Earticle

동물매개치료에서는 치료자·내담자·치료도우미동물의 다종 간 상호작용이 이루어지며, 치료자는 서로 다른 의사소통 방식을 사용하는 내담자와 치료도우미동물의 비언어적 표현을 처리해야 한다. 본 연구는 비언어적 표현에 대한 치료자의 내적 처리 과정을 구성하고 동물매개치료의 다종 간 조건에서 발생하는 처리 과제를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 비언어적 의사소통과 상호작용 맥락, 비언어적 표현과 치료자의 해석·판단, 동물매개치료의 치료자 역할·다종 간 상호작용 및 치료도우미동물의 표현에 관한 세 문헌군을 검토하였다. 관련 개념과 서술을 추출한 뒤 기능과 관계에 따라 반복적으로 비교·범주화하여 상위 범주를 도출·명명하고 하나의 내적 처리 과정으로 통합하였다. 분석 결과, 내적 처리 과정은 표현 관찰, 맥락에 따른 의미 이해, 치료적 판단이 반복적으로 갱신되는 흐름으로 구성되었다. 동물매개치료에서는 다종 간 의사소통 방식의 차이, 관계적·병행적 관찰, 치료적 지원과 안전·복지에 관한 이중 기준이 처리 과제로 도출되었다. 이 처리 과제들은 새로운 단계를 추가하지 않고 내적 처리 과정 전반의 처리 대상과 적용 기준을 구체화하였다. 본 연구는 치료자의 내적 처리 과정을 다종 간 조건에 맞게 개념화하여 치료자 교육·사례분석 및 후속 경험연구의 기반을 제시하였다.

Animal-assisted therapy involves multispecies interaction among the therapist, client, and therapy animal, requiring the therapist to process nonverbal expressions from the client and therapy animal, whose communication modes differ. This conceptual study constructed the therapist's internal processing of nonverbal expressions and analyzed processing tasks arising from multispecies conditions. Three literature domains were reviewed: nonverbal communication and interactional context; therapists' interpretation and judgment; and therapist roles, multispecies interaction, and therapy-animal expressions. Relevant concepts were extracted, compared, categorized, and integrated into a process comprising observation of expressions, understanding meaning in context, and therapeutic judgment. Three processing tasks were identified: differences in communication modes, relational and parallel observation of the client and therapy animal, and dual criteria for client support and therapy-animal safety and welfare. These tasks specify the objects and criteria applied throughout the process rather than adding stages. The process may be repeatedly updated as interactions change and may inform therapist education, case analysis, and empirical research.

본 연구는 동적 집-나무-사람(Kinetic House-Tree-Person drawing technique: K-HTP) 그림검사를 개인과 집단으로 실시하여 그림검사 실시방법이 피검자의 신경증 수준에 따라 형식요소미술치료척도(Formal Elements Art Therapy Scale: FEATS)에 미치는 상호작용 효과를 알아보았다. 총 대학생 81명이 본 연구에 참여하였고, 모든 참여자는 개인검사와 집단검사 맥락에서 각각 채색 K-HTP 그림검사를 수행하였다. 개인검사와 집단검사 사이의 차이를 분석하기 위해 형식요소미술치료척도 간에 대응표본 t 검정을 실시하였다. 또한 NEO성격검사로 측정한 피검자의 신경증 수준과 검사방법 간의 상호작용 효과를 검토하기 위해서는 혼합설계 이원분산분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 개인검사에서는 ‘공간’, ‘통합성’, ‘사람’ 항목에서, 집단검사에서는 ‘색적절성’, ‘내적에너지’, ‘사실성’ 항목에서 채점 값이 높게 나타났다. 둘째, ‘통합성’, ‘사실성’, ‘세부묘사 및 환경묘사’ 항목에서 피검자의 신경증 수준과 검사맥락 사이에서 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 집단검사에서 신경증 수준이 낮은 사람들은 ‘통합성’과 ‘사실성’ 항목의 채점 값이 높은 반면, 개인검사에서 신경증 수준이 높은 사람들은 ‘세부묘사 및 환경묘사’ 항목의 채점 값이 높았다. 본 연구결과는 그림검사 연구의 실시방법에 대한 시사점을 제시한 점에서 연구의 활용 가치가 높은 것으로 사료되며, 연구를 확대해 나갈 필요가 있다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the interaction effects between level neuroticism of high vs. low and context of individual vs. group by using colored Kinetic House-Tree-Person test (colored K-HTP). The participants were recruited total 81 college students attending K university in Seoul. The subjects participated in both Colored K-HTP as individual drawing and group K-HTP as collaborative drawing. Correlation analysis, paired t-test, and two-way ANOVA were used to compare how FEATS (Formal Elements Art Therapy Scale) scores were different between individual and collaborative drawing. The results of this study as follows: firstly, there were individual drawing scored higher than group drawing for the ‘space’, ‘integration’, and ‘person’. Secondly, there were group drawing scored higher than individual drawing for the ‘color fit’, ‘implied energy’, and ‘realism’. Thirdly, the low level of neuroticism students gained high scores from ‘integration’. Fourthly, the high level of neuroticism students drew abundant details on individual drawings while they drew insufficiently details on group drawings. The results of this study are provided implications for how to conduct context of projective drawing test. This study can be useful for understanding projective drawings and there is a need to expand the future research.

The study aims to investigate how communicative and meaningful the English classes taught by a native English-speaking teacher are. The data were collected from three different levels of English classrooms (advanced/intermediate/beginning) in a middle school. The classes met once a week and each class was observed and tape-recorded twice (total 270 minutes). Communicative Orientation of Language Teaching (COLT) observation scheme was employed to analyze the classroom interaction and the characteristics of the classes. The results showed that even though the primary goal of the classes was to help the students develop their communication skills, the classes were not communicative enough to bring about meaningful and authentic interaction. In addition, the students were mostly situated in a passive mode where they had rare opportunities to decide the content of the class and to express their own opinions. Most interaction between the teacher and the students were initiated by the teacher’s pseudo questions and a large number of utterances produced by the students consisted of only one or two words. The study, on the basis of the results, discusses several pedagogical suggestions.

Interaction with Cyber physical systems (CPSs) greatly differ from traditional human computer interaction. A theory that could explain multi-aspect interaction with cyber physical systems and would facilitate the implementation of highly interactive CPSs is needed. This paper tries to make the first steps in this direction and to provide insights for a necessary new theory. Four kinds of interaction which play a crucial role in the operation of CPSs and four fundamental aspects of interaction (i.e. levels, domains, contexts and modalities) are introduced. The theory explains both the aspects and the various constituents that should be considered. The novelty of the theory is in that it establishes relationships between the four aspects and supports the specification of wishful interaction profiles. Finally, a practical case of robot assisted smart bathroom is used to show how the theory can systematize and rationalize the designing of interaction with CPSs.

A Product-Service Systems (PSS) is composed ofservice and product element to provide values forrelevant stakeholders. A typical service interactioninvolves providers and receivers, and respectivevalues are provided in a social interaction. In cases,more than one providers are interacting with areceiver. In others, service interaction is happeningin a public manner where social issues amang peerreceivers are important. When service channel issupported by physical touchpoints, receivers wouldinteract with products, which may interact withproviders. Thus, in PSS, a various kinds ofinteractions occur in diverse social contexts. Asimple representation method for social contexts isintroduced where service providers, receivers andproducts are represented as nodes and interactionbetween them are represented as directed edges. Social context of several PSS examples aredescribed with this. In booth designing andoperating PSS, social context representations couldbe used in analyzing and comparing key aspects ofsocial interaction types to retrieve similar cases toexploit related interaction design strategies andoperation know-hows.

This paper proposes a pedagogical framework for integrating generative AI (GenAI) into Korean university EFL instruction, grounded in interactionist SLA theory. Drawing on negotiation of meaning (Long, 1996), collaborative dialogue (Swain, 2000), and ZPD-based scaffolding (Vygotsky, 1978), it argues that AI should function not as a replacement for human mediation but as a supplementary layer within a multi-tiered instructor-peer-AI support system. The study addresses three questions: (1) How can AI-mediated scaffolding be structured to address L1 transfer errors specific to Korean EFL learners? (2) How do recent collaborative prompting models inform the design of peer-AI interaction tasks? (3) What practical tools can instructors use to systematically implement AI-integrated instruction? Adopting a conceptual and design-based approach, the study synthesizes interactionist SLA theories to construct a pedagogical framework, illustrates its application through hypothetical instructional scenarios, and validates one component?automated error analysis using Python and the LanguageTool API?through application to authentic learner writing data (N=40). The framework is demonstrated through three applications: (1) graduated scaffolding sequences for article and say/tell errors based on Korean?English contrastive analysis; (2) collaborative prompting tasks drawing on the CoPIR model and its recent extensions; and (3) Python-based tools for automated error detection and proficiency-differentiated prompt templates. A four-week hypothetical classroom scenario integrates these components into a cohesive instructional workflow. The paper contributes to the growing body of research on AI-integrated language pedagogy by providing a theoretically grounded, practically implementable design proposal for multi-layered AI mediation in EFL contexts, while identifying specific hypotheses for future empirical testing.

Despite the growing interest in the use of telecollaboration in higher education, little has been documented concerning the effects of interaction in video-based telecollaboration on L2 development in comparison with interaction in the traditional face-to-face (FTF) environment. In addition, very few studies have succeeded in situating the research designs within the language curriculum for robust pedagogical ramifications in addition to addressing statistically performances obtained on different types of assessment tasks. As part of a larger research project on telecollaboration, this study investigated the relative effects of interaction in video-based telecollaboration (Teletandem) and FTF environments, embedded within language curriculum, on L2 oral accuracy development together with the possible role of the type of oral production assessment task in L2 accuracy development across time. Advanced-level learners of Spanish as a foreign language engaged in oral interaction either in Teletandem (with native speakers of Spanish) or in FTF (with nonnative speaker learners) environments six times during the course of one semester. L2 development was measured by a picture-description task and an opinion-stating task. Results showed that interaction both in Teletandem and FTF modes promoted L2 accuracy development over the six sessions, and the type of medium (and their inherent differences of interlocutor type) did not significantly affect L2 development. Furthermore, results indicated that learners achieved greater improvements on the opinion-stating task than on the picture-description task. These findings are discussed in light of research design issues, previous findings, and the need to seriously address the context of learning from a curricular perspective.

이 논문에서 우리는 노인과 로봇이 만나는 여러 프로그램을 검토하여 노인과 로봇의 상호작용을 가능하게 하는 조건과 그 사이를 매개하는 제삼자의 역할을 분석한다. 우리는 로봇의 성능을 평가하거나 로봇이 노인에게 미치는 영향을 측정하는 대신, 노인과 조우할 때 로봇이 어떤 위치, 환경, 맥락에 놓이는지에 주목한다. 이 논문은 인간-로봇 상호작용의 양상은 로봇의 성능뿐만 아니라, 사전에 마련된 환경과 우연적으로 발생하는 상황에 따라 크게 달라진다는 관점을 취한다. 이 논문에서 분석 대상으로 삼는 것은 <할매네 로봇>(tvN), <미래일기>(MBC), <공존실험, 로봇 인간 곁에 오다>(JTBC) 등 노인 로봇 실험을 실시한 텔레비전 프로그램과 치매 예방 로봇 '실벗'을 사용하는 교육 프로그램이다. 이 프로그램들에서 나타나는 노인과 로봇 사이의 언어적, 비언어적 소통을 분석하여 우리는 대부분의 노인-로봇 상호작용이 노인 한 명과 로봇 한 대 사이의 직접 상호작용이 아니라, 노인이 아닌 제삼의 행위자가 중요한 역할을 하는 매개된 상호작용이라는 점을 지적한다. 매개자는 노인-로봇 상호작용에서 일시적이고 부차적인 역할을 맡았다가 바로 사라지는 것이 아니라, 노인과 로봇의 관계를 시작하고 유지하는 핵심적인 요소로 작용한다. 매개자들은 노인과 로봇의 만남을 주선하거나 상호작용을 촉발하고, 그것을 관찰하면서 적절한 때에 언어적으로 개입하여 둘 사이의 관계를 중재하고, 때로는 물리적으로 로봇의 행동을 보조하여 노인-로봇 상호작용의 실패를 막아낸다. 우리는 매개자의 존재와 역할에 주목함으로써 노인-로봇 관계만이 아니라 일반적인 인간-로봇 관계를 더 잘 이해하고 평가할 수 있다고 주장한다. 인간-로봇의 일대일 관계가 아니라 인간-로봇-인간 사이의 다자 구도와 그를 둘러싼 맥락을 고려함으로써 기존의 공학적, 의학적, 사회과학적 접근을 보완하고 로봇의 개발, 활용, 평가에 대한 유용한 관점을 얻을 수 있을 것이다.

How do robots interact with the elderly? In this paper, we analyze the contexts of interaction between robots and the elderly and the role of mediators in initiating, facilitating, and maintaining the interaction. We do not attempt to evaluate the robot's performance or measure the impact of robots on the elderly. Instead, we focus on the circumstances and contexts within which a robot is situated as it interacts with the elderly. Our premise is that the success of human-robot interaction does not depend solely on the robot's technical capability, but also on the pre-arranged settings and local contingencies at the site of interaction. We select three television shows that feature robots for the elderly and one "dementia-prevention" robot in a regional healthcare center as our sites for observing robot-elderly interaction: "Grandma's Robot"(tvN), "Co-existence Experiment''(JTBC), "Future Diary"(MBC), and the Silbot class in Suwon. By analyzing verbal and non-verbal interactions between the elderly and the robots in these programs, we point out that in most cases the robots and the elderly do not meet one-to-one; the interaction is usually mediated by an actor who is not an old person. These mediators are not temporary or secondary components in the robot-elderly interaction; they play a key role in the relationship by arranging the first meeting, triggering initial interactions, and carefully observing unfolding interactions. At critical moments, the mediators prevent the interaction from falling apart by intervening verbally or physically. Based on our observation of the robot-elderly interaction, we argue that we can better understand and evaluate the human-robot interaction in general by paying attention to the existence and role of the mediators. We suggest that researchers in human-robot interaction should expand their analytical focus from one-to-one interactions between humans and robots to human-robot-human interactions in diverse real-world situations.

노동조합은 전통적으로 소득 불평등을 개선하는 주요 행위자로 여겨져 왔다. 그러나 최근 연구들은 노동조합과 소득 불평등 간의 관계가 단순하지 않으며, 다양한 제도적·정치적 맥락에 따라 달라질 수 있음을 주장하였다. 본 연구는 노동조합의 소득 불평등 완화 효과에 영향을 미치는 주요 조건으로 단체교섭의 제도적 특성과 정부의 정파성에 주목하고, 이에 대한 경험적 분석을 시도한다. 특히 세계화의 흐름이 본격적으로 강화된 냉전 이후 1990~2019년 OECD 국가들의 패널 데이터를 활용하여 노동조합 조직률이 소득 불평등에 미치는 영향을 시장소득과 처분가능소득의 측면에서 체계적으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 노조가 소득 불평등을 완화하는 효과는 시장소득보다 처분가능소득에서 뚜렷하게 나타났고, 그 효과는 조건적이었다. 노조의 효과는 조정 메커니즘보다 단체교섭의 중앙집중화 정도에 따라 달랐다. 선행연구와 달리 정치적 조건에서 노조의 효과는 좌파 정부가 아닌 중도 정부에서 나타났고, 이는 노조가 세계화 시대에 전략적으로 행동함을 의미한다. 이와 같은 결과는 불평등이 심화되는 시기에 노조의 정치경제적 역할이 지속과 변화를 동시에 보여주고 있음을 시사한다.

Labour unions have traditionally been regarded as a key actor in improving income inequality. However, recent studies have revealed that the relationship between labour unions and income inequality is not straightforward but it varies depending on various institutional and political contexts. This study focuses on institutions of collective bargaining and government partisanship as major conditions affecting the income inequality reduction effect of labour unions and attempts an empirical analysis. In particular, we systematically analyzed the effects of union density on income inequality in terms of market income and disposable income, using panel data from OECD countries of the period 1990~2019 when the Cold War ended and globalization intensified. The analytical results show that the effect of unions on reducing income inequality was more pronounced in disposable income than in market income, and the effect was conditional. The union's effects varied depending on the degree of centralization of collective bargaining rather than the coordination mechanism. Contrary to previous studies, the union's impact was evidenced in centrist governments rather than left-wing governments. These findings indicates that in the era of globalization, labour unions are adopting more flexible political strategies, moving away from their traditional relationship with left-wing parties. These results suggests that unions' political and economic roles shows both continuity and change in the era of rising inequality.

The purpose of this study was to examine if mothers and their children used different interaction strategies depending on the interacting contexts. Sixty-five mothers and their children were observed while they interacted with each other in two contexts, that is, a free play context and a joint problem solving context. The result of this study showed that first, the mothers' strategies and their children's strategies were closely related. When the mothers used positive strategies, their children also responded with positive strategies. In contrast, when the mothers used negative strategies, their children also tended to use negative strategies. Second, the contexts which the mothers and their children interacted affected the strategies that the mothers and their children used. The mothers and the children were more likely to use positive strategies in the context of free play than in the context of the joint problem solving. This result points out the importance of free play as the context of producing a positive atmosphere where the mothers and their children interacted positively and had a good time. Suggestions for further study and implications for parents were provided.

The purpose of this study is to examine what types of interaction patterns students used while they were conducting two different tasks in the CMC based language learning situation. Self-assessment method using 7-point Likert scale was employed to collect the data. To conduct task 1 requiring the individual efforts, students used socio-affective and cognitive interaction patterns more. On the other hand, to conduct task 2 requiring the cooperative efforts, students used cognitive and instructional interaction patterns more. But it was commonly found that students used meta-cognitive interaction patterns less compared to other 3 interaction patterns. The results of this study could provide the useful information to instructors who are designing the effective interactions in the CMC based language learning situations.

본 연구는 기술적 체계와 사회적 체계 간 상호작용을 강조하는 사회-기술적 관점(socio-technological perspective)을 바탕으로 ⅰ) 정보시스템이 지식관리의 매개를 통하여 조직성과에 간접적인 정(+)의 영향을 미치는지, ⅱ) 이 과정에서 조직적 맥락(집권성, 혁신문화)에 따라 정보시스템 품질이 지식관리에 미치는 직접효과가 달라지는 조절효과 및 ⅲ) 정보시스템 품질이 지식관리의 매개를 통해 조직성과에 미치는 간접효과가 달라지는 조절된 매개효과가 존재하는지 확인하였다. 분석결과, 정보시스템 품질이 조직성과에 미치는 직접효과는 유의하지 않은 반면, 지식관리의 매개를 통한 정(+)의 간접효과는 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났고, 집권성과 혁신문화 중 혁신문화에 한하여 유의한 조절효과 및 조절된 매개효과가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 정보시스템 그 자체만으로 조직성과의 향상을 담보할 수는 없지만, 이러한 기술이 조직의 지식관리에 기여하는 유용한 기술적 도구로 발현되는 경우에는 조직성과에 간접적으로 기여할 수 있고, 이러한 기술발현을 촉진하는 조직적 맥락으로서 혁신문화가 중요한 영향을 미침을 보여준다. 지금까지 한국 정부의 지식관리는 기술결정론적인 시각에서 정보시스템의 구축 그 자체에 초점을 두고 단순히 높은 수준의 기술을 확보하는 데 주력해 왔을 뿐, 기술의 발현을 촉진할 수 있는 조직적 맥락을 조성하려는 노력은 상대적으로 부족했다. 본 연구결과는 지식관리의 궁극적 목표인 조직성과의 향상을 위해서는 높은 수준의 정보기술뿐만 아니라 이를 발현시킬 수 있는 조직적 맥락이 함께 뒷받침되어야 함을 보여주며, 특히 지식친화적인 문화적 맥락으로서 혁신문화를 강화하기 위한 노력이 필요함을 시사한다.

This study estimates the structural equation model from 'Information system quality→Knowledge management→Organizational performance' based on technology enactment framework that emphasizes interactions between technology and organization(centrality, innovation culture). The results showed that the information system has a positive effect on organizational performance through the mediation of knowledge management, and the positive influence of information system on knowledge management is more significant in organizations with high innovation culture. The moderating effect of the innovation culture is significant but moderation effect of the centrality is not significant. This result shows the importance of the innovation culture as a catalyst of the knowledge government. Although knowledge management has been strongly promoted with a technologically high level of information system, the fact that the knowledge management performance of the public sector in Korea has not appeared as expected is because the importance of the cultural catalyst has been overlooked. Therefore, it is necessary to balance the structural and cultural effort in order to activate the knowledge management of the public sector.