Earticle

This study lays its purpose on examining the effects of lessons with the application of drawing tasks on changes in conception among gifted science students. The lesson with the application of drawing tasks means the lesson where students express key concepts regarding lesson subjects in drawings which are then applied to the lessons to develop conception among the learners. This study analyzed the effectiveness of lessons by comparing conception scores before and after experiments between an experiment group with the application of drawing tasks and a control group with normal lessons for the gifted in general for 8 months from March to October, 2008. In addition, the researcher examined how the effectiveness of the developed lessons show differently according to levels of meta-cognition, creative problem-solving abilities, and scientific inquiry skills among the gifted students. The results from this study are as the following. First, lessons with the application of drawing tasks were effective in changing conception among the gifted science students. It is possibly because in the process where one student compare his/her own drawings with the others' ones and discuss them, changes in conception occurred effectively among the learners. Second, it was revealed that lessons utilizing drawing tasks have equal effects on changes in conception among both student groups irrespective of their levels of meta-cognition. Accordingly the lesson for changing perceptions utilizing drawing tasks developed in this study is a program which can be applied to all gifted science students in order to change conception among them. Third, lessons utilizing drawing tasks have the greatest effects on the gifted science students at a 'middle' level of creative problem solving abilities. Fourth, lessons utilizing drawing tasks have the greatest effects on the gifted science students at a 'middle' level of scientific inquiry skills. Putting these results together, it is thought that if lessons utilizing drawing tasks are applied to gifted science students, not only their concepts would be changed effectively but also their attitudes toward science would be changed positively.

국민소득 증가와 웰빙트랜드 등 소비환경의 변화에도 불구하고 한국 차 산업은 내림 세를 이어가고 있다. 특히 커피와 건강 기능성 음료, RTD차 등 대용차 시장의 증가세로 대표되는 소비시장의 패턴 변화에 효과적으로 대응하지 못함으로써 해외 차 산업의 국내 시장 잠식 속도도 가파르게 상승하는 추세다. 이러한 문제 해결을 위해 지리산권의 차 산업 동향을 파악하는 것은 한국 차 산업 전반의 문제점을 파악하고 대안을 모색하는데 절대적인 과제이다. 왜냐하면 지리산권은 한국 차 문화역사뿐만 아니라 한국 차 산업의 2/3를 차지하는 거점지역이기 때문이다. 2019년 기준 한국의 차 재배 면적 2,845㏊ 중 지리산권이 차지하는 비중은 1,983㏊로 69.7%를 차지했다. 수확 면적은 2,652㏊ 중 1,841㏊를 차지해 69.4%를 차지했다. 농가 수는 2,638호 중 2,408호를 차지해 91.3%를 차지했다. 생산량은 전체 4,758t 중 3,008t을 차지해 63.2%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 지리산권은 남북국시대 대렴에 의해 차 원예육종이 이뤄진 한국 차 농업의 중시배지다. 구례군의 화엄사, 순천시의 송광사와 선암사, 하동군의 쌍계사와 칠불사 등 선불교에 의한 차 문화역사의 르네상스를 이끌었던 곳이며, 하동 잭살차와 떡차 등 백성들의 차 문화까지 한국 차 역사문화와 산업이 중층적으로 망라된 지역이다. 지리산권의 차 산업 동향을 파악하고 이를 통해 문제점을 도출해 본 결과 소비자의 기호 변화를 충족할 수 있는 차나무 품종과 상품개발의 다변화, 생산성 향상을 위한 재배환경 마련, 가공효율과 품질관리를 위한 영세성 극복 등의 해법이 요구되었다. 더욱 이 노령화와 인건비 상승의 파고를 타고 있는 농촌에서 노동집약적인 고가의 침출차 중심 재배환경의 혁신도 필요하다. 표준화된 품질기준이 마련되지 않은데다 개별 생산자 에 의해 가격이 형성되는 유통시장 전근대성 등의 문제도 극복되어야 할 것이다.

Korean tea industry is declining even with drastic change of consumption environment followed by growth of GDP and interest about well-being. And also encroachment of foreign tea industry to domestic market is rapidly increasing with ineffective action against increasing substitution tea market especially about coffee, healthy drinks, RTD(Ready to drink) teas, and so on. It is the absolute duty for solving the problems of overall Korean tea industry and seeking alternative solution which identify the trend of tea industry in Jirisan sphere. The reason is Jirisan sphere is not only major point of Korean tea cultural history but also the local base possessing 2/3 of Korean tea industry. Based on the data of 2019, we can find that Jirisan sphere’s proportion of farmland among whole Korea is 69.7% which 1,983㏊ out of 2,845㏊, harvest area is 69.4% which 1,841㏊ out of 2,652㏊, number of farm is 91.3% which 2,408 families out of 2,628, and producton output is 63.2% which 3,008t out of 4,758t. Jirisan sphere is one of the first tea farms in Korea that remarkable innovaton of horticultural breeding was made during North-South States Period by Daerym. It is the region that led tea cultural history’s renaissance followed by Zen like Ssanggyesa and Chilbulsa of Hadong-gun, Songgwangsa and Seonamsa of Suncheon city, and Hwaeomsa of Gurye-gun. And also it is the place where cultural history and industry of Korean tea has been integrated multi-level scale to the peasant of that time through Jaeksul-cha and Ddeok-cha of Hadong-gun. This research deduced problems through finding tendency based on tea industry excluding historical background of tea culture in Jirisan sphere since precedent research is sufficiently abundant. We need the answer to develop new breed of tea plant and diversification of products that can fulfil the consumer’s transition of taste, to establish better growing condition that can improve productivity, and to overcome small size condition for improvement of finishing efficiency and quality control. Furthermore, innovation of growing condition is required based on labor intensive highly profitable leached tea since the tide of aging and rising of labor cost is flushing to farming villages. And also problem of pre-modern distribution market which fixed quality standard has not established and price forms differently by individual producer must be overcome.

이 연구는 지각과 지구 내부 영역에 대한 고등학교 학생들의 존재론적 범주화와 정신모형은 분석한 것이다. 연구 대상은 고등학교 2학년 169명 학생으로 연구에 참여한 모든 학생들에게는 정신모형을 밝히기 위해 그리기 과제가 주어졌고, 구조화된 질문안에 따라 존재론적 범주화 경향을 밝히기 위한 면담이 실시되었다. 자료 해석을 위한 그리기 과제물 및 존재론적 범주화의 부호화 틀을 제작하였으며, 모든 학생 결과물들은 기준 틀에 따라 각각 4단계로 부호화하였다. 연구 결과에서 69%의 학생들이 정적 정신모형에 해당되는 이해수준 1, 2에 부호화 되었으며, 존재론적 범주화 경향은 지각과 지구 내부 영역에서 각각 73%, 33%에 해당되는 학생들이 물질과 전환로서 배정하고 있음이 나타났다. 또한, 이해 수준과 존재론적 범주화 단계에 따른 교차분석에서 이해수준이 높은 학생일수록 과정 범주로 사고하는 경향을 보였다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate students' ontological categories and mental models about the Earth's interior. A total of 169 11th grade students participated in this study. They were required to draw Earth's interior tasks and were interviewed about their ontological categories. A coding frame was designed to classify the students‘ drawings and interview responses. then four steps of cognitive model and ontological categories was established based on the frame of coding. In the results, The classified mental models showed 69% of all sampled students accounted for the static process. the distribution of ontological categories showed 26%, 8% accounted for matter category about the crust and the Earth's interior. The cross-analysis of these two that the higher level of students' mental model is, the higher level of category analyzed according to study areas.

발달적으로 중요한 시기인 초등학생의 과제 집중 시에 나타나는 디지털 펜 기반 행동 지표는 학습자의 몰입 정도를 평가하고 이를 증진시키기 위한 교육 활동을 설계하는 데 중요한 단서를 제공할 수 있다. 본 연구는 초등학교 1학년부터 6학년까지의 학생 3,779명을 대상으로, 태블릿에서 수행한 만다라 색칠 과제 중 디지털 펜으로 수집된 그리기 행동 데이터를 분석하여 아동의 과제 집중 양상을 정량화하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 선 그린 시간, 선의 획수, 캔버스 채움 비율, 사용한 색의 수 네 가지 지표를 사용하여 K-means 군집 분석을 실시하고, 세 가지 집중 양상 군집을 도출하였으며, 추가적으로 선 속도 및 변화량, 필압 및 변화량, 선 길이 및 변화량 등의 지표를 학년 내에서 정규화하여 군집 간 행동 특성 차이를 검증하였다. 또한, 훈련된 전문가가 각 그림의 집중력을 평정한 그림 집중력 지표와의 대응을 분석한 결과, 세 군집이 각각 낮은, 중간, 높은 집중 수준을 반영하는 행동 패턴으로 해석될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 우리의 결과는 디지털 스타일러스로 측정된 세부 그리기 행동 지표가 특정 과제 수행 시 아동의 집중·몰입 상태를 추정할 수 있는 지표임을 보여주며, 향후 디지털 학습 환경에서 학습자의 몰입 프로파일을 산출하고 개인화된 피드백과 주의력 지원을 제공하는 에듀테크 도구 개발의 기초 자료를 제공하는 것에 의의가 있다.

Behavioral indicators observed during task engagement in elementary school students-who are at a developmentally critical stage-can play an important role in evaluating their level of immersion and designing activities to enhance it. This study analyzed digital stylus data recorded during a table-based mandala coloring task in 3,779 students from 1st to 6th grade to quantify patterns of task-focused engagement. Four drawing indicators (total drawing time, number of strokes, canvas usage ratio, and number of colors used) were standardize dan submitted to K-means clustring, yielding three distinct behavioral clusters. Additional stroke-level features (stroke speed, pressure level, stroke length and their variabilities) were normalized within grade level and compared across clusters using MANOVA and following ANOVAs. Expert ratings based on estabilished art therapy scoring systems were used to derive a Daraing Contentration Index, and its alignment with the three behavioral clusters indicated that they reflected low, intermediate, and high concentration levels, respectively. We demonstrate that our findings demonstrate that fine-grained, stylus-based darawing behavior captured by digital devices can serve as a valid proxy for children's task concentration during authentic learnin-like activities, providing a behaiovral foundation for future edutech tools that generate engagement profiles and deliver personalized feedback and attention support in digital learning environment.

CLOX 결과의 판단을 위해 젊은 성인에서의 수행을 근거로 한 절단 점수만이 제시되어 있는 상황에서, 본 연구는 대규모의 정상 노인을 대상으로 CLOX 점수에 영향을 미치는 변인들을 규명하고 이를 근거하여 정상 노인 규준을 산출한 최초의 연구이다. CLOX 점수는 학력에 의해 가장 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 확인되었으며, 연령과 성별 또한 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 정상 규준은 상대적으로 학력 수준이 낮고, 0년에서 25년의 광범위한 학력을 가진 인구 집단에서 노인들의 CLOX 수행 결과를 판단하는 데 있어 유용한 정보를 제공할 것으로 기대된다.

Objectives: The CLOX (an executive clock drawing task) consists of an unprompted task that is sensitive to executive function (CLOX1) and a copied version that is more dependent on visuoconstructive function (CLOX2). This study aimed to explore the effects of age, education, and gender on the performance of the CLOX and to provide normative information on the test in the Korean elderly. Methods: We administered the CLOX to 608 community-dwelling healthy volunteers aged 60-90, excluding people with serious neurological, medical, and psychiatric disorders, including dementia. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to assess the relative contributions of the demographic factors to the CLOX scores. Results: Education had a considerable influence on performance of both CLOX1 and CLOX2. Age and gender also had significant effect on both. There were significant interactions between education and gender for both CLOX1 and CLOX2. We also found interactions between education and age on CLOX2. Based on these results, we created normative data for the CLOX, stratified by age (60-74 and 75-90 years), education (0-3, 4-9, and 10+ years), and gender. Conclusion: Our normative data, based on a large, healthy elderly population, provides accurate reference information on CLOX performance and should be very useful for proper interpretation of CLOX scores in the Korean elderly.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of associative drawing task in a Korean bilingual aphasic. The subject is a 41-year old male and lived and was educated in the United States for over 25 years(from the age of 14 through 39). His former occupation was a psychiatrist. He has had a massive lesion in the occipital lobe. This study focused on improving his spontaneous language performances by associative drawing task. The associative drawing task along with spontaneous speech is to help the subject's cognition. The ten target words in this treatment were familiar words and could be drawn easily. The results were that the associative drawing task was effective on improving the patient's drawing ability-writing ability in English only-and naming performance both in English and Korean. However, the patient's writing ability in Korean did not show any improvement.

This study attempted to determine the effects of a context-based drawing task on the language expression of a severe Wernicke's and Broca's aphasic. The subjects in this study showed a poor auditory comprehension and naming performance. They also showed paraphasia and perseveration. This study focused on improving language expression by a drawing task based on conversation at hand. Ten target words were chosen which were easily drawnable and familiar to the subjects. The results showed that the context-based drawing task was effective on improving the subjects' confrontation naming ability and expressive language ability in terms of explanation of sentences. In addition, the Broca's aphasic showed improved naming ability when the contextual cues were given and he was supposed to spontaneously name words.