Earticle

The penalized least squares regression (PLSR) is usually used for solving linear inverse problems in signal processing, such as the denoising (noise reduction) and deconvolution problems. The performance of this method is based on the penalty function (regularization). Therefore, we propose the novel penalty function based on the Pareto distribution. Here, the famous penalty functions, such as the logarithm and ratio regularizations, are included in the mathematical form of this proposed penalty function. Moreover, the mathematical models of the Bayesian estimators, also known as the maximum a posteriori (MAP) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimations, in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) are similar to the PLSR. Therefore, we propose the denoising methods via the convex PLSR methods using the proposed regularization which are equivalent to the MAP and MMSE estimations. In numerical results, the proposed methods give good denoising results.

본 연구에서는 학업스트레스와 자아정체감의 관계에서 가족기능의 조절효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해서 G광역시의 중학교 3학년 재학생 360명의 연구자료가 분석에 활용되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학업스트레스는 자아정체감과의 관계에서 유의미한 부적 상관을 나타냈 다. 이는 학업스트레스가 낮을수록 자아정체감이 높은 것으로 해석된다. 둘째, 가족기능은 자아정체 감과의 관계에서 유의미한 정적상관을 나타냈다. 이는 가족기능이 긍정적일수록 자아정체감이 높음 을 의미한다. 셋째, 가족기능의 조절효과는 학업스트레스가 자아정체감에 미치는 부정적인 영향을 가족기능이 완충작용을 하는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 청소년의 학업스트레스와 가족 기능이 자아정체감에 미치는 영향을 입증했다는 점에서 의의가 있으며 가족기능이 학업스트레스로 인한 부정적인 영향을 감소 또는 예방할 수 있는 가능성을 시사해준다.

This study attempted to verify the moderating effects of family function in the relationship between academic stress and ego-identity. For this study, research data from 360 middle school seniors in G metropolitan city were used for analysis. The results are as follows. Firstly, it showed that academic stress had a significant negative correlation in relation to ego-identity. This is interpreted as the lower academic stress, the higher ego-identity. Secondly, it exhibited that family function had significant positive correlations in relation to ego-identity. This means that the more positive family function, the higher ego-identity. Thirdly, the moderating effect of family function was analyzed as the negative effect of academic stress on adolescents’ ego-identity, with family functions buffering. The results of this study were significant in that they demonstrated the influence of academic stress and family function on adolescents’ ego-identity. Also, it suggests that family function can decrease or prevent negative effects from academic stress.

The understanding of discourse needs more dynamic linguistic interactions devoted to the investigation into intended meanings of specific forms of structure. The notion information helps to understand the contextual aspects of discourse, taking into consideration the interactional aspects of grammar. By taking some linguistic structures as examples, the present study aims to investigate in what ways information status is useful in the understanding of the linguistic forms considered here. For this, this study has the following purposes: 1) to explore some linguistic interactions of form and function investigating the several English formal structures, and 2) to see in what way a given structure can be related to a given communicative function or set of functions in terms of information.

본 연구는 뇌성마비 아동의 대동작 기능과 먹기, 마시기 기능, 구강 운동 기능과의 상관관계를 확인해보고, 뇌성마비 아동의 대동작 기능의 심한 정도에 따른 연하 재활의 필요성을 확인하기 위해 시행되었다. 뇌성마비 진 단을 받은 아동 61명을 대상으로 대동작 기능 분류 체계(GMFCS), 먹기와 마시기 기능분류 체계(EDACS), 구강 운동 기능 검사(OMAS)를 사용하여 대동작 기능, 먹고 마시기 기능, 구강 운동 기능 수준을 평가하고 각 기능 간 상관관계를 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 대동작, 먹고 마시기 기능, 구강 운동 기능 사이에서 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 즉, 대동작 기능 저하가 심할수록 먹고 마시기 기능과 구강 운동 기능 저하 역시 낮은 기능 수준을 보였다. 본 연구를 통하여 뇌성마비 아동의 섭식활동을 평가하고 치료함에 있어, 아동의 대동작 기능에 따른 먹고 마시기 기능, 구강 운동 기능에 대한 확인이 필요할 것으로 보인다.

Goal of this study is to perform the correlation about Gross motor function, eating-drinking function, and oral motor function, to identify necessity for invervention of feeding disorders on severity of the function of children with cerebral palsy. Subjects were 61 children diagnosed with cerebral palsy. The subject were evaluated for oral motor function, feeding function by GMFCS, EDACS, OMAS. The results of this study showed a significant correlation between gross motor function, eating and drinking functions, and oral motor functions. That is, the more severe the deterioration of the motor function, the lower the functional level of eating and drinking and oral motor function deterioration. In evaluating and treating the eating activity of children with cerebral palsy through this study, it seems necessary to check the eating and drinking function and oral motor function according to the gross motor function.

본 연구는 4세 아동의 실행기능을 세 가지 하위유형인 억제적 통제, 인지적 유연성, 작업기억에 따라 측정하고, 2년 후 읽기 유창성 및 이해도와의 관련성을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 서울 경기지역에 거주하는 4세 아동 110명을 대상으로 단기종단적 연구를 실시하였다. 4세경 실행기능과 수용어휘를 측정하였고, 2년 후인 6세경 문장 읽기 유창성 및 이해도를 측정하였다. 상관분석 결과 4세의 억제적 통제, 인지적 유연성, 작업기억은 2년 후의 읽기 유창성 및 이해와 유의미한 상관을 보였다. 또한 읽기 유창성 및 읽기 이해에 대한 만 4세 당시 실행기능 하위유형들의 설명력을 알아보기 위하여 회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 만 4세의 언어능력을 통제하여도 실행기능 하위영역의 설명력이 관찰되었다. 즉 4세의 작업기억은 2년 후의 읽기 유창성을, 4세의 억제적 통제와 인지적 유연성은 2년 후의 읽기 이해를 예측할 수 있었다.

The present study investigated the relationship between children’s executive function at 4 years old and reading fluency and comprehension at 6 years old. Children’s executive function skills at age 4 were examined by measuring three subcomponents: working memory, behavioral inhibition, and cognitive flexibility. A short-term longitudinal study was conducted with 110 four-year-old children. Children’s executive function and receptive vocabulary were measured at age 4, and their reading fluency and comprehension were then measured 2 years later. Results indicated that executive function, behavioral inhibition, and cognitive flexibility at age 4 were significantly correlated with reading fluency and comprehension at age 6. In addition, a regression analysis was performed to examine the substantive impact of measured variables at age 4 on later reading fluency and comprehension. Results showed that the predictive value of executive function subtypes was evident, even after controlling for language ability at age 4.

본 연구는 학령기 한국 아동의 실행기능 발달과 수학적 능력 중 측정과 그래프 해석능력 간의 관계를 탐색하는데 목적이 있다. 특히, 본 연구에서는 억제와 전환 기능을 중심으로 실행기능과 수학적 능력의 관계를 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 서울 및 경기도 지역 만 8세에서 만 11세 사이 아동 195명을 대상으로 측정과 그래프 이해 과제 및 단순 구획과 복잡한 구획으로 나누어 구성된 Munro 등(2006)의 실행 과제를 실시하였다. 그 결과 전환에서는 9세와 10세 사이에 유의미한 수행 증가가 발견되었으나 억제에서는 유의미한 수행 증가가 발견되지 않았다. 또한, 아동의 전환 기능은 측정과 그래프 이해 과제 수행 모두와 높은 관련성을 보였으나, 억제 기능은 두 수학 과제 모두에서 유의한 상관이 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 전환 기능이 수학 능력에 중요한 역할을 한다는 기존의 이론을 지지하며, 만 8세에 이미 상당한 수준에 이른 억제 기능보다 그 이후까지 계속해서 발달하는 전환 기능이 한국 아동의 수학 능력을 예측하는 데 보다 중요한 역할을 함을 시사한다.

The present study investigated age-related development in executive functions (EF), specifically, inhibition and shifting factors, and to explore their relationship with children’s understanding of two critical mathematical concepts: measurement and graph. Our sample included one hundred ninety-five 8- to 11-year-old children living in Seoul and Gyeongi-do, South Korea. Given the high performance of Korean students on EF tasks, we used Monro et al.’s (2006) task with easy and difficult phases to measure EF abilities. The major results of our study are as follows. First, shifting ability, but not inhibition ability, significantly improved between 9 and 10 years of age . Furthermore, shifting score was strongly related to both measurement and graph scores, but inhibition was unrelated to both. Our findings support the idea that shifting plays a critical role in learning mathematics.

본 연구는 아동초기 실행기능과 자기조절 능력의 발달을 기술하고 그 관련성을 검증하고자 설계되었다. 이를 위하여 3세, 4세, 5세 40명씩 총 120명의 아동을 대상으로 실행기능을 측정하는 Flanker과제와 자기조절을 측정하는 만족지연과제를 실시하였다. 그 결과, Flanker 과제에서의 정확도와 반응시간이 연령에 따른 차이를 나타냈고 만족지연과제에서의 총 만족지연시간과 주의조절비율이 연령에 따른 차이를 보이며 발달함을 확인하였다. 관련성 분석에서 아동의 월령과 실행기능에서의 억제점수와 전환점수, 자기조절에서의 총 만족지연시간 및 주의전환비율 간 유의미한 상관을 보였다. 이러한 관련성이 연령의 효과를 통제하였을 때 어떠한 경향성을 가지는지 구체적으로 살펴본 결과, 만족지연 과제에 성공한 집단이 실패한 집단 보다 실행기능의 억제 및 전환능력에서 유의미하게 높은 능력을 나타냈다.

The present study examined the development of executive function in early childhood and investigated its relation to self-regulation. For these ends, a total 120 participants were given a Flanker task and a Delay of Gratification task(DG). Our results show age-related changes in the Flanker task and DG. In addition, there were significant correlations between ages, inhibition, shifting skills in the Flanker task, and attention deployment and waiting time in DG. Furthermore, after controlling for the age effect, the success group in DG showed higher levels of inhibition and a shifting ability in executive function compared with the failure group in DG. These findings support the hypothesis that the development of Executive Function is one of the underlying factors of self-regulation in early childhood.

Proper dental and occlusal development plays a fundamental role not only in mastication but also in the establishment and maintenance of oral-phase swallowing. This review outlined the biological development of diphyodont and heterodont dentition and explored the relationship between dental growth and swallowing function. We examined how anomalies such as hypodontia, malocclusion, oral habits, and developmental disabilities can compromise oral coordination. Preventive oral care strategies based on age, the rational use of fluoride, and comprehensive oral management for patients with dysphagia were also discussed. The role of pediatric dentists in early intervention and interdisciplinary collaboration to support optimal swallowing outcomes and oral health was emphasized. In conclusion, age-tailored preventive dental care and interdisciplinary collaboration led by pediatric dentists are essential to optimize swallowing outcomes and oral health.

The purpose of this treatise is to consider how the relation between function and form has been changed according to the shift of architectural trends after late 19th century and to understand the features which are present in many recently completed or designed works. The scope of this research begins with analysing the thinking on function which appeared pre-20th century. After that analysis for what purpose, how an when the concept of Functionalism has been emerged is considered through the statements of architectural theorists and practicing architects. 20th century Functionalism pervaded throughout all over the civilized areas in the first half of that century. But around 1960s the notions of Venturi's 'decorated shed' and Jencks' 'architecture as communication' began to attack the weak side of Functionalism. Thus the slogan 'Form follows Function' did not have previous powerful position any longer. Then new dictums such as 'Form follows Fiasco', 'Form follows previous form, not function' has emerged and influenced architectural fields. Nowadays form and function hardly has any prescriptive relation.

본 연구는 연속적 자극의 절대적 크기를 부호화하는 아동 능력의 발달을 알아보고 이와 관련된 요인으로 실행기능의 역할을 검증하고자 설계되었다. 본 연구에서는 특히 절대적 크기를 부호화하는데 있어서 상대적 크기에대한 반응 편향을 극복하는 것이 핵심적인 발달과제임을 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 4세, 6세, 8세 아동을대상으로 크기 부호화 과제(Duffy, Huttenlocher, & Levine, 2005)와 Flanker과제 (Munro, Chau, Gazarian, &Diamond, 2006)를 실시하여 연령별 아동의 수행과 그 관련성을 살펴보았으며 그 결과가 다음과 같다. 우선 크기 부호화 과제에서 아동의 수행은 4세에서 8세에 이르기까지 발달했으며, 오류의 대부분이 상대적 관계에 대한 반응 편향으로 인한 것이며 이러한 반응 경향성이 8세경 벗어남을 확인하였다. 또한 크기 부호화 과제 수행은 실행기능을 측정하기 위한 Flanker과제와 모든 연령대에서 관련을 보였으며, 특히 4세 아동의 경우 상대적오반응률이 Flanker과제의 하위 조건 중 가장 어려운 세 번째 구획의 불일치 조건과 유의미한 관련성이 있음을검증하여 아동 초기 크기 부호화의 핵심적 발달 요인이 실행 기능과 관련됨을 시사 하였다.

The present study examined the ability to encode information about absolute size and its relation to executive functioning (EF). In particular, we explored whether the ability to inhibit relational information is critical in encoding size information. For this purpose, 4-, 6-,and 8-year-olds were given an absolute size task (Duffy, Huttenlocher, & Levine, 2005a)and a Flanker task. Our results showed that the ability to encode absolute size improves significantly between 4 and 8 years of age. The most prevalent type of error was relative error, which was significantly reduced when they reached age 8. There was also a significant correlation in all age groups between performance on the two tasks. Furthermore,we found a significant relationship between the amount of relative error and performance in the third block of the Flanker task in 4-year-olds. These findings indicate that executive function is critical in encoding absolute size in early childhood.

연구목적: 본 연구는 정보 제공자가 유아의 직접적 경험에 상충하는 틀린 정보를 주는 상황에서 유아가 어떻게 판단을 내리는지에 대해 알아보고, 이러한 판단에 영향을 미치는 변인에 대해 살펴보기 위해 실시되었다. 연구방법: 만 3-6세 유아(N = 88)들은 연구자와의 일대일 면담에서 투명관을 통해 물체가 어디로 떨어지는지 관찰하였다. 그 후, 물체가 떨어진 위치에 대해 연구자가 이야기하는 틀린 정보를 들은 후 물체가 어디로 떨어졌을지에 대해 추론하였다. 또한 유아의 추론에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 변인으로서 유아의 인지적 억제, 인지적 유연성, 거짓말 인식 수준을 측정하였다. 연구결과: 연구자가 유아의 직접적인 관찰에 반하는 틀린 정보를 반복해서 주었음에도 만 3세 유아들은 연구자에 대한 편향적 신뢰를 유지하였던 반면, 만 4세 이상의 유아들은 연구자가 틀린 정보를 준다는 것을 확인한 이후에는 본인이 본 것을 토대로 정확한 판단을 내릴 수 있었다. 또한 연령에 의한 효과를 통제한 후에는 인지적 유연성이 높을수록 타인에 대한 편향적 신뢰를 극복하고 합리적 판단을 내리는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 유아기에 아동이 타인의 증언에 대한 편향적 신뢰를 극복함에 따라 합리적 판단 능력이 향상되는 것으로 보이며, 실행기능 중 특히 인지적 유연성이 이러한 발달에 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 볼 수 있다.

Objective: The current study investigated how young children judge another person’s misleading information against their own experience, and what factors influence the children’s inferences. Methods: In one-on-one interviews with a researcher, 88 children (3-6 years) observed an object being dropped through one of three transparent tubes. After hearing the researcher’s misleading information about where the object had fallen, the children made inferences about its location. Children’s cognitive inhibition, flexibility, and recognition of lies were also assessed. Results: The 3-year-olds trusted the researcher’s misleading information even after confirming that her information provided was false. Conversely, children aged four years and above ignored the misleading information and made accurate inferences based on their own observations. The children’s cognitive flexibility predicted accurate inferences, even with age control. Conclusions: In early childhood children come to overcome trust bias towards information from others, and their reasonable inferences increase. Executive function, particularly cognitive flexibility, may play an important role in the development of reasonable judgment.

목적 : 본 연구는 급성기 뇌졸중 환자의 일반적 특성과 인지기능에 따른 공간관계지각을 비교함으로써 의 료기관 등에서 작업치료 중재 수립 시 참고할 수 있는 기초자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 의료기관에 입원한 뇌졸중 환자 36명을 대상으로 하였다. 평가는 미네소타 공간관계 지각 검사(Minnesota Spatial Relations Test; MSRT), 한국판 몬트리올 인지평가(Korean version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MoCA-K)를 사용하였다. 일반적 특성과 인지기능에 따른 공간관계 지각을 비교하기 위해 Independent samples t-test와 One-way analysis of variance를 이용하여 분 석하였다. 결과 : 급성기 뇌졸중 환자의 일반적 특성 중 연령대(p < .01), 발병기간(p < .05), 손상측 뇌반구(p < .01), 유/무학(p < .05)과 인지기능(p < .01)에 따른 MSRT 수행시간에서 통계학적으로 유의미한 차이 를 보였다. 수행시간을 비교하면 70대 이상이 40대 이하보다(연령대), 1개월 미만이 3개월 이상보다(발 병기간), 오른쪽이 왼쪽보다(손상측 뇌반구), 무학이 유학보다(유/무학) 더 소요되었다. 또한, 인지기능 이 저하된 환자의 수행시간이 정상 환자보다 더 소요되었다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 급성기 뇌졸중 환자의 연령대, 발병기간, 손상측 뇌반구, 유/무학과 인지기능에 따라 공간관계지각이 다르다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 향후에는 뇌졸중뿐만 아니라 다른 질환을 가진 환자를 대상 으로 한 연구가 진행되기를 바라며, 본 연구의 결과가 작업치료 중재 수립에 도움이 되기를 기대한다.

Objective: This study aims to present basic data that can be used in establishing occupational therapy intervention in medical institutions by comparing the perception of spatial relation according to the general characteristics and cognitive function of acute stroke patients. Methods: This study involved 36 stroke patients admitted to a medical center. Minnesota Spatial Relations Test (MSRT) and Korean version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-K) were used as the evaluation tools. To compare the perception of spatial relation according to the general characteristics and cognitive function, independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance were applied. Results: Among the general characteristics of acute stroke patients, the MSRT performance time according to age group (p < .01), period of onset (p < .05), lesion side of the brain hemisphere (p < .01), education (p < .05), and cognitive function (p < .01) showed statistically significant differences. Comparing the performance time, people over 70 took longer than those under 40 (age group), those with a period of onset of under 1 month took longer than those over 3 months (period of onset), those with right side brain hemisphere lesions took longer than those with left side brain hemisphere lesions (side of brain hemisphere lesions), and uneducated patients took longer than educated patients (education). In addition, the performance time in patients with impaired cognitive function was longer than for normal patients. Conclusion: This study showed that the perception of spatial relations differs depending on age group, period of onset, side of brain hemisphere lesions, education, and cognitive function of acute stroke patients. In the future, we hope that study will be conducted on patients with other diseases as well as stroke patients, and that results of this study will help establish occupational therapy intervention.

창의적 사고는 새롭고 유용한 아이디어를 생성하는 심적 과정이다. 목표지향적인 인지 기능들의 집합인 집행기능은 창의적 사고 과정에서 중요한 역할을 할 수 있다. 그러나 관련 연구들은 창의적 사고와 집행기능의 관계에 대하여 상이한 결과를 보고하고 있다. 이에, 본 연구는 28개의 관련 연구에서 보고된 232개의 효과크기를 분석함으로써, 집행기능 유형과 자극 양식의 일치 여부가 창의적 사고와 집행기능의 관계에 미치는 영향을 메타분석으로 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여, 각 연구에서 사용한 집행기능 과제는 의미적 유형과 영역 일반적 유형으로 세분화되었다. 또한, 창의적 사고 과제와 집행기능 과제의 측정치에 대하여 언어, 비언어, 또는 중다양식으로 분류한 다음, 두 과제 간 자극 양식의 일치 여부를 구분하였다. 분석 결과, 의미적 집행기능이 영역 일반적 집행기능보다 창의적 사고에 대하여 더 큰 효과크기를 보였으며, 자극 양식이 일치하는 경우에 그렇지 않은 경우보다 창의적 사고에 대한 효과크기가 더 크게 나타났다. 종합하면, 본 연구의 결과는 창의적 사고와 집행기능의 관계에서 집행기능 유형과 과제 자극 양식의 영향을 고려하는 것이 필요하다는 것을 시사한다.

Creative thinking is defined as a mental process that involves novel and useful idea generation. Executive functions (EF's), a set of goal-directed cognitive functions, can play an important role in creative thinking. However, previous findings reported conflicting results regarding the relation between creative thinking and EF's. In this meta-analysis study, we aimed to identify moderator effects of the EF types and/or congruency between stimulus modalities used in creative thinking and EF tasks, by analyzing 232 effects from 28 research papers. For this purpose, each EF task used in the previous studies was subdivided into ‘semantic’ and ‘domain-general’. Additionally, the stimulus modalities used in the creative thinking and EF tasks were divided into ‘verb’, ‘non-verb’, and ‘multi-modal’, and were classified as ‘same’ or ‘different’ according to the congruency between the tasks. The results showed that the effect sizes for creative thinking were greater in the semantic EF compared to domain-general EF, and those of the same modality were greater than different modality. In conclusion, it appears to be necessary to consider the type of EF and the stimulus modality of tasks for the relation between creative thinking and EF's.

The purpose of this study is to examine that high school students recognize mathematical situation when they are requested for changing same mathematical situation into different situation, and to find the cause of nonrecognition if they cannot identify it. The results of the study are followings. First, percentage of correct answers to the questions of turning equal mathematical situation into function is higher than the one of turning equal mathematical situation into equation and inequality. And percentage of correct answers to the questions of relation between linear equation, linear inequality and function is lower than the one of relation between quadratic equation, quadratic inequality and function. As a result of individual interview for comprehensibility of the students on these relations , it is found that if degree goes up and there is different expressions of questionaries although mathematical situation is identical, it affects comprehensibility of the subjects. Second, the students who are acquainted with mechanical calculation have difficulty in solving subjective questions such as drawing graphs. It is found that they cannot understand identical mathematical situation because they have trouble in drawing graph or applying to get the answer while many students understand a point of intersection on the graph as correct answer. Third, as a result of individual interview for comprehensibility of the students on relation between equation, inequality and function the students, it is found that they manage to get correct answer even without perfect comprehensibility on this relation. And there are the students who comprehend these relations after they solved the problem in which they made errors in the process of calculating or they failed to completing graph.

본 연구는 학령기 아동의 자극추구 기질이 안전 의사결정에 미치는 영향을 알아보고 자극추구 기질과 안전 의사결정의 관계에서 실행기능의 조절효과를 탐색하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 서울 및 경기도 지역 초등학교 4학년과 6학년 아동 175명을 대상으로 아동용 기질 및 성격검사(JTCI 7-11)와 실행기능을 측정하는 Flanker Task를 시행하고, 안전 의사결정을 측정하기 위해 아동들에게 위험상황 시나리오를 제시하였다. 그 결과 아동의 자극추구 기질이 높을수록 위험을 감수하는 경향성이 높았으며 실행기능 수준이 높을수록 안전 의사결정에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 그뿐만 아니라 실행기능은 자극추구 기질과 안전 의사결정의 관계에서 이를 조절하였다. 이는 자극추구 기질이 높은 아동이 위험상황에서 행동 여부를 선택할 때 실행기능이 보호요인이 될 수 있음을 시사하는 결과라 할 수 있다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of novelty- seeking on school-aged children's decisions about safety. This study specifically investigated the moderating effects of executive functions on the relationship between novelty- seeking temperament and decision making associated with accident injury. Our sample included 175 children in 4th and 6th grades in Seoul and Gyeongi-do, South Korea. We administered the Junior Temperament and Personality Inventory(JTCI 7-11) to their mothers children's to measure the children's novelty- seeking. We conducted the Flanker task to measure the executive functioning and risk scenarios to assess their decision-making. The results of our study were as follows: children's novelty- seeking and executive function had a significant effect on safety decision-making. The moderating effect of executive function was significant for the relationship between novelty- seeking and safety decision-making. Our findings support the idea that executive function moderates the effects of children's novelty- seeking on their safety decision-making.

This study of Cho Ji - Hoon's Poem "Falling Flowers" was attempted to find the mechanism of poetic healing and utilize it for literary therapy. In this study, I examined how Cho Ji-Hoon's poem "Falling Flowers" encoded crying. Especially, we focused on the organic relationship of each layer represented by poem and put emotional codes on the layer of functor and argument. The results are as follow. It represents the Separation Layer of 1-3strophes, 4-6strophes constitute the Time Layer, and 7-9strophes the Sadness Layer. This poem proceeds the encoding of the sentence in which the crying of cuckoo in the 1- 3strophes transforms into the crying of the poetic narrator in the last 9strophe. The relation of emotional layers in this poem is in the same function relations as "(1-3strophes)⊂ (4-6strophes)⊂ (7-9strophes)". Since these functional relations consist of the encoding of sadness, encrypts emotion signals of sadness as "U+U+U" becomes "UUU". 1-3strophes’ U is the cry of the cuckoo, and U of the 4-6strophes is blood cry. Therefore, "UUU" is the blood cry of poetic narrator. This Cho Ji-Hoon's poem has a Han(恨) at its base. So, as Cho Ji-Hoon's poem "Falling Flowers" is uttered, the poetic mechanism of U, the code of sadness, is amplified. Then we get caught up in the emotions we want to cry. The poetic catharsis of "crying" is providing the effect of literary therapy. In the future, it will be possible to develop a more effective literary therapy technique by developing a literary therapy program like this poetic structure.

Single chain Fv antibody fragment against c-Met (wt-VH-VL) poses loss of function because of poor structural stability due to reduction of disulfide bond while expressed in Escherichia coli cytoplasmic reducing condition. Previously we have reported its functional expression in a mutant E. coli strain containing cytoplasmic non-reducing condition, which lacks the genes for enzymes (gor, trx) breaking the disulfide bonds and favors the disulfide bond formation. But by nature and in vitro evolution it has been found that there are structurally stable domains exists without disulfide bond. Therefore it was hypothesized and successfully demonstrated that it is possible to generate a structurally stable antibody fragments by grafting the complementary determining region (CDR) loops into a stable antibody framework structures. Here we successfully employed the same CDR-loop grafting methodology to generate a stable anti-c-Met chimeric scFv (ch-VH-VL) by grafting the CDR loops into a highly stable human antibody framework structure (H3k3). Comparative analysis of the predicted models of three dimensional structures of wt-VH-VL and ch-VH-VL showed local hydrophobic interaction pattern plays the key role in retaining internal network interactions of the fold of variable domains in the absence of disulfide bond. Finally the observed key interaction pattern has been supported by the presence and absence of such pattern on available X-ray crystal structures of stable and unstable domains respectively.

Analyzing visual materials in elementary history textbook I arrived at the conclusions as follows. First, on the aspect of function, the visual materials of elementary history textbook unit are mainly either representational or interpretational. They are largely the figures focusing on visual interpretation for content. The visual materials simply focusing on the attention function are comparatively rare. And organizational materials organizing the order between historical facts(organization function) and retentional ones making memorization easier(retention function) are scarce. Second, as the result of analysis on the relation of visual materials and content text, a lot of type 1 materials (visual materials which are referred in content text and related directly with it) and type 2 materials (visual materials which are referred in content text and related indirectly with it) were found. Being related to content text, it is obvious that visual materials exert influence on understanding of content text directly and indirectly. On the other hand, there are some visual materials without any direct or indirect relation to content text, which are needed to be substituted. In the end, it is required for visual materials to be created, selected or modified to help learners' historical understanding.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) and cooling with misters and fans on renal function in relation to regulation of body fluids in different stages of lactation in crossbred Holstein cattle. Ten, 87.5% crossbred Holstein cattle were divided into two groups of 5 animals each, housing in a normal shaded barn (NS) and in a shaded barn with a mister-fans cooling system (MF). The experiment in each group was divided into 3 phases, early- (Day 75 postpartum), mid- (Day 135 postpartum), and late stage of lactation (Day 195 postpartum). The pre-treatment study was conducted on the starting day of each stage of lactation and the treatment study was performed after the end of the pre-treatment, during which the animal was injected with 500 mg of rbST (POSILAC) every 14 days for three times. During the study, ambient temperature at the hottest period daily in the MF barn was significantly lower, while relative humidity was higher than that of the NS barn. The temperature humidity index (THI) in both barns ranged from 79-85 throughout the periods of study. Cows in the MF barn showed a lower rectal temperature and respiration rate as compared with cows in the NS barn. The effect of rbST administration increased both rectal temperature and respiration rates of cows housed in either the NS or MF barn. Milk yield significantly increased in cows treated with rbST in all stages of lactation. Increases in mammary blood flow, accompanied by increases of total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid (ECF), blood volume (BV) and plasma volume (PV), were observed in both groups of cows receiving rbST in all stages of lactation. No alterations of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were observed in cows receiving rbST, but decreases in urinary excretion and fractional excretion of sodium, potassium and chloride ions appeared to correlate with reduction in the rate of urine flow and osmolar clearance during rbST administration. These results suggest that the effect of rbST supplementation to cows housed either in NS or MF barns on body fluid volume expansion is attributable to changes in the rate of electrolyte excretion by the kidney. The increased availability of renal tubular reabsorption of sodium, potassium and chloride ions during rbST treatment was a major factor in retaining body water through its colligative properties in exerting formation of an osmotic force mechanism.