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As new functional electronics are being developed fast, the commercialization rate of advanced battery as a power source proceeds rapidly. Lithium battery is satisfying the needs of high-energy source for its lightness and good electrochemical property. Especially lithium ion battery, adopted as a new power source for portable electronic equipments around the globe, has been mass-produced. Under the circumstance, the generation of lithium battery wastes is becoming a new environmental problem. In this paper, we are going to inspect technology developments for recycling of lithium battery wastes and scraps in domestic and foreign area, and to suggest how to treat domestic lithium battery wastes and scraps better

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Purpose: Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming medical education through innovative methods in instruction, assessment, and simulation. This study systematically analyzes global research trends and thematic developments in AI applications within medical education. Methods: A total of 732 English-language articles were identified in the Scopus database prior to April 10, 2025, using the keywords “medical education” and “artificial intelligence” within titles, abstracts, or keywords. Bibliometric analysis was conducted using VOSviewer to investigate publication trends, keyword co-occurrence, and citation coupling, complemented by cluster-based content analysis. Additional analyses included publication characteristics, regional distribution, author collaboration, and the evolution of core topics. Results: Publication output increased markedly after 2018, reaching a peak in 2024. The United States, China, and the United Kingdom were leaders in research volume, while smaller nations such as Ireland and Singapore exhibited high citation impact. Author analysis demonstrated robust collaboration networks and a growing trend of interdisciplinary engagement. Keyword clustering revealed four primary themes: AI-driven simulation and training, intelligent assessment systems, personalized learning environments, and ethical and pedagogical considerations. The average year of keyword publication (2023?2024) underscores the recent acceleration of the field, particularly in generative AI and large language models. Conclusion: The integration of AI in medical education is accelerating, characterized by thematic diversification and broader global participation. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the field’s intellectual landscape and highlights critical areas for future advancement, including curriculum reform, faculty development, and responsible AI integration to optimize educational outcomes and learner preparedness.

Injera is fermented Ethiopian ethnic traditional staple food prepared usually form teff flour [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. Almost all the Ethiopians consume this food at least once in a day. Injera preparation composed of many steps, starting from grain preparation to baking; these all steps are still performing with indigenous knowledge with traditional practices. This Ethiopian national super food appreciating in many western countries due to the superior nutritional properties, especially lack of gluten and good mineral compositions (Rich of Iron). Research on injera preparation from composite flours for nutritional enhancement and sensory quality improvements were took lion share in reported scientific research. However, limited research was reported on preservation of injera by chemical ingredients and natural species, microbes involved in fermentation and spoilage. In addition, very fewer studies were reported on effect of milling quality of injera seed and role of fermentation on anti-nutritional factors degradation. However, scientific review to show the injera traditional practice and scientific research undertaken in this area is hardly found. In considering above all, this review is under taken with objective to review the traditional ethnic practice and scientific research reported on injera preparation.

Selected feed additives (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, phytogenics, feed enzymes, and organic acids) are reviewed for reported biological responses, and some recent developments when incorporated into laying hen diets. Several feed enzymes (phytase, carbohydrase, protease, and multi-enzymes) have been adopted to improve the nutritive quality of feedstuffs by mitigating inherent digestive function inefficiencies, complementing endogenous enzyme activity, and cleaving anti-nutritional factors abundant in vegetablebased poultry diets. Phytase use is targeted at hydrolyzing phytate to liberate phosphorus and possibly other encapsulated nutrients, with widely reported environmental and economic benefits. Proteases often improve the hydrolysis of amino acids and protein complexes to improve dietary protein digestibility and utilization, potentially restoring performance losses and maintaining the egg quality of hens fed low-protein diets whose CP level has been further reduced. The digestibility-enhancing effects of fiber-degrading carbohydrases are associated with the reduction of intestinal viscosity and improved energy utilization through depolymerization of soluble non-starch polysaccharides. Considering that nutrients exist in a complex matrix involving starch and non-starch polysaccharides, protein, lipids, minerals, and vitamins, laying hens could also benefit from potential additive and synergistic effects accrued from adopting defined feed enzyme combinations. The incorporation of gut-health-promoting feed additives (pre, pro, syn- and postbiotics, phytogenics, organic acids) optimizes feed nutrient utilization by inducing immuno-stimulatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities, modulating gut immune function, and microbial balance and population. Hen responses to feed additives are context-dependent and highly variable due to various factors, including rearing system, age, breed, health status, environmental factors, feed composition and quality, and management. However, on balance, feed additive products with proven efficacy and financial value are recommended for inclusion in laying hen diets; and could potentiate optimized performance and egg quality, reduced feed costs, improved animal welfare and skeletal health, and reduced environmental stress due to nutrient excretion, thereby improving the economic and environmental sustainability of hen egg production. Strategic application of feed additive combinations could potentiate additive and synergistic responses.

Steep and difficult terrain presents persistent operational, safety, and environmental challenges for forest harvesting. This presentation outlines recent innovations in forest operations that aim to improve efficiency, safety, and sustainability under such conditions. Historically reliant on manual labor and conventional ground-based equipment, steep slope forestry is undergoing rapid transformation driven by technological advancement and international best practices. Key developments include the emergence and adoption of winch-assist systems—mechanized equipment supported by tensioned cables that improve traction and stability on inclines. First adopted in Europe and New Zealand, these systems are now increasingly used in North America. Their benefits include expanded use of mechanized felling and extraction on slopes previously limited to manual operations, reduced soil disturbance, and enhanced operator safety. Cable yarding systems remain vital, especially in coastal and mountainous regions. Ongoing improvements in grapple yarders and integration with winch-assist systems support more flexible and efficient operations. Future opportunities lie in automation, in-forest connectivity, and autonomous machinery, which offer the potential to revolutionize forest logistics and wildfire mitigation. This presentation also discusses the broader system-level considerations such as road infrastructure, equipment compatibility, workforce training, and regulatory factors. Insights are drawn from applied research and industry experience across North America and international contexts. Through these innovations, the forest sector is better positioned to operate on steep terrain while minimizing environmental impact and improving safety and productivity across the value chain.

This paper reviews the academic research on derivative products and derivatives markets in Korea published since 2010. We classify the literature into three main research areas: derivative securities markets, option pricing models, and risk management. Topics in the derivative securities markets section include the effects of an increase in the option contract multiplier, the price discovery function of derivatives markets, expiration-day effects, and the trading behavior and strategies of market participants. Next, in the section on option pricing models, we introduce theoretical modeling papers, empirical research on pricing models, implied moments, and the variance risk premium, which is derived from option prices. Thereafter, in reviewing the literature on risk management, we focus on the foreign exchange risk management of firms and the relation between risk management and firm value. Finally, we add three unique topics—equity-linked warrants, equity-linked securities, and credit default swaps—to consider the developments in derivatives markets over the past decade.

중화인민공화국의 건국 후 어느 때보다 많은 관심이 미성년 자녀의 권리와 이익에 쏟아지고 있다. 중국의 입 법부는 관련법을 꾸준히 개정하고 있으며, 1950년 혼인법 제정 이래 미성년 자녀의 권리를 보호하기 위해 더 많은 조치들을 취해오고 있다. 중국 친족법에서도 큰 진척이 있었다. “아동의 권리와 이익 우선” 원칙이 점진 적으로 “부모의 권리로부터의 파생” 원칙을 대체하고 있으며, “아동 최선의 이익” 원칙이 중국 친족법의 몇몇 조항에서 실현되었다. 그러나 친족법상의 결함은 다음과 같이 여전히 존재한다. “아동 최선의 이익” 원칙의 실현의 부족, 혼인 중의 자녀와 혼인 외의 자녀 간 기술적 차이, 자녀의 이익을 감독∙보호할 시스템 메커니즘의 결여; 친자관계의 추정 , 부인과 자녀 소송 시스템의 체계적 조항 결여; 이민자 부모의 자녀에 대한 양육에 대한 감독 시스템의 부재; 인공수태술로 출생한 자녀의 법적 지위에 관한 체계적 제도의 부재; 이혼 시 친족법상 미성년 자녀 보호조치 의 불충분. 입법과 적용을 위한 지침에 따라 현행 친족법상 부모가 중심이 되는 입법적 관념을 완전히 폐지하고, “아동 최 선의 이익” 원칙을 명확히 하는 것이 필요하다. 또한 친자관계의 확정 체계와 인공수태술로 출생한 자녀의 법 적 지위에 관한 체계적 법률이 도입되어야 한다. 나아가 혼인 외의 자녀와 류수아동에 대한 더 많은 보호조치 들이 마련되어야 하고, 이혼법상 미성년 자녀의 이익을 감독∙보호하는 데 상당한 노력이 요구된다.

After the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, muchmore attention has been paid to the rights and interests ofminor children. China’s legislature revised the related legislationconstantly and more measures to protect minor children’s rightshave been taken since the enactment of the Marriage Law 1950. Great progress has been made in China’s parentage law. “Children’s Rights and Interests Precedence” Principle has gradually taken theplace of “Parental Rights-oriented” Principle and “Best Interests ofthe Child” Principle has been realized in some provisions in China’sparentage law. However, defects in parentage law of China still existin the following areas: lack of “Best Interests of the Child” Principle;terminology difference between legitimate children and illegitimatechildren; lack of systematic mechanism to supervise and safeguardchildren’s interests; lack of systemic provisions on the presumption,denial of parent-child relationship and a child claim system; lack ofsupervision mechanism on migrant parents’ custody to children; no systemic regime on the legal status of children born by ArtificialReproductive Technology; lack of enough protective measures tominor children in parentage law in divorce. It is suggested thatparents-centeredlegislative concept should be abolished completelyand “Best Interests of the Child” principle should be establisheddefinitely in the current parentage law in order to offer guidelines tothe legislation and legal application. A system on the determiningof parent-child relationship and systematic law on the legal statusof children born by Artificial Reproductive Technology should beestablished. In addition, more measures protecting the rights andinterests of children born out of marriage and stay-at-home childrenshould be supplemented, and considerable efforts to superviseand safeguard the interests of the minor children in divorce law areneeded to be generated as well.

21세기의 금융환경의 변화에 부응하기 위하여 우리나라, 일본, 중국은 보험계약법의 개정에 박차를 가하고 있다. 우리 정부는 최근 보험사기 방지를 위한 규정 신설, 질병보험 규정 신설 등을 담고 있는 상법 개정안을 제출하였다. 일본은 2년후 시행될 예정으로 보험법을 제정하였는데, 생명보험 등의 고전적인 보험유형 외에 고령화사회에서 중요한 입원보험 등에 관한 96개의 조문으로 이루어져 있다. 1995년 제정된 중국 보험법은 보험계약법과 보험감독법을 통합하여 규율하고 있는데, 2001년 WTO 가입에 따른 보험사업에 대한 외국자본에의 개방 등과 관련하여 2003년 보험감독에 관한 규정이 개정되었고, 2006년 중국 보험감독위원회는 보험계약법의 현대화를 위한 개정안을 마련하여 개정을 위하여 노력하고 있다. 동북아시아 3국의 보험계약법의 내용을 살펴보면 보험의 분류와 관련하여 일본이 경우에는 손해보험, 생명보험, 상해질병정액보험으로 구분하고, 우리나라는 손해보험, 생명보험, 제3보험으로 분류하며, 중국은 재산보험, 인보험으로 분류하는 점에서 다르다. 고지의무와 관련하여서는 일본은 고지의무를 답변의무로 변경하고, 해제의 제한사유로 일본법은 ① 보험계약의 체결시에 보험자가 고지하지 않은 사실을 알거나 과실에 의하여 알지 못한 때, ② 보험자를 위한 대리권이 없는 보험매개자가 고지를 방해한 때, ③ 해제의 원인이 있음을 안 날로부터 1월간 해제권을 행사하지 않거나 보험계약을 체결한 때로부터 5년이 경과한 때, ④ 고지의무위반과 보험사고 사이에 인과관계가 없는 때를 들고 있다. 일본법과 달리 우리 상법은 ① 우리 상법은 보험자가 중대한 과실로 알지 못하는 때로 하여 제한의 범위를 확대하고 있고, ② 보험매개자의 고지방해에 대하여는 규정하지 않으며, ③ 우리 상법은 보험계약을 체결한 날로부터 3년인데 일본법은 5년으로 장기간이 되었고, ④의 인과관계를 요구하는 점은 동일하다. 한편 중국은 고지의무위반의 효과를 고의의 경우에는 보험자는 보상책임을 지지 않지만, 중과실로 인한 경우에는 고지의무위반과 보험사고 사이에 인과관계가 있는 경우에 한하여 보상책임을 면하는 것으로 하고, 생명보험의 경우에 한하여 보험계약 성립후 5년의 제척기간을 인정한다. 보험기간중 위험이 증가한 경우에 일본은 보험계약 체결시 고지한 사항에 한하여 통지의무를 인정하는데 반하여, 우리나라의 경우에는 현저한 위험의 증가의 경우에 통지의무를 지우고, 중국의 경우에는 재산보험의 경우에 한하여 현저한 경우로 한정하지 않고 통지의무를 지우고 있다. 피보험이익과 관련하여 한국과 일본은 금전으로 산정할 수 있는 이익에 한하는 등 같으나, 중국의 경우에는 인보험의 경우에 혈연관계를 요구하나 피보험자의 동의가 있으면 피보험이익이 있는 것으로 고찰하는 점에서 영미법과 유사한 입장을 취하고 있다. 손해방지의무와 관련하여 일본은 손해방지비용을 보상한다는 것만을 규정하는데 반하여, 우리 상법 개정안은 보험자의 지시에 의하지 아니하는 한 보상액과 방지비용을 보험금액을 한도로 보상하는 것으로 하지만, 중국의 경우는 손해방지비용은 보상액과 별도로 산정하여 보험금액을 한도로 보상한다고 규정한다. 우리 보험계약법은 일본과 같이 독립한 단행법의 형식을 취하는 것이 바람직하고, 그 개정에 있어서 다른 동북 아시아 국가의 보험법개정의 동향을 면밀히 주목할 필요가 있다.

Quantum information processing using superconducting qubit based on Josephson junction has become one of the most promising candidates for possible realization of a quantum computer. In the heart of the qubit circuits, the superconducting microwave resonator plays a key role in quantum operations and measurements, which enables single- photon level microwave quantum optics. During last decade, the coherence time, or the lifetime of the quantum state, of the superconducting qubit has been dramatically improved. Among several technological innovations, the improvement of superconducting microwave resonator’s quality has been the main driving force in getting the qubit performance almost ready for elementary quantum computing architecture. In this paper, I will briefly review very recent progresses of the superconducting microwave resonators especially aimed for quantum device applications during the last decade. The progresses have been driven by ingenious circuit design, material improvement, and new measurement techniques. Even a rather radical idea of three-dimensional large resonators have been successfully implemented in a qubit circuit. All those efforts contributed to our understanding of the qubit decoherence mechanism and as a result to the improvement of qubit performance.

This paper is aimed at discussing the current status of Korean wave or Hallyu in the African continent by discussing major developments and strategies. It begins with the description of the historical roots and the progress in the relationship between Korea and African countries in the past several decades. The paper continues exploring into the emerging cultural force of Hallyu in action in the African continent and discusses further on the essence of the Korean Wave along with its manifestations and effects as a new engine for economic growth and cultural diplomacy or soft power. Cultural diplomatic strategy of China is briefly presented as a comparison to that of Korea’s after discussing the major developments related to cultural exchanges between South Korea and African countries at an official level. Special discussions on major Hallyu related activities and trends in some sub-Saharan countries such as South Africa, Ethiopia, and Nigeria will follow in the last section.

네팔은 중국과 인도 사이에 위치한 남부 아시아의 내륙국가로 폐수관리는 도시지역에서 가장 중요한 문제 중 하나이 다. 네팔의 폐수처리 시스템은 비싼 운영비, 불연속적인 전력 공급, 유지관리 및 기술인력의 부족으로 인해 조성과 운 영이 어렵다. 이러한 이유로 인공습지는 폐수처리시설의 대안기술로써 다양한 지역에 적용되고 있다. 일반적으로 인공 습지 기술의 효율 지속 가능성은 적절한 운영과 유지관리 및 적극적인 지역사회 참여에 의존한다. 따라서 본 연구에서 는 26개의 인공습지에서의 제거 효율, 방류수질, 네팔 수질기준, 운영 및 유지관리 활동 등을 조사하고 문제점을 분석 하여 관리방안 등을 도출하였다. 오염물질당 제거효율은 ka-1의 인공습지가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났으며, B-1, L-3, Ka-5, k-1 순으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 네팔의 인공습지 조성기술은 최근 20년간 기술개발 없이 전통적 방식에 의 존해온 결과 비효율적인 성능으로 인해 많은 습지가 가동이 중단되거나 폐쇄되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 기술개발의 부족, 자연재해, 대중의 인공습지에 대한 낮은 인식 및 예산 부족 등은 인공습지의 지속적인 개발을 저해하고 있는 것 으로 조사되었지만, 인공습지는 네팔 도시지역의 폐수문제에 대한 해결방안으로 고려되고 있다.

Nepal is a landlocked mountainous country in South Asia, located between China to the north and India to the south, east, and west. As such, wastewater management has become one of the most significant problems in urban area of Nepal. In Nepal, the centralized wastewater treatment systems were dysfunctional due to high cost of operation, discontinuous power supply, lack of proper maintenance and proper technical workforce to address the issues. As such, constructed wetlands (CW) were applied to treat various secondary wastewater as alternative to wastewater treatment facilities. Generally, efficiency and sustainability of CW technology depends on proper operation and maintenance and active community involvement. This study summarizes information about 26 CW in Nepal. Specifically, factors including data banking, removal efficiency, quality of discharged water, compliance to water quality standard of Nepal and operation and maintenance were investigated. Considering removal efficiency per pollutant, Ka-1 achieved the greatest reduction for most pollutant followed by B-1, L-3, Ka-5 and K-1. Nepal has practiced CW technology for more than 2 decades but currently, development of technology was interrupted by the inefficient performance of existing facilities. Public awareness about the technology, natural disaster, unavailability of specified substrate materials, lack of fund for further research and experiments has hindered the expansion of technology. In spite of these concerns, CW was still proven as an alternative solution to the present wastewater problems in urban areas of Nepal.