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This study1 analyzes how the Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning (聖學十圖, sŏnghak sipto) (1568) written by T’oegye Yi Hwang (1501–1570) was disseminated and diffused amongst future generations of kings and Confucian scholars (16th–20th centuries). It also examines the characteristics of the perceptions of the Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning (聖學十圖, Sŏnghak sipto) that existed during the Chosŏn era. What’s more, based on a perusal in a chronological manner of related materials, this study reviews the characteristics of the dissemination of the Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning amongst the kings of Chosŏn; moreover, the annotations of Confucian scholars who emerged after Yi Hwang are used to analyze trends in terms of the diffusion of the Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning. Such an exercise is designed to analyze the characteristics of the perceptions of the Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning during the Chosŏn era from a diachronic standpoint. Based on this analysis of the characteristics of the dissemination of the Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning during the 16th–20th centuries, as well as trends in the annotation thereof, the perceptions of the Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning during the Chosŏn era can be summarized as follows. First, in its capacity as materials for the learning of monarchs (chewanghak) and of ideological significance of state administration, the Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning can be said to have a great influence on Chosŏn. One can see that it served as the standard model for the learning of monarchs in Chosŏn. Second,the trends in the diffusion and annotation of the Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning greatly influenced the course of the development and theoretical deepening of Neo-Confucianism (Zhu Xi’s School of Thought). The annotations of “The Mind Combines and Governs Nature and Emotions” (心統性情圖, Simt’ong sŏngjŏng to) Chapter of the Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning produced during the 17th century revolved around discussions about the differences between Yi Hwang and Yi Yi over the Theory of Mind and Nature (心性論, simsŏngnon), discussions which greatly influenced the deepening of the Theory of Mind and Nature during the development process of Neo-Confucianism. Meanwhile, reverence (敬, kyŏng) and simsŏngnon-related annotations of the Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning were actively carried out during the 19th century. This trend in terms of the annotation of the Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning can be considered as an example of the theoretical enrichment which the simsŏngnon-based standpoint and kyŏng-centered structure of the Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning introduced in terms of the deepening of the importance of kyŏng and the simsŏngnon in the subsequent development of Neo-Confucianism in Chosŏn. Third, we can see that Yi Hwang’s thought, which served as the foundation for their own thought, influenced the Silhak (Practical learning) scholars of Chosŏn.

대표적인 카토그램 맵핑 기법 중 하나인 확산 카토그램(diffusion cartogram)은 물리학의 선형 확산 이론 을 활용한 Gastner-Newman 방법론을 통해 맵핑된다. 확산 카토그램은 모든 면적에서 현상 값의 밀도가 균등하 도록 영역을 왜곡시키는 방법으로 시각적인 강조를 만들어낸다. 이러한 방법으로 왜곡된 형상들은 방향과 크기를 지니는 흐름의 모습을 띈다는 시각적 특징을 지닌다. 이에 착안하여, 본 연구는 확산 카토그램 맵핑 방법으로 공간 상에서 물리적으로 확산해나가는 현상의 이동 예측 경로를 강도와 방향을 강조하여 시각화하기 위해 응용 될 수 있 음을 제시한다. 이를 두 가지 전염 확산의 사례에 적용하였고, 해당 사례들을 통해 가상의 조건 하에서 예측되는 확 산의 방향 및 강도를 시각적으로 강조하여 구현하기 위한 확산 카토그램 적용의 가능성을 제시해볼 수 있었다.

Diffusion cartogram is one of the representative cartogram mapping techniques, suggested by Gastner and Newman in 2004. It utilizes the linear diffusion theory of physics. Diffusion cartogram distorts the shapes of spatial regions to make densities in every area become equal. Shapes made in this way have a visual feature similar to liquid flows having direction and magnitude. This study suggests that with these unique visual characteristics diffusion cartogram have, the mapping technique can be applied to visualize the predicted route of phenomenon occurring epidemically in spaces by emphasizing its intensity and direction. It was demonstrated in two cases of epidemic diffusion phenomenon. From these cases, the possibility of application of this diffusion cartogram making method to visually emphasize the direction and intensity of predicted movement under virtual conditions is suggested.

공개소프트웨어는 소스코드가 공개되어 있는 소프트웨어로서 누구나 자유롭게 활용, 배포가 가능하며 비용이나 성능 측면에서 전용소프트웨어에 비해 상당한 이점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 Rogers(1995)의 혁신확산이론을 근거로 기업과 공공기관의 공개소프트웨어 도입의 촉진요인으로 상대적 이점, 적합성, 복잡성(용이성), 결과시연성, 가시성 등을 설정하고 201개 기관의 설문조사결과를 토대로 통계적 분석을 시도하였다. 요인 간 상관분석결과, 조직의 공개소프트웨어 사용 계획에 대해 모든 요인들이 밀접한 관계를 띠는 것으로 나타났지만, 사용계획을 종속변인으로 하는 회귀분석결과에서는 적합성과 가시성만이 통계적으로 유의한 요인으로 도출되었다. 공개소프트웨어의 본원적 가치도 중요하지만 기업조직의 정보화환경에 적합한 서비스모형이 함께 제공되지 않으면 기업고객의 인식을 긍정적으로 전환시키기 어렵다는 의미로 해석해볼 수 있다. 그 외 분석결과에 대한 시사점도 결론으로 제시하였다.

OSS(Open source software) pursues the freedom to have access to open source and offers several advantages, over the proprietary software, to enterprises. Based upon Rogers(1995)' innovation-diffusion process, we assume that attributes of innovations includes five characteristics of innovations: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability, and that firms' perceptions of these characteristics predict the rate of adoption of OSS. To test this hypothesis, we presents a survey result from 201 companies and institutions concerning the use of OSS. Statistical analysis shows that adoption is highly correlated with each of those characteristics of innovations, but the regression analysis indicates that only compatibility and observability have effects on the adoption of OSS. This implies that intrinsic value of OSS is important, but unless the appropriate service package for improving IT environment is provided, it is not easy to change the perspective of corporate customers more favorable toward OSS use. As a conclusion, the academic and practical implications are also discussed.

본고의 의의는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 본고에서는 지금까지 학계에 잘 알려져 있지 않았던 함 병업의 개인사와 저술 활동을 새롭게 발굴하여 체계화했다. 둘째, 그의 저술 가운데 태평양전 쟁기에 출판된 『애국백인일수상해』를 분석하여 그가 출간 취지에서 힘주어 말했던 ‘일본정 신’이 무엇이었는지를 구체적으로 밝혔다. 그가 ‘애국백인일수’에서 발견한 ‘일본정신’은 ‘천 황은 현인신이다’, ‘일본국민은 국가를 사랑한다’, ‘일본국민은 우수하다’, ‘일본국민은 국토를 예찬한다’, ‘일본국민은 천황에 충성한다’, ‘신들이 일본을 지켜준다’, ‘일본국민은 멸사봉공한 다’, ‘일본국민에게는 무사도 정신이 있다’, ‘일본국민에게는 상무 정신이 있다’, ‘일본국민에 게는 황국신민으로서의 기쁨이 있다’, ‘일본국민에게는 팔굉일우의 이상이 있다’였다. 그가 ‘발견’한 ‘일본정신’은 태평양전쟁을 수행하고 있던 제국일본이 일본과 식민지 조선의 신민에 게 요구했던 ‘일본정신’이었다. 그런 의미에서 함병업은 『애국백인일수상해』를 통해 식민지 조선에 ‘애국백인일수’를 보급하고자 했을 뿐만이 아니라 당시의 침략전쟁에도 적극 협력했 다고 말하지 않을 수 없다.

The significance of this paper is as follows. Firstly, in this article, we have newly discovered and systematized Ham Beung-Up's personal history and writings. Secondly, I analyzed One Hundred Patriotic Poems as well as detailed explanations among the writings. Additionally I specifically informed Ham Beung -Ups about the true meaning of the Japanese spirit (that he previously spoke about). The detailed explanation of the Japanese spirit that he found in One Hundred Patriotic Poems is that 'the Emperor is the ever present god', 'the Japanese people love their country', 'the Japanese people are excellent', 'the Japanese people praise their country' ‘the Japanese people are loyal to the Emperor’, ‘the gods protect Japan’, ‘the Japanese people are in a deadlock’, ‘the Japanese people have a spirit of safety’, ‘the Japanese people have a sense of duty’ and ‘there is joy of the people as part of the empire. The Japanese spirit that he discovered was the Japanese spirit of Imperial Japan. Imperial Japan was conducting the Pacific War and demanded that spirit from Japanese and colonial Joseon citizens. In that sense, he cannot but say that he cooperated with the war of aggression by Imperial Japan, as well as trying to diffuse the One Hundred Patriotic Poems’ to colonial Korea.

Regional Traits of the Low Back Merger in Modern American English: On the basis of Actuation & Implementation Factors Choong-Yon Park (Gachon University) The purpose of this study is to find out regional traits of the low back merger that loses phonetic contrast between the vowels /ɑ/ as in cot and /ɔ/ as in caught in Modern American English, on the basis of actuation and implementation factors. The actuation factors responsible for triggering the merger /ɒ/ may be discussed in terms of internal and external factors. In some regions the merger could not be attributed to either of the two mechanisms proposed in the traditional literature that represents phonetically gradual approximation and lexically gradual transfer, since it shows its own way of progress, merger-by-expansion. An analysis of demographic and linguistic data from eastern Pennsylvania reveals that the result of the merger is a new phoneme with the combined phonetic range of the two phonemes that merged rather than a vowel intermediate between them in quality. On the basis of the observations, a mechanism of merger called "merger-by-expansion" is defined as the lexical constraints on the distribution of two phonemes /ɔ:/ and /ɑ:/ disappear as a result of contact with people who do not observe them, and a new phoneme /ɒ:/ occur. Merger-by-approximation requires no external trigger and proceeds below the level of consciousness. The agents of the merger are native speakers, and the suspension of phonemic contrast is the result of gradual phonetic change which may be occurred by approximation of the two phonemes to be merged. The actuation and diffusion of the low back merger in Kentucky and Cincinnati shows the internal factors such as near-merger in actuation and merger-by-approximation in implication.

While the goal of new IT adoption in small and medium sized firms is to choose an optimal system to fit with their own environments and conditions, that of IT post-adoption usage is to fully implement new IT and maximize their benefits from it. Therefore, the decision-making environments of new IT adoption is definitely different from those of post-adoption. Also, The direct experience of IT usage can provide some learning effect and the change of users' beliefs on new IT. From this point of view, this study attempts to figure out the differences of influencing factors on IOS usage intention between adopters and non-adopters. The results show that there are clear differences of influencing factors between two groups. Non-adopter group shows that perceived financial cost and ability of use have significant influences on IOS usage intention, while relative advantage and perceived risk in adopter group have statistically significant influences on post-adoption usage of IOS.

소셜 미디어의 효율적인 활용을 통한 커뮤니케이션 가치의 고양은 개인적 차원에서 뿐 아니라 기업 차원에서도 최근 중요하게 다루어지고 있다. 소셜 미디어 중에서도 국내에서 비교적 보편적으로 확산되어 있는 트위터의 활용은 전통 미디어 입장에서, 새로운 미디어 환경에 대한 적응 및 혁신적 요인의 채택으로 간주될 수 있으며 그에 따른 다양한 효과는 기업의 운영 전략과 직결될 수 있다는 점에 주목하였다. 이러한 배경에서, 본 연구는 미디어 공진화의 개념과 혁신 확산 이론을 적용하여 언론사의 소셜 미디어 활용으로 형성되는 미디어 환경의 변화, 소셜 미디어의 혁신적 특성, 그리고 혁신의 채택에 따른 효과에 대한 인식을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 언론사의 공식 소셜 미디어 운영자들을 대상으로 심층 인터뷰를 실시하였고 실제 언론사의 소셜 미디어에 대한 인식 및 활용 사례를 조사하였다. 그 결과, 미디어 환경의 공진화 양상과 소셜 미디어가 제공하는 혁신적 요인 인식, 그리고 소셜 미디어를 활용에 의한 성과 측정의 난점 등을 확인하였다. 결론 부분에서는 소셜 미디어에 대한 객관적 인식과 신중한 접근의 필요성을 논의하였다.

To make use of social media in an efficient way for the sake of enhanced value of communication is considered to be important not only by an individual unit but also an organizational unit. Enterprises seem to agree that to take advantage of Twitter which is one of the most prevailed social media be a necessary innovative factor in order to adapt to the evolving industrial environment. They focused on the fact that the consequences caused from using social media is directly related with their effective strategies. This study adopted the concept of media co-evolution and diffusion of innovation to analyze the change of media environment, perceived innovative factors of social media, and the effect of social media, especially in the field of a media industry. In-dept interviews were conducted to the operators of social media of Chosunilbo, Hankyoreshinmoon, and MBC. In the results, various aspects of media co-evolution were verified then perceived innovative factors of social media and the effects of social media from the point of view of enterprises were explained. Further implications concerning the position of media enterprises with the rapid change of communication paradigm were discussed.

Kernohan-Woltman notch phenomenon (KWP) is an ipsilateral motor weakness due to compression of the contralateral cerebral peduncle. We report two cases of KWP following traumatic brain injury. In case 1, ipsilateral hemiplegia was noted after right subdural hemorrhage. Although magnetic resonance imaging showed no abnormal signal changes on cerebral peduncle, diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) revealed interruption of corticospinal tract (CST) at lower level of the midbrain level. In case 2, there was abnormal signal change of the right cerebral peduncle contralateral to the primary lesion and we could not reconstruct right CST. Case 1 showed unsatisfactory motor recovery even after 15 months, and follow-up DTT showed no change. In case 2, follow-up DTT was not performed, but her ipsilateral hemiparesis had almost disappeared during the 15 months. DTT would be useful in detecting ipsilateral hemiparesis due to KWP and the clinical course may differ according to the lesion characteristics.

Welfare theory has been dominated by Eurocentric approaches in which the experiences of the Western industrial countries form the basis for theoretical endeavor. As a result, many of studies in the non-Western regions of the world have either been preoccupied with seeking a unique regime type influenced by Western typologies, or have employed the same major endogenous factors on the development of state welfare as those that are used to explain Western industrial countries. A related problem is that the role of exogenous factors, such as exchange or transmission of ideas, has too often been neglected in explaining the origins and dynamics of welfare in non-Western countries. In this regard, this study seeks to address the issue by discussing the way ideas originating in other countries have influenced the emergence of social welfare policies and programs in Korea. It pays particular attention to the policy formulation by the previous Korean government of what is known as productive welfare. Productive welfare was seen as providing a new and appropriate normative basis for social welfare in the country, expressing the Kim Dae Jung administration (1998-2003)’s thinking on social welfare policies and programs. As articulated by the President and his advisors, the concept of productive welfare influenced the reconstruction of Korea’s state welfare system. However, this study shows that the productive welfare idea drew on various Western ideas as well as indigenous normative thoughts. It examines the role of diffusion in shaping Korea’s productive welfare, with regard to its connections to normative theories and ideas of productivist social welfare emanating from other countries. The study concludes that productive welfare is a hybrid normative welfare theory, by suggesting that the process of policy development is a complicated one and that it is influenced by a range of theoretical ideas arising from both internal domestic and wider international debates.

Restoring high-quality images from severely degraded inputs is essential for video coding for machines (VCM), where background regions are compressed at extremely low bitrates. In this letter, we propose a novel text-guided diffusion-based restoration (TGDR) algorithm, which integrates semantic information from text captions to guide the restoration process. Specifically, we develop a refinement block that incorporates a transformer-based time-aware feature extractor to fuse visual features, time-step embeddings, and textual semantics adaptively to guide a pretrained diffusion model during the reverse denoising process. By incorporating both visual and textual information, TGDR effectively reconstructs complex structures and improves semantic consistency in highly compressed regions. Experimental results show that TGDR achieves superior performance compared to state-of-the-art algorithms.

Objective To explore plastic changes in the red nucleus (RN) of stroke patients with severe corticospinal tract (CST) injury as a compensatory mechanism for recovery of hand function.Methods The moderate group (MG) comprised 5 patients with synergistic hand grasp movement combined with limited extension, and the severe group (SG) included 5 patients with synergistic hand grasp movement alone. The control group (CG) included 5 healthy subjects. Motor assessment was measured by Motricity Index (MI). Diffusion tensor imaging was analyzed using fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity (RD) in the individual regions of interest (ROIs)?bilateral internal capsule and anterior pons for CST injury and bilateral RN for rubrospinal tract (RST) injury. Results The SG showed a significantly lower MI score than the MG mainly due to differences in hand subscores. Significantly reduced FA was observed in both MG and SG compared with CG, while SG showed increased MD and RD in the affected ROIs of CST, and increased FA on the unaffected side compared with CG. However, in the RN ROI, a significantly increased FA and decreased RD on the unaffected side similar to the affected side were found only in the SG. The relative index of FA was lower and RD in SG was higher than in CG in RST.Conclusion The diffusion metrics of RST showed changes in patients with severe CST injury, suggesting that RST may play a role in the recovery of hand function in patients with severe CST injury.

Objective To compare diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) for estimation of clinical status in patients in the subacute stage of stroke.Methods Patients with hemiplegia due to stroke who were evaluated using both DTT and MEPs between May 2012 and April 2015 were recruited. Clinical assessments investigated upper extremity motor and functional status. Motor status was evaluated using Medical Research Council grading and the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of upper limb and hand (FMA-U and FMA-H). Functional status was measured using the Modified Barthel Index (MBI). Patients were classified into subgroups according to DTT findings, MEP presence, fractional anisotropy (FA) value, FA ratio (rFA), and central motor conduction time (CMCT). Correlations of clinical assessments with DTT parameters and MEPs were estimated.Results Fifty-five patients with hemiplegia were recruited. In motor assessments (FMA-U), MEPs had the highest sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) as well as the second highest specificity and positive predictive value (PPV). CMCT showed the highest specificity and PPV. Regarding functional status (MBI), FA showed the highest sensitivity and NPV, whereas CMCT had the highest specificity and PPV. Correlation analysis showed that the resting motor threshold (RMT) ratio was strongly associated with motor status of the upper limb, and MEP parameters were not associated with MBI.Conclusion DTT and MEPs could be suitable complementary modalities for analyzing the motor and functional status of patients in the subacute stage of stroke. The RMT ratio was strongly correlated with motor status.

We introduce LDSeCom, a novel lightweight-to-diffusion framework for semantic image communication. LDSeCom addresses bandwidth constraints by developing LSNet, a lightweight, loop-based segmentation model at the sender, and an improved diffusion model guided by our AFM-Net at the receiver. LSNet efficiently compresses images into semantic maps, while AFM-Net’s adaptive feature modulation ensures high-quality image reconstruction. On benchmark datasets, our LSNet achieves competitive accuracy with only 0.5M parameters, while our diffusion model improves image reconstruction quality by up to 28.51% mFID. The framework enables high-fidelity results from semantic maps compressed to??of the original size, proving its efficiency for bandwidth-constrained scenarios.

This study reports serial swallowing functional changes in a patient with an acute ischemic stroke but normal diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) scans. A 71-year-old man presented with dysphagia. Laryngoscopy revealed left arytenoid swelling and hypomobility of the left vocal cord. Acute lesions were not observed on brain magnetic resonance imaging. On the 9th day following hospital admission, the first videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) was performed. When he swallowed semi-solid food, significant pre- and post-swallowing aspirations were detected without coughing. An acute stroke with sudden-onset dysphagia was considered as the possible cause of dysphagia. The serial VFSSs showed gradual improvement in the swallowing reflex and persistent moderate cricopharyngeal dysfunction. During the VFSS anteroposterior view, bolus swallowing was tolerated, and aspiration signs disappeared, as the head was turned to the left and tilted to the right, indicating the role of a lateralizing lesion in symptom onset. This case study reports the course of natural resolution of dysphagia in a patient with a DWI-negative stroke based on serial VFSS results. There is a need to establish the significance of intensive dysphagia rehabilitation, including neuromuscular electrical stimulation therapy, in patients clinically diagnosed with an acute stroke. Therefore, further studies involving a larger population of patients with DWI-negative strokes and dysphagia are warranted.

A 51-year-old man showed hemiplegia on his right side after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). On initial brain computed tomography (CT) scan, an acute subdural hemorrhage in the right cerebral convexity and severe degrees of midline shifting and subfalcine herniation to the left side were evident. On follow-up brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), there were multiple microhemorrhages in the left parietal and occipital subcortical regions. To explain the occurrence of right hemiplegia after brain damage which dominantly on the right side of brain, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to reconstruct the corticospinal tract (CST), which showed nearly complete injury on the left CST. We also performed motor-evoked potentials, and stimulation of left motor cortex evoked no response on both sides of upper extremity. We report a case of patient with hemiplegia after TBI and elucidation of the case by DTI rather than CT and MRI.

Objective To investigate whether early stage diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) values predict motor function at 3 months after onset in supratentorial stroke patients with severe motor involvement.Methods A retrospective study design was used to analyze medical records and neuroimaging data of 49 supratentorial stroke patients with severe motor involvement. Diffusion tensor imaging was assessed within 3 weeks after stroke in all patients. Three-dimensional tractography of the ipsilateral corticospinal tract (CST) was performed using the fiber assignment of the continuous tracking algorithm. The two-step DTT analysis was used. The first step was classification according to ipsilateral CST visualization. The second step was a quantitative analysis of the visible-CST group parameters. Motor function was assessed at 2 weeks and at 3 months after stroke. Comparative and correlation analyses were performed between DTT-derived measures and motor assessment scores.Results Motor function of the upper extremity at 3 months after stroke was significantly higher in the visible-CST group than that in the nonvisible-CST group (p<0.05). Early stage fractional anisotropy was of DTT correlated significantly with upper extremity motor function at 3 months after stroke in the visible-CST group (p<0.05).Conclusion These results demonstrate that early DTT-derived measures predict motor recovery in the upper extremity at 3 months after onset in supratentorial stroke patients with severe motor involvement.

A 50-year-old man with liver cirrhosis and esophageal varix for 3 years was diagnosed with hematemesis and treated for a bleeding varix. However, bleeding recurred 11 days later, and he developed drowsiness with left hemiparesis. His left upper and lower extremity muscle strengths based on the manual muscle test at the onset were grade 2/5 and 1/5, respectively. The Babinski sign was positive. His serum ammonia level was elevated to 129.9 μg/dL (normal, 20?80 μg/dL). Magnetic resonance imaging revealed restriction on diffusion and T2-hyperintensities with decreased apparent diffusion coefficient values in the bilateral frontoparietooccipital cortex. The effect was more severe in the right hemisphere and right parietooccipital cortices, which were compatible with hepatic encephalopathy. Although the patient’s mental status recovered, significant left-sided weakness and sensory deficit persisted even after 6 months. Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) performed 3 months post-onset showed decreased volume of the right corticospinal tract. We reported a patient with hepatic encephalopathy involving the corticospinal tract by DTT.

Rotavirus encephalopathy (RE) is a benign afebrile seizure associated with acute gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus infection. We investigated the diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) findings of a patient with RE. The patient was a 30-month-old female that had experienced a brief, generalized convulsive seizure. On the day of admission, the patient had vomiting and experienced watery diarrhea. Her stool was positive for rotavirus antigen. At onset, the patient displayed a drowsy and delirious mental status; later, a splenial lesion of the corpus callosum was found on MRI. One week later, the patient’s condition improved and the splenial lesion had disappeared by conventional MRI. Initial DTI showed decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) values of fornix, as well as of the corpus callosum. A follow-up DTT showed a restored interrupted right fonical crus and increased FA values of corpus callosum and fornix. These results highlight the implications of the probability of not only a corpus callosum injury, but a fornix injury as well, in this patient with RE.