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The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between estrous expression, body condition score (BCS), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and number of transferable embryos for the purpose of improving reproductive performance in blood of Hanwoo donors. Sixty, at random stages of the estrous cycle, received a CIDR. Four days later, the animals were superovulated with a total of 28AU FSH (Antorin, 2AU=1 ml) administered twice daily in constant doses over 4 days. On the 3th administration of FSH, CIDR was withdrawn and 25 mg PGF2α was administered. Cows were artificially inseminated twice after estrous detection at 12 hr intervals. The cows received 100 μg GnRH at the time of 1nd insemination. Embryos were recovered 7 or 8 days after the 1st insemination. The estrous inducement rate and estrous expression rate were significantly lower for cows with BCS below 2.25 than for cows with BCS above 2.25. There was 50.0% of rate of mounting in cows with BCS below 2.25 whereas the rate of mounting was markedly increased in cows with BCS above 2.25 (94.1% and 89.5% for BCS 2.25～2.75 and BCS above 2.75 cows, respectively). Cows with BCS ＜2.25, 2.25～2.75 and ≥2.75 had number of transferable embryos of 4.5±0.7, 5.9±1.8 and 5.6±2.3 respectively.

본 연구에서는 종래 ① ｢と｣나 ｢ば｣등의 조건표현에서 나타나는 후건의 서법제약에 관해 학습자가 정확히 이해하고 있는지를 분석한 연구가 적었던 점, 그리고 ② 몇 가지 조건표현이 복수로 사용되는 사태의 경우, 학습자가 그 중에서 가장 적합한 조건표현에 대해 제대로 인식하고 있는지에 관한 연구가 적었던 점 등에 주목하여, 한국인일본어학습자를 대상으로 일본어조건표현 ｢と｣, ｢ば｣, ｢たら｣, ｢なら｣의 인식도조사를 행하였다. 그 결과 조건표현 중에서 ｢と｣ ｢ば｣ ｢たら｣의 인식도는 어느정도 높게 나타난데 비해. ｢ば｣의 전형적인 용법에 대한 이해는 충분치 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 해당 사태를 나타내기 위해 사용되는 조건표현을 복수로 골라내는 데는 문제가 없으나, 그 중 가장 자연스러운 조건표현이 무엇인지에 대한 인식도가 상당히 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 이것은 학습자에게 해당 조건표현을 학습시킬 때, 각 조건표현별로 가장 전형적인 용법이 무엇인지에 대해 정확히 이해시키지 못했다는 것을 의미한다. 또한 ｢と｣나 ｢ば｣와 같이, 후건의 서법제약을 받는 조건표현에 관한 인식도 역시 극히 낮게 나타남을 알 수 있어 금후, 각 조건표현의 용법뿐 아니라 제약에 관한 자세한 설명 및 기술이 보다 보완될 필요성을 확인할 수 있었다.

In the precedent study, there were few studies that a learner can understand exactly about the limitation of the ‘condition expression’. And there were few studies that in the case of the event that plural condition expression was used for, a learner can recognize what the most natural ‘condition expression’ is. In this study, I analyzed about a Investigation of ‘condition expression’ to’ba’tara’nara’ which is seen among Korean Japanese learners, while I pay attention to two points such as above two problems. As a result, many learners were able to choose the condition expression used for the event concerned by a plural number. However, there were few learners whom the most natural condition expression did not understand about something exactly in that. In addition, the fact that many learners could not understand about ‘condition expression’ that has the ‘modality limitation’ became clear.

Baculovirus expression system is considered to have several benefits for production of recombinant protein such as high capacity, flexibility, and similar human glycosylation pattern. Typically, before any large scale expression work was commenced, an accurate titering of recombinant baculovirus is required to ensure the most appropriate expression conditions. One of them, the method have been developed by BaculoELISA Titer Kit (Clontech, Mountain Biew, CA, USA). Stocks of any Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) type baculovirus can be titered using this kit. However, control virus of this kit is high cost and relatively small quantity in kit. In this study, production of mAb CO17-1A by baculovirus infection was performed at different times, concentrations and passages. Immunoblot analysis confirmed expression of mAb CO17-1A in the infected cells. mAb CO17-1A expressed significantly high level under the condition of baculovirus passages 3, 72h and 400㎕ in 5ml insect cells after infection. The results indicated that it is not necessary to use BaculoELISA assay.

本稿は多様な意味用法を表している日本語の条件表現を表す表現形態「ば・と・たら・なら」が、実用において、今まで提示されてきた意味用法とどのような面で類似点と相違点を有しているのか、また、条件表現における表現形態の使用実態を調査すべく、日本の大学に在学中の日本人大学生115名を対象に実態調査を行った。今回の調査の際には、「ば・と・たら・なら」それぞれの形態の共通の意味用法を統合し、個別的な意味用法とともに、1)真理のような既定的な条件表現、2)一般的な事実を表す恒常条件表現、3)習慣のような反復性の条件表現、4)前置き的用法、慣用的な言い方、ことわざ、5)仮定条件表現、6)反事実的条件表現、7)並立的条件表現、8)話題提示、9)前件が事実の文の場合の表現、10)きっかけの文、11)発見の文、12)連続の文、13)同時(時)の文、の13項目に分けて、50個の例文を対象に調査を行った。調査の結果から見れば、「ば・と・たら・なら」はそれぞれの意味用法の範疇内で選択される場合もあれば意味用法に準じずに多様な表現形態が選択される場合もあった。主な特徴を見ると、「真理のような既定的な条件表現」を表す場合、接続助詞「ば・と」の固有の意味用法であるという認識と違って頻繁な「たら」の出現が見られた。また、「一般的な事実を表す恒常条件表現」を表す場合も「ば・と・たら」の固有の表現領域であると認識されてきたのと違って「なら」及び「のだったら・のなら」の出現も見られた。「仮定条件表現」を表す場合においては、多様な文末表現と相応する表現形態がその形態の既存の意味用法とはずれていたり境界が曖昧だったりして、混用を許していると見られる結果が出た。混用の著しい現象としては、「ば」と「なら」の固有の意味用法である「並立的条件表現」を表す場合における「たら」の選択であった。しかし、このような調査結果から現れた現象を意味用法の変化と受け取るのは早く、今の段階では、実用における意味用法の境界線の曖昧性からの複数の選択と、「たら」の意味拡張現象であると見なすべきであり、条件表現の表現教育においては、既存の意味用法に委ねるだけでは問題があり、実態結果を反映するべきであろう。

본고는 일본어 조건문의 표현의도에 초점을 맞추어 대인적 모달리티를 중심으로 고찰했다. 대인적 모달리티 문에는 주로 [ba・tara]가 나타나고, 한국어는 ｢-면・-거든｣이 대응한다. 조건형태가 나타나는 대인적 모달리티 문에서는 선행절과 후행절의 관계가 긴밀할수록 후행절의 실현가능성이 높아진다. 이러한 성격을 갖는 구문에는 [tara]의 출현빈도가 높다. [tara]가 명제내용영역에 나타나는 것도 조건성립 가능성을 높이는 조건 에 든다. 이 경우에 대응하는 ｢-면｣은 화자와 청자의 사정이나 상황과는 관계없이 행위를 요구할 수 있는 형태이므로 사 용제한이 없다. 그러나 ｢-거든｣은 화자에 관한 사항의 경우는 ＜조건절의 주체≠화자＝행위자＞, 청 자에 관한 사항의 경우는 ＜조건절의 주체≠청 자＝행위자＞의 등식이 조건이고, 후행절에는 화자와 관계된 의지표현 등이 가능하지 않다는 인칭 의 제한이 있다. [nara]는, 대사적 모달리티와 대인적 모달리티 모두와 함께 나타나며 청자 측의 정보 뿐 아니라 문 환경에 따라 서는 화자 측의 정보도 조건으로 제시할 수 있다. 일본어 조건표현에 나타나는 형태 [ba・to・tara・nara]는 대사적 모달리티와도 대인적 모달리티와도 함께 나타나는데, [nara]구문은 다양한 표현의 종속절이 나타나고, 시제표시 면에서도 [ba・to・tara]와 다른 면을 가지 고 있다. 대응하는 한국어 ｢-면)｣은 대사적 모달리티와도 대인적 모달리티와도 함께 나타나지만 조건표현만을 나타낸 다. 그러나 ｢-거든｣은 조건표현에서도 가정성이 없는 대인적 모달리티와만 함께 나타나며 인칭제한이 있다.

This study is studying Performativity modality focusing on Japanese expressional intension in conditional sentences. In usual, [ba・tara] are found in Performativity modality sentence, corresponding to Korean ｢- myeon｣ and ｢-geodeun｣. In Performativity modality which has conditional expression, the more closer the relationship between antecedent clause and following clause, the higher the realistic possibility of following clause becomes. Sentences with this feature has a high possibility of [tara]. It is one of the conditions which makes the possibility of materialization of conditions higher for [tara] to have practical scope of meaning. In this case, there's no limitation of using the corresponding ｢-myeon｣, because it is the form that can require action regardless of the situation of the speaker or listener. However, for ｢-geodeun｣, there is the condition for the speaker, <the agent of conditional expression≠the speaker=the agent>, and <the agent of conditional expression≠the listener=the agent> for the condition for the listener. Moreover, there's limitation on the Performativity expression that the intentional expression related to the speaker is not possibile in the following clause. [nara] can be used with both objective and Performativity modality and suggest not only the information of the listener but the information of the speaker as a condition according to the sentence. The form of [ba・to・tara・nara] in Japanese conditional expression can occur with both objective and Performativity modality. [nara] is in the dependent clause in a variety of expressions and has the difference with [ba・to・ tara] in the aspect of tense expression. Its corresponding Korean ｢-myeon｣can occur with both objective and Performativity modality, however, it's only limited to the conditional expression. Moreover,｢-geodeun｣occurs with Performativity modality that doesn't have the subjunctive mood and has limitation on the Performativity expression.

Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vectors have been used for gene transfer to a wide variety of cell types in vivo and in vitro. The advantages of adenovirus vectors include the high titer of virus readily obtained in large scale preparations, their ability to transduce dividing and non dividing cells, and the high level of transgene expression. Since adenovirus vectors do not integrate in host cell DNA, there is a lack of insertional mutagenesis. However, many human tumor cells lack expression of the adenovirus 5 receptors and contain areas of hypoxia. In order to identify the pattern of replication and gene expression of oncolytic adenovirus in hypoxic condition, multiple different fiber modified Ads (Ad5F/S11, Ad5F/S35, Ad5F/K7, Ad5F/K21, and Ad5F/RGD) was compared. The replication of all fiber modified adenovirus was inhibited in hypoxic condition in HEK 293 cells, but gene expression has variety on different tumor cell lines and the level of coxackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) expression. These data suggest that CAR expression pattern and hypoxic condition of tumor are considered for optimal oncolytic adenovirus application.

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) catalyzes the initial fixation of $CO_2$ in $C_4$ plants. Under the control of the rice Rubisco small subunit promoter, cDNA of a $C_4$ SiPPC gene cloned from Seteria italica was introduced into Japonica rice by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Integration of the gene was confirmed by PCR analysis. RT-PCR showed expression of the gene at the RNA level in transgenic plants, and enzyme activity measurements confirmed the increase in PEPC protein. The transformants showed improvements in both photosynthesis rate and yield only under upland field cultivation. The possible function of PEPC in rice stress tolerance is discussed.

Continuous culture was carried out with a recombinant Escherichia coli W3110/pCR185, which encodes trp-operon enzymes when the temperature is shifted from $37^{circ}C\;t;42^{\circ}C$. Under derepressed condition of $42^{\circ}C$. plasmlid stability and gene expression were analysed as function of the dilution rate. The stability of plasmid increased with the dilution rate, but maximal levels of gene expression (tryptophan concentration) and plasmid DNA content were obtained at the lowest dilution rate, $0.075\;hr^{-1}$. The plasmid instability, observed at low dilution rates, could be explained by the unbalanced biosynthetic state of the recombinant cell harboring a high copy number of plasmid.

Dehydration Responsive Element Binding (DREB) gene is one of the essential transcription factors plants use for responding to stress conditions including salinity, drought, and cold stress. The purpose of this study was to isolate the full length and characterize the DREB gene from three different genotypes of sugarcane, wild, commercial cultivar, and interspecific hybrid sugarcane. The length of the gene, designated ScDREB was 789 bp, and coding for a putative polypeptide of 262 amino acid residues. Sequences of the gene were submitted to the GenBank database with accession numbers of KX280722.1, KX280721.1, and KX280719.1 for wild sugarcane, commercial cultivar (KPS94-13), and interspecific hybrid (Biotec2), respectively. In silico characterization indicated that the deduced polypeptide contains a putative nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence, and a conserved AP2/ERF domain of the DREB family, at 82-140 amino residues. Based on multiple sequence alignment, sequences of the gene from the three sugarcane genotypes were classified in the DREB2 group. Gene expression analysis indicated, that ScDREB2 expression pattern in tested sugarcane was up-regulated by salt stress. When the plants were under 100 mM NaCl stress, relative expressions of the gene in leaves was higher than those in roots. In contrast, under 200 mM NaCl stress, relative expressions of the gene in roots was higher than those in leaves. This is the first report on cloning the full length and characterization, of ScDREB2 gene of sugarcane. Results indicate that ScDREB2 is highly responsive to salt stress.

The effects of amplifying the gluconeogenic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase of Escherichia coli ($pck_{Ec}$) on succinic acid production in E. coli were examined under anaerobic condition. No significant increase in succinic acid production was observed in E. coli overexpressing the $pck_{Ec}$ gene without supplementing $NaHCO_{3}$ or $MgCO_{3}$. On the other hand, succinic acid production was enhanced as the $NaHCO_{3}$ concentration was increased. When 20 g/l of $NaHCO_{3}$ was added, succinic acid production in recombinant E. coli overexpressing PCK was 2.2-fold higher than that observed in the wild-type strain. It was concluded that the gluconeogenic $pck_{Ec}$ overexpression enabled E. coli to enhance succinic acid production only under the high bicarbonate supplementation condition.

The $TIS21^{/BTG2/PC3}$ gene belongs to the antiproliferative gene (APRO) family and exhibits tumor suppressive activity. However, here we report that TIS21 controls lipid metabolism, rather than cell proliferation, under fasting condition. Using microarray analysis, whole gene expression changes were investigated in liver of TIS21 knockout (TIS21-KO) mice after 20 h fasting and compared with wild type (WT). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha ($PPAR{\alpha}$) target gene expression was almost absent in contrast to increased lipid synthesis in the TIS21-KO mice compared to WT mice. Immunohistochemistry with hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that lipid deposition was focal in the TIS21-KO liver as opposed to the diffuse and homogeneous pattern in the WT liver after 24 h starvation. In addition, cathepsin E expression was over 10 times higher in the TIS21-KO liver than that in the WT, as opposed to the significant reduction of thioltransferase in both adult and fetal livers. At present, we cannot account for the role of cathepsin E. However, downregulation of glutaredoxin 2 thioltransferase expression might affect hypoxic damage in the TIS21-KO liver. We suggest that the $TIS21^{/BTG2}$ gene might be essential to maintain energy metabolism and reducing power in the liver under fasting condition.

The goal of Korean education is smooth communication. Therefore, it is more than necessary to disclose the constraints and define semantic functions clearly when learning grammar, which is its goal. Also, restricting pragmatic and narrative situations and determining which situations such grammar is generally used and how it is different from similar grammar would also be the most effective way to reduce errors and carry successful communication. In addition, using proper grammar that corresponds to speaker’s intention would enhance expression and help improve listener’s understanding. Based on such perspective, this study focused on ‘-(으)ㄴ/는 한’, which connects two propositions as a condition and result. ‘-(으)ㄴ/는 한’ can’t be properly explained just with the combination of compositions, so it needs to be understood as one sentence structure and examined for its syntactic and semantic functions. In Korean education, ‘-(으)ㄴ/는 한’ was rarely focused on, either in the grammar study that describes about the condition or the bound noun phrase study. However, not only it is frequently used and discussed frequently in bound nound phrase studies, it is frequently used as a question in Korean proficiency test that studies on ‘-(으)ㄴ/는 한’ would be essential. Through the comparison with conditional connective ending ‘-으면’, this study determined that ‘-(으)ㄴ/는 한’ is usually used to express what is already realized or speaker’s firm belief that it will be realized when examining the semantic function, and has a pragmatic characteristic that expresses limited condition. Also, in terms of syntactic restriction relationship, it can be combined with state verb under certain conditions, unlike what is suggested in Korean textbooks, and the study also examined about restrictions in tense morpheme combination, characteristics in following clause mood and restrictions in semantic marker combination. Lastly, it suggested uses among various uses of ‘-으면’ that can’t be substituted with ‘-(으)ㄴ/는 한’.

본 연구는 현대일본어라는 공시적 관점에서 부정조건표현을 주된 연구대상으로 하여, BCCWJ의 용례분석을 기반으로 부정조건표현의 비조건적 용법 양상을 집중적으로 고찰하였다. 본 연구의 조사 결과,「なければ(なきゃ)･なくては(なくちゃ)」는 조건적 용법보다는 비조건 용법이 압도적으로 높은 반면「ないと」는 조건적 용법 쪽이 높은 비율을 나타내고 있는 것이 가장 큰 특징으로 볼 수 있다. 또한,「なければ(なきゃ」와「なくては(なくちゃ)」는 모두 조건적 용법 보다 비조건적 용법에 치중되어 있지만, 그 치우침은 축약형에 있어서 더욱 현저함을 알 수 있다. 따라서 축약형과 그 기본형은 동일한 기능을 하는 듯이 보이지만, 실제 언어 운용상에 있어서 사용되는 용법은 형식에 따라 다른 경향성을 나타내고 있음을 확인하였다. 즉, 기능어화의 관점에서 기본형과 그에 대응하는 축약형은 완전히 동일한 표현으로 간주될 수 없다고 볼 수 있다. 한편,「ないと」의 경우「ないといけない」라는 전형적인 관용 표현으로의 일어화(一語化)가「なければ/なくては」보다 활발하게 진행되지 못한 점, 축약형을 생성하지 않는 형태적 한계성이 있다는 점이 비조건적 용법으로의 확대보다는 조건적 용법에 특화된 형식으로의 정착을 유도한 직접적인 원인으로 볼 수 있다. 이상의 결과를 정리하면, 유의표현으로 알려진「なければ(なきゃ)/なくては(なくちゃ」/ないと」3형식이 실제언어운용상에서는 그 사용 경향의 차이가 있고, 그것은 축약형의 유무와도 무관하지 않음을 확인하였다.

Based on BCCWJ's case analysis, this study focused on negative condition expression from a public perspective of modern Japanese, observing conditional patterns and especially focusing on non-conditional usage patterns. The usage patterns and trends of the three forms of negative condition expression “Nakereba(Nakya)/Nakutewa(Nkutya)/Naito”known as significance expression, were compared and considered. It was confirmed that the “Nakereba(Nakya)/ Nakutewa(Nkutya)/Naito”3 form, known as a significance expression, has a difference in its use tendency in actual language operation, and it is not irrelevant to the presence or absence of a abbreviated form. Conditional expressions in Japanese are known as expressions with a high frequency of misuse among Japanese learners because their forms and uses vary. It is expected that the results of this study can be directly used to solve these problems.

In this study, I analyze the usage tendency of the condition expression of large??scale JFL environmental learners and analyze the factors that influence acquisition of condition expressions, such as what features are there (learners' mother tongue factor ?learning environment Factors) and the characteristics of use. The results from this study are summarized as follows. (1) In the case of JFL environmental learners, it was confirmed that “Tara” was the center of acquisition of condition expression, and that the condition form other than “Tara” was actively used. (2) From the JFL environmental learners, there was a difference in unit formation tendency by language type. (3) It is found that the unit formed from the learning process of condition expressions may vary depending on the learning environment. By focusing on the utterance of the learner, this study was able to draw out the relation with the new viewpoint of the characteristics of acquisition of condition expression of L2 learner. In the future, we will explore new factors that will affect learning from units and further advance research.