning of ‘manhi(many/much)’ in Busan and Gyeongnam Dialect in the point of morphologic, syntactic, semantic characteristics. The morphologic characteristics of adverbs whose meaning of ‘manhi’ in Busan and Gyeongnam Dialect have been dealt with simple and derivational adverbs. The syntactic characteristics of these adverbs have been divided with four cases, the first case is modification of verbs, and the second case is modification of adjectives, and others are modification of verbs and adjectives, and ‘noun+ida.’ The semantic characteristics of these adverbs have various semantic traits.

Background: This study provides development guidance to manufacturers of gochujang to optimize its appeal among UK consumers. Preliminary studies focused on consumer attitudes toward the traditional product and decided on the development of a new ethnic product concept. It was concluded that the modified product should be positioned in the narrow speciality/oriental accompaniments retail category as a distinctive, premium, and regionally authentic table sauce. A structured approach to consumer research was used to investigate consumer acceptability and preferences. This paper describes how these methods were used to optimize the product in terms of market positioning and use. Methods: Two principal approaches were used in the study: (1) a choice-based conjoint test to consider options in terms of packaging, design, pricing, product descriptions and attributes; and (2) a home placement test to explore the relative appeal of the sensory properties of two product variants and their potential applications. Results: Across all six attributes assessed in the conjoint study (n = 676), the sensory properties of the product (43%) followed by brand (24%) were the most important attributes in driving preference. Price (12%) and country of origin (11%) were the next most important, with packaging size and material at 6% and 5%, respectively, being least important. From the home placement study (n = 58), the proposed products were aligned with consumers' existing consumption behaviors. However, it was evident that the products segmented consumer response due principally to their hotness. Conclusion: While reducing the hotness of the product has the potential to broaden appeal, this could erode its positioning as a distinctive, premium product with authentic flavors appealing to a specific market segment. Retaining the modified gochujang flavor profile but linking to an established UK speciality sauce brand may offer the most effective platform to enter the UK market.

Despite the increasing need to investigate the efficacy of attentional bias modification for pain (ABM-P) in pain-related situa- tions and organize the accumulating research, only a few systematic reviews or meta-analyses have been conducted so far. This study aimed to confirm the clinical efficacy of ABM-P and to integrate the existing literature. This study followed the PRISMA guidelines. We searched the literature through PubMed, ScienceDirect, the Cochrane library, Springer, and Pro- Quest and also conducted a manual search. A total of 549 works were identified. Eleven articles (12 studies) were included in the systematic review, and meta-analysis was conducted with six articles (seven studies). These results demonstrate that ABM-P is effective in alleviating pain intensity. The effect of the ABM-P was inconsistent regarding emotion and attentional bias. This inconsistent finding implies that ABM-P has a partial effect on emotion and attentional bias.

Purpose This paper describes the effects of a comprehensive lifestyle modification program (CLMP) on glycemic control and body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods This study was performed from October 2003 to April 2005, and used an experimental design with random assignment. The experimental group (n = 25) received CLMP for 4 months and follow-up sessions for 9 months. CLMP included nurse-led education on exercise and diet, and counseling on stress management and self-monitoring of their diabetic health. The control group (n = 23) received a 1-hour educational session on diabetic diet at the beginning of the study. Glucose level and body composition were measured in both groups a total of five times: at baseline (pre-intervention) and at 0, 3, 6 and 9 months post intervention. Results Repeated-measures ANOVA showed that there were statistically significant differences in fasting blood sugar and HbA1c levels between the two groups (both p < .05). Both groups demonstrated statistically significant changes in body composition over time, but there was no significant difference in the pattern of change between the two groups. Conclusion CLMP is a useful program, and its multiple approaches by nurses as the leaders and coordinators appear to have positive and synergistic roles in improving and maintaining stable glucose level and body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Socially anxious individuals tend to disqualify positive social outcomes by attributing such outcomes to others rather than themselves. Previous research suggests that this tendency is a potentially important target of intervention. Thus, the present study aimed to examine the efficacy of cognitive bias modification (CBM) on attribution bias related to positive social outcomes among socially anxious individuals. A total of 159 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to the CBM or placebo group. Based on their level of social anxiety, participants were subsequently classified into either the high (n= 75) or low social anxiety groups (n= 18). Results showed that CBM was effective in reducing attribution bias related to positive social outcomes in socially anxious individuals. Social anxiety symptoms also diminished after the intervention. The findings of this study provide preliminary evidence regarding the efficacy of CBM for reducing attribution bias related to positive social outcomes and social anxiety

Objective To investigate and compare the effect of low-dye taping (LDT) and figure-8 modification of LDT (MLDT) on peak plantar pressure and heel pain in patients with heel pad atrophy. Methods There were reviewed 32 feet of 19 patients who have been diagnosed with heel pad atrophy who were enrolled in this study. The patients were diagnosed with heel pad atrophy with clinical findings, and loaded heel pad thickness measured by ultrasonography. At the first visit, patients were taught how to do LDT and MLDT. They were instructed to do daily living with barefoot, LDT and MLDT at least one time per day. Patients performed pedobarography with barefoot, LDT and MLDT within 2 weeks. The severity of heel pain was also checked with the visual analogue scale (VAS) during daily living with barefoot, LDT and MLDT. Results VAS of hindfoot were significantly decreased after LDT and MLDT (p<0.01). Peak plantar pressure under hindfoot were also decreased after LDT and MLDT (p<0.01). The effect of MLDT in decreasing peak plantar pressure of hindfoot (p<0.01) and pain relief (p=0.001) was better than the effect of LDT. Conclusion The LDT technique is clinically useful for pain management and reducing peak plantar pressure of hindfoot in patients with heel pad atrophy. MLDT is more effective than LDT in reducing peak plantar pressure and heel pain in patients with heel pad atrophy.

Currently, consumers appear to have diversified characteristics with regard to food tastes and consumption habits. The globalization of markets and the migration phenomenon contributed to the modification of food preferences of consumers who gradually introduce into their eating habits foods and recipes typical of the tradition of foreign countries. In this scenario, also in Italy, it is going to increase the use of “foreign products” with the consequent fusion of traditional cuisine techniques and recipes with ingredients that are typical of foreign countries and cultures. Foods and ingredients originally consumed in Asian or South American countries are increasingly consumed by Italian people, who have notoriously a strong “food identity,” who generally follow the Mediterranean Diet, and who consume typical products of the country. More particularly, the use of “new” or “novel” spices compared to those traditionally used in the preparation of Italian food has grown in the last 10 years. This study is an exploratory survey on the consumption of spices in Sicily (Southern Italy), which is an Italian Region with a high level of immigrated people and a good level of social integration and progressive inclusion. The objective of this study is to know whether and how Sicilian consumers’ consumption preferences, use, and purchasing behaviors with regard to spices changed in the last few years. The results highlight an increasing use of novel spices for the preparation of the traditional recipes and a good appreciation by consumers. These results are interesting because they provide information about spices’ market development and food product marketing and internationalization. The survey gives interesting inputs for reflections about the relationship between food contaminations and social integration and insight into consumers’ preferences in Italy.

본 연구에서는 선박의 안정 조건을 해석하기 위해 기존에 수리학에서 가르치고 있는‘부체의 안정 공식’을 적용하려고 하였으나, 기존 공식으로는 선박이 전복된 상황을 해석하기에 불가능하였다. 이에 본 연구에 서는 몇 가지 불합리한 가정을 배제하며 실제 배가 기울어질 경우 부양면의 폭이 증가하는 현상도 반영한 개선된 공식을 유도하여 “부체의 안정 공식”과 “개선된 공식”을 비교하였다. 부체가 기울어진 각도, 부양 면 폭 증가, “부체의 안정 공식”의 제한점 3가지를 개선하였다. 기존 부체의 안정 공식은 기울어진 각도와 무관하거나 45ﾟ라도 안정으로 판별됐지만 개선된 공식은 23ﾟ이상 기울어질 경우 전도된다고 분석되었다. 따라서 개선된 공식이 기존 부체의 안정 공식에 비해 현실의 상황을 보다 잘 반영 할 수 있는 것으로 판단되지만 본 연구에서는 단 하나의 사례 연구를 통하여 결과를 제시하였고, 직육면체 형태의 부체만을 대상으로 하였기에 앞으로 다양한 경우에 대한 검토와 검증이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

In this research, we initially sought to apply the 'floating body stability equation' traditionally taught in hydrostatics to analyze the stability conditions of a vessel. However, we found that the existing equation was inadequate for interpreting situations where a vessel has capsized. Consequently, this study developed an improved equation by eliminating some unrealistic assumptions and incorporating the phenomenon of increased buoyancy width when the boat tilts. We compared the 'floating body stability equation' with this enhanced version, focusing on tilt angles and buoyancy changes. The improved equation indicates capsizing at tilt angles exceeding 23°, a significant revision from the original equation which deemed angles up to 45° as safe. Although the revised equation seems more reflective of real-world conditions, it is based on a single case study with a simple cuboid boat, so further tests and verification are needed for broader applicability.

Urea formaldehyde resins are widely used in the manufacturing of wood composite and their usage is always combined with release of formaldehyde characterized to be hazardous to health during and after the manufacturing of the products. This study investigates the effectiveness of wood-based adhesive from oil of pyrolysed Triplochiton scleroxylon sawdust for the production of composite board. The wood-derived Pyrolytic Oil (PyO) was blended with Urea Formaldehyde (UF) resin to formed Pyrolytic Oil-Urea Formaldehyde (PyOUF). The obtained PyOUF called Wood-Based Adhesives at four blends and control (UF) viz; 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1, 1:3 were further employed to prepare the composite board and test for their bonding strength by physical (water absorption-WA and thickness swelling-Th.S) and mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity-MOE, modulus of rupture-MOR, and impact bending-IB). Data obtained was analysed using analysis of variance at  0.05. The result of analysis of variance conducted on physical properties show significant difference (p≤0.05) between the WA values obtained when testing the different blending proportion of PyOUF and likewise between 2 and 24 h of immersion. PyOUF had significant effect (p≤0.05) on Th. S for 24 h but no significant different (p＞0.05) for the 2 h period of soaking. The analysis of variance on mechanical properties of the composite board (MOE, MOR, and IB) show significance differences (p≤0.05) between the strength values obtained when testing the different ratios of PyO with UF. PyO content influenced the properties of the boards and it is evident that PyO can be used in the manufacture of composite board.

The fuel test loop consisted an in-pile test section (IPS) and an out-pile system (OPS) is an nuclear fuel irradiation test facility installed in HANARO and its operating temperature and pressure are similar to those of commercial nuclear power plant’s. Penetration pipe connecting the IPS and OPS at the reactor concrete wall is supported by pool-wall pipe support. The existing pool-wall pipe support established in the HANARO have insulations even thought the leak tightness is not ensured. So, the need for an isolation of the insulations from the HANARO cooling water makes the existing pool-wall pipe support newly designed. In this study a structural evaluation for the pool-wall pipe support in accordance with the 2001 ASME B&PV Section III NF is implemented. The most critical primary and secondary stress intensities occur at the modified connection area of the main cooling water pipe and plate ring, but those values are less than the allowable stress. It is concluded that the existing pool-wall pipe support could be modified to a newly designed shape having an isolated insulation from a HANARO cooling water.