Earticle

이 논문은 아일랜드 시인들이 역사가 낳은 희생자들을 기술하는 방식을 탐구하는 것에 목적을 둔다. 예술작품에서 영감을 얻어 시로 표현한 엑프래시스 장르 를 통해 이들은 민족의 공식적인 역사 이면에 잊혀진 이들을 되살리는 시도를 한다. 예이츠는 레이디 그레고리와 싱의 초상화로부터 영감을 받아 영국계-아일랜드인들이 아일랜드 사회를 지배하던 과거 전통을 이어받아 상상의 공동체를 건설한다. 예이츠가 희생자들을 통해 전통에 대한 자부심을 드러낸 것과는 달리, 히니는 공동체를 위해 희 생당한 이들을 기억하면서 자신의 죄책감을 표현하는데, 이는 당대 북아일랜드 사태를 떠올리게 했기 때문이다. 또한 예이츠는 지배계급 이데올로기를 반영하여 고정된 민족 정체성을 추구한 반면, 히니는 늪지에 관한 시에서 특정한 관점에 고정되지 않는 민족 정체성을 구상하고 있다. 현대시인 멀둔과 더컨은 희생자들의 이미지를 통해 국가권력 기관의 폭력성을 폭로한다. 멀둔은 정신병원에서 철저히 감시되는 한 개인을 그리고, 더컨은 한 개인의 사적 영역인 신체마저도 통제하는 국가사법 시스템을 비판한다.

This paper aims at investigating the ways in which Irish poets portray victims in modern Irish history. In their ekphrases, they attempt to resuscitate the excluded from official national history. Yeats invents an imagined community of the Ascendancy in his reminiscence of Lady Gregory and Synge. Unlike Yeats’s pride in the victims who once established a great tradition of Ireland, Heaney expresses his guilty conscience as he depicts ancient victims sacrificed to their communities, which reminds him of contemporary sectarian violence, the Troubles. Whereas Yeats’s ideal nationhood reflects his aristocratic class ideology, Heaney’s, represented in his bog poems, aspires to open-ended national identity. Muldoon and Durcan indict oppressive state apparatuses through the images of victims. If Muldoon exposes how systematically an individual is surveilled in a state psychiatric hospital, Durcan criticizes the authoritative state juridical system that takes control of the private realm of one’s body.

이 연구는 부산의 초등학교 4학년을 대상으로 치아 부위별 칫솔질 패턴을 분석하여 올바른 칫솔질 교육 전략 구성을 위한 필요한 토대를 세우고자 실시하였다. 활동지를 통해 표준칫솔질인 ‘회전법’을 기준으로 상악 협 면, 상악 구개면, 하악 협면과 하악 설면의 칫솔질 방법을 교육전과 후로 구분하여 빈도분석을 실시하였다. 교육 후에 상악협면 좌측구치, 전치, 상악우측구치에서 교육 후 회전법으로 이를 닦는 학생이 증가하였다. 상악설면 좌 측구치는 교육후 증가하였으며, 상악설측 전치는 교육전에 비해 교육 후 감소하였다. 상악설측 우측구치는 교육후 증가하였다. 하악협면 좌측구치, 전치, 우측구치는 교육 후 증가하였다. 하악설면 좌측구치, 전치, 하악설면 우측구 치는 교육 후 증가하였다. 교육 전과 교육 후에 기존의 칫솔질 방법에서 교육 시행 후 ‘회전법’으로의 칫솔질 행태 가 변화된 것은 교육의 효과가 입증되었음을 확인할 수 있으며, 학생의 기존의 칫솔질 방법의 패턴을 알고 적절한 부위에 효과적인 칫솔질 방법을 교육함으로써 행동 변화를 일으킬 수 있다는 것을 발견할 수 있었다.

This study was conducted to establish the necessary foundation for the formation of a proper brushing education strategy by analyzing the brushing patterns for 4th grade elementary school students in Busan. After education, the number of students with the rotational method increased after education on the maxillary buccal left molars, anterior teeth, and maxillary right molars. The maxillary lingual left posterior teeth increased after education, and the maxillary lingual anterior teeth decreased after education compared to before education. The maxillary lingual right molar increased after education. Mandibular buccal left molars, anterior teeth, and right molars increased after education. Mandibular lingual left molars, anterior teeth, and mandibular lingual right molars increased after education. The fact that the brushing behavior changed before and after the education to the ‘rotation method' after the education provided confirms that the effectiveness of the education has been proven. It was found that education can lead to behavior change.

고혈압을 비롯한 기저질환자의 COVID-19 발생률과 사망률이 높다고 밝혀지고 있다. COVID-19 대유행 상황에서 건강관리를 위해서 손 씻기만큼 칫솔질은 매우 중요하다. 이에 본 연구의 목적은 고혈압 기저질환자의 칫솔질과 손 씻기 실천율과의 관련 요인을 파악하기 위하여 수행되었다. 지역사회건강조사 2020년 원시자료를 이 용하여 만 40세 이상 고혈압 기저질환자 62,762명을 대상으로 분석하였다. 연구결과 여성, 연령이 낮을수록, 교육 수준이 높을수록, 외출 시 마스크 착용자, 점심식사 후 칫솔질 실천자에서 손 씻기 실천율이 높게 나타났다. 칫솔질 을 실천한 고혈압 기저질환자에서 손 씻기 실천율이 더 높은 것으로 나타나 구강위생과 개인방역 사이의 연관성을 확인하였다. COVID-19 감염에 취약한 기저질환자에게 감염병 예방 행태 실천율을 높이기 위한 지속가능한 방안 마련이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

It has been found that the incidence and mortality of COVID-19 are high in patients with underlying chronic diseases. Amid COVID-19 pandemic, tooth brushing is as important as hand washing for health care. The aim of this study was to identify factors related to the rate of tooth brushing and hand washing in hypertensive patients. We analyzed 62,762 hypertensive patients over the age of 40 from the Community Health Survey 2020. The practice rate of hand washing was higher among women, younger age, higher education level, mask wearers when going out, and tooth brushing practitioners after lunch. The hand washing practice rate was higher in hypertensive patients who practiced tooth brushing. In conclusion, there was the relationship between oral hygiene and personal quarantine. It is necessary to prepare sustainable measures to increase the practice rate of infectious disease prevention behaviors for patients with underlying chronic diseases who are susceptible to COVID-19.

본 연구는 대학생(국내 및 국외)의 칫솔질 행태와 구강건강상태의 관련성을 SPSS WIN 12.0 분석한 결과 유의성이 있는 결과를 얻었다. 연령은 20-23세에서 성별은 여성이 올바른 칫솔질 형태가 높게 나타났다. 대학생(국내 및 국외)은 국내 대학생이 3번 이상 칫솔질, 점심 후 칫솔질, (치아, 잇몸, 혀) 닦는 경우, 3개월 안에 칫솔교체, 칫솔갯수 3개 이상, 칫솔질 교육을 받은 경우 높았다. Decayed Teeth index는 외국인 유학생, 점심 후 칫솔질과 칫솔질 교육이 ‘무’, 치약 선택 시 고려가 높았고 Filled Teeth index는 20-23세, 여학생, 국내 대학생, 3번 이상 칫솔질, 점심 후 칫솔질과 칫솔질 교육이 ‘무’가 높았다. Missing Teeth index는 20-23세, 3개월 안에 칫솔교체가 낮았다. 다중회귀분석 결과 Y(DT index)=4.541-1.074(여성)+2.359(외국인 유학생)로 분석되었다. 따라서 대학생의 구강건강 증진을 위해 올바른 칫솔질행태에 대한 체계적인 교육이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

This study, As a result of the SPSS WIN 12.0 analysis, significant results were obtained the relationship between tooth brushing behaviors and oral health status of college students (domestic and overseas). If age was 20-23 years old and women were high the correct toothbrushing behaviors. If domestic students was higher in more than 3times toothbrushing, toothbrushing after lunch, toothbrushing, toothbrush replacement within 3months, toothbrush more than 3, received toothbrushing education. Decayed Teeth index is higher if foreign student, toothbrushing after lunch and receive toothbrushing education is ‘no', consider selecting toothpaste. Filled Teeth index is higher if the 20-23 years old, female, domestic students, more than 3times toothbrushing, toothbrushing after lunch and receive toothbrushing education is 'no'. Missing Teeth index is the lowest if 20-23 years, toothbrush replacement within 3months. Results were analyzed by multiple regression Y(Decayed Teeth index)=4.541-1.074((Female)+2.359(foreign students). Therefore, this should be made systematic training on proper toothbrushing behavior to improve the oral health of university students.

연구는 경남 양산시 Y치과병원 내 계속구강관리실에 구강관리 프로그램을 받는 성인 35명에게 칫솔질 교 육 및 와타나베 칫솔질을 2주 간격으로 5회 시행 후 치면세균막 지수 변화와 와타나베 칫솔질에 의한 치은출혈의 변화를 확인하고 반복적인 구강관리교육의 효과 및 와타나베 칫솔질의 효과에 대한 근거를 뒷받침하여 치과 현장 에서 활용 가능한 전문가 관리의 기초자료가 되고자 한다. 연구 방법 및 연구목적에 대해 충분한 설명을 한 후 동 의를 구하여 설문조사 및 구강관리 검사를 시행하였으며, SPSS statisctics를 이용하여 계속구강관리 프로그램 회 차별 치면세균막 관리 변화 및 와타나베 치은출혈 변화는 RM-ANOVA로 분석하였다. 연구 결과 계속구강관리 프로그램 1회부터 5회까지 치면세균막 지수와 치은출혈의 변화를 반복 측정하였을 때 회차를 거듭할수록 대상자 의 구강건강관리 능력이 개선되었으며, 치은 출혈량이 감소되었음을 확인할 수 있었다(p<.05). 향후 치과 내원 고 객의 구강건강 유지 및 증진을 위하여 치과 현장에서 실질적으로 활용 가능한 계속구강관리 프로그램에 치과위생 사가 지속적으로 개입하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 사료된다.

This study aimed to determine the changes in gingival bacterial membrane index and gingival bleeding caused by Watanabe toothbrushing after repeated oral care education and Watanabe toothbrushing five times at 2-week intervals in 35 adults receiving oral care programs in the Continuous Oral Care Unit at Y Dental Hospital in Yangsan, Gyeongnam, and to provide evidence for the effectiveness of repeated oral care education and Watanabe toothbrushing, which can be used as a basis for professional management in the dental field. After fully explaining the study method and purpose, consent was obtained and surveys and oral care examinations were conducted, and changes in gingival bacterial film management and changes in Watanabe gingival bleeding were analyzed by RM-ANOVA using SPSS statisctics. The results of the study showed that the subjects' oral health care ability improved and the amount of gingival bleeding decreased over time (p<.05) when repeatedly measuring the changes in gingival bacterial film index and gingival bleeding from the first to the fifth session of the continuous oral care program. In the future, it is recommended that dental hygienists should be involved in continuous oral care programs that can be practically used in dental offices to maintain and improve the oral health of dental clients.

In this study, the effect of hair brushing on reducing dandruff and enhancing hair gloss, which is an indicator of hair health, was examined. Hair brushing is a technique that can be incorporated into a daily routine to promote scalp health and prevent hair loss in a busy schedule. Hair brushing is a technique that can be incorporated into a daily routine to promote scalp health and prevent hair loss in a busy schedule. All participants used the same shampoo, provided with instructions on how to use the brush as part of their home care routine for a period of 30 days. Prior to the experiment, researchers conducted a survey to assess participants' expectations, targeting 20 individuals of both genders aged in their 20s to 60s. The results showed that 65.0% of participants responded positively, with an average rating of 3.95 out of 5. Statistical significance was verified through a comparative analysis of average hair gloss measured before and after the experiment using the MPA6 MDD4 Scalp Glossymeter GL200 Probe (Germany). The average hair gloss increased from 2.25 points before the experiment to 2.79 points after the experiment, showing a statistically significant difference. The results showed a statistically significant difference (t=-5.273, p<.05). In addition, a comparative analysis of images for scalp desquamation (using COMSCAM UBS 225, Korea) visually confirmed a significant decrease. Additionally, it was observed that the participants had positive expectations regarding the beneficial effects of using a hairbrush before shampooing to manage dry scalp and promote scalp health. Participants expressed the highest intention to continue using the hairbrush with a score of 4.50, and it was noted that they also had a high intention to recommend the hairbrush to others with a score of 4.40. This appears to be the result reflecting the effects of hair brushing and psychological satisfaction. All six satisfaction items, including the two mentioned above, showed satisfaction scores exceeding the median of 3 points, indicating a high satisfaction level with the effectiveness and user experience of the hairbrush.

This study aims at providing basic materials to develop an effective plan for Dental health education,for this purpose, we surveyed and examined daily tooth-brushing habits and methods and its plaqueremoval-accuracy and effectiveness using the Plaque Index for 110 dental hygiene students of A collegeselected among dental hygiene students who are growing as leading experts for oral heath education.The results are as following.1. As the answer of a question about whether or not using rotating method in brushing their teeth, therewasn’t big difference between the answers but ‘yes’53.6% was little higher than ‘no’46.4%.2. As the answer of a question about the reason why one does not use the rotating method, ‘becauseone cannot easily change its habits’62.7% was highest then ‘because it is difficult to do’27.5% and‘because it takes too much time’9.8% were followed.3. As a result of surveying the reason why one does not use the rotating method according to the periodwhen the subjects learned the method, overall, ‘because one cannot easily change its habits’62.7%was highest, ‘because it is difficult to do’27.5% and ‘because it takes too much time’9.8% werefollowed, while in case that it was at the elementary school period when one was taught, ‘because itis difficult to do’54.5 was highest, showing a meaning different(p＜.05).4. As a result of reviewing differency of the total score of decreasing level by each removal level of thePlaque Index according to whether or not using the rotating method, overall irrespective of whetheror not using the rotating method, the Plaque Index was found to be removed, and in case of usingthe rotating method, 15.29 points were decreased, while in case of not using it, 14.32 points weredecreased, so we could know that using the rotating method was more effective.5. As a result of examining removal level of the Plaque Index according to whether or not using therotating method, when one would use the rotating method in the upper-cheek, front-tongue rear-tongue except the lower cheek, ones who did not use the rotation method decreased in the PlaqueIndex, but the difference was not meaningfully large.

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the snack intake and brushing behavior according to the oral health education experience in some schools in Busan, and to investigate whether the oral health education experience affects the snack intake and brushing behavior. Methods: This study surveyed the entire fourth grade of elementary school in two districts by participating in university-linked oral health education activities run under the jurisdiction of the education office business to examine changes in the behavior of elementary school students in their snack intake and toothbrush. The survey was conducted on oral health education in elementary schools, prior oral health education experience before and after the activity, whether or not the brushing classroom was operated, and contents related to eating snacks and brushing behaviors. Result: Among the general characteristics of some schools in Busan, 69.9% of students have experience in oral health education and 30.1% of people have no experience in oral health education. 20.0%, 16.3% were 'normal' and 63.7% were 'helpful'. The brushing behavior according to the oral health education was 44.9% in the number of brushings, 44.9% in the number of brushings, 45.7% in 2-3 minutes in the time of brushing, 41.2% in the brushing method by sweeping the brush up and down. In the daily brushing period, 'after breakfast' was the highest at 72.3%, and the parent's brushing instruction was 'to lead' at 65.1%. The amount of sugar in subjective snacks was the highest with 60.6% of sugar content, and the parents had the highest level of 52.2% for parents' snack intake. This result was more significant than the students without oral health education experience. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the number and time of brushing, the method and timing of brushing according to the experience of oral health education. Students who had oral health education experience higher than those who did not have oral health education, but had a lower tendency to brush after lunch at school and before going to bed. For better oral health, the effect of oral health education will be better if the school has more systematic toothbrushing at lunch time and parental guidance at home.

The human life expectancy has been extended thanks to the development of economy and society, the advance of science and technology, and the rise of living standard, but the prevalence of systemic diseases is increasing steadily. This study was conducted in order to investigate subjective periodontal health condition and oral health behaviors according to history of systemic diseases, in particular, hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia, and to provide basic information for developing programs to manage systemic disease patients’ oral health. For this study, we selected 419 adults in Jollanam‐do through convenient sampling and conducted a survey using a self‐reporting questionnaire during the period from the 16th to 30th of May, 2011. Of the 419 questionnaires, we excluded 16 replied adequately and used 403 questionnaires in the final analysis. Collected data were analyzed through frequency analysis and Chi‐square test with SPSS Version 17.0 for Windows. According to the results of this study, in the group with history of diabetes, subjective perception of bad breath was higher and those with smoking experience were more than those without, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). In the group with history of hypertension, subjective tooth mobility was higher, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). In the group with history of hyperlipidemia, those with smoking experience were more than those without, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). In the group with history of systemic disease, subjective tooth mobility and subjective perception of bad breath were higher, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). As to the relation between the number of systemic diseases experienced and tooth brushing frequency, the healthy group was found to brush the teeth 3 times or more a day and the group with history of 2 or more systemic diseases was found to brush the teeth twice or less a day. Thus, tooth brushing frequency was lower in the group with history of multiple systemic diseases than in the healthy group and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Those with history of diabetes showed higher subjective perception of bad breath and those with history of hypertension showed higher subjective tooth mobility, and these differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). In addition, those who experienced a larger number of systemic diseases were found to brush their teeth less and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05).

Objectives: To determine the influence of the general characteristics and health behaviors of adolescents on tooth-brushing frequency. Methods: The SPSS program(ver.21.0:IBM Corp.) was used to analyze the frequency of general characteristics, subjective health perception, and oral health behaviors, as well as to investigate the effects of subjective health perception, stress, and GAD-7 on tooth-brushing frequency, using a multiple regression analysis. Results: Of the respondents, 81.3% brushed their teeth more than twice the previous day. Significant differences in toothbrushing frequency were observed among those with better subjective health, thinner body types, lower stress levels, and lower GAD-7 scores. Conclusions: Subjective health awareness and behavior, including mental health, affect an individual's oral health behavior, such as tooth-brushing frequency. Therefore, strategies that consider physical, mental, and psychological factors should be developed to promote oral health.

본 연구는 보육교사의 주도적인 칫솔질 지도(칫솔질 교육, 칫솔질 지도)를 통해 유아의 치면세균막지수(Qugley-Hein indx) 변화를 살펴보고 구강건강 증진 방안을 모색하고자 시행하였다. 2020년 9월 8일부터 2021년 2월 18일까지 B시 D대학교 부설 어린이집 보육교사 4명과 원아 36명을 대상으로 보육교사의 주기적인 구강보건교육과 매일 점심 후 칫솔질 지도를 통해 치면세균막지수(Qugley-Hein indx)가 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 전문가(치과위생사)의 보육교사 대상 구강보건교육으로 유아의 구강건강관리에 대한 관심과 필요성이 높아지는 긍정적인 효과를 확인하였으며 유아의 점심식사 후 칫솔질 지도를 통해 구강질환을 예방할 수 있는 긍정적인 효과를 확인하였다. 이를 통해 유아를 대상으로 구강관리를 좀 더 효율적으로 할 수 있는 보육교사의 교육 기회를 확대하고 관심을 유도할 수 방안이 모색되어져야 할 것이다.

This study was conducted to examine changes in the Qugley-Hein indx of infants through the guidance of childcare teachers (tooth brushing education, brushing instruction) and to seek ways to improve oral health. From September 8, 2020 to February 18, 2021, the dental plaque index (Qugley-Hein indx) was confirmed to decrease. Oral health education for childcare teachers by experts (dental hygienists) confirmed the positive effect of increasing children's interest and need for oral health care. Confirmed. Through this, it is necessary to find ways to expand educational opportunities for childcare teachers who can do oral care more effectively for children and to induce interest.

본 연구에서는 잇솔질 후 헹굼 횟수에 따른 흡광도 및 pH 변화를 조사하여 구강 내 잔여 치약의 양을 확인하고 이를 통하여 적정 헹굼 횟수를 제시하고자 하였다. 연구대상자는 대전, K대학 대학생 중 일생생활에 지장이 없는 건강 한 신체를 가진 학생 총 14명을 선정하였으며, 연구대상자는 잇솔질 후 0회부터 12회까지 40ml의 물로 입울 헹구었다. 각 헹굼액은 수거하여 흡광도 및 pH를 측정하였다. 헹굼액의 흡광도 값을 측정한 결과, 잇솔질 후 6 ∼ 7회의 헹굼액부 터 흡광도 값이 일정한 수치를 보이며 통계적으로 유의한 결과가 나타났다(p<0.05). 1g, 1.5g, 2g으로 달리한 치약의 양에 따라서는 차이가 없었다. 향후 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 세치제 사용에 관한 교육과 구강 내 잔여 세치제가 구강에 미치는 영향에 대한 다양한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

This study aimed to suggest the optimum number of rinsing by researching changes in optical density and pH in accordance with the number of rinsing after toothbrushing, and then verifying the amount of residual toothpaste in mouth. Total 14 university students who had healthy body with no difficulties in daily life were selected from the students of K university in Daegu as the research subjects. The research subjects rinsed their mouths with 40ml of water from zero time to 12 times after toothbrushing. After collecting each rinsing water, the optical density and pH were measured. In the results of measuring the optical density value of each rinsing water, the rinsing water of six-seven times or more after toothbrushing showed the constant value of optical density, which was statistically significant(p<0.05). There were no differences in accordance with the amount of toothpaste such as 1g, 1.5g, and 2g. Based on such results of this study, it would be necessary to provide the education of the use of dentifrice, and also to have diverse researches on the effects of residual dentifrice in mouth on the oral cavity.

(1) 인납의 재료와 가공 방법: 불건성유나 반건성유, 65∼75%의 밀랍이 가장 유용하였다. 유연성과 점착성 생 성을 위하여 반드시 으깨야 했다. (2) 묵즙의 인쇄 적성: 금속활자판 인쇄용으로 수성 묵즙은 부적합하였고, 유성 묵즙은 적합하였다. (3) 묵즙의 구성 성분과 비율: 연매 재료는 5∼10%, 용매 재료는 5%, 기능성 첨가제 는 5∼10%의 곡류 풀이나 아교액이 유용하였다. (4) 묵즙의 도포 기술: 인판에 도포하는 기술이 인쇄물의 서 품을 좌우하는 핵심 요소였다. (5) 서엽의 특징: 전반적 분위기와 개별 문자의 특징이 『직지』와 매우 유사하 였다. 이로써 고려시대에 사용하였던 『직지』 인쇄용 금속활자의 조판 및 인출의 방법은 이 범주 내에 있을 것으로 판단한다.

(1) Material for printing wax and processing method: Non-drying oil or semidrying oil and 65∼75% wax were most effective. Mashing was necessary in order to create flexibility and stickiness. (2) Printing suitability of chinese ink: Water chinese ink was not suitable, but oil ink was suitable for metal type printing. (3) Content and proportion of chinese ink: The most effective combination was 5∼10% soot carbon, 5% solvent and functional additives with 5∼10% grain paste or glue. (4) Application technique of chinese ink: The application technique on printing plate was the key factor determining the quality of printed material. (5) Characteristic of brushed page: The overall style and trait of individual character was very similar to that of Jikji. Consequently, it is concluded that the typesetting and brushing techniques of metal types used for printing Jikji in Korea dynasty were within this range.

금속활자를 이용하여 서적을 생산하는 인출의 기술적 과정을 경험자의 증언과 직 접 실험을 통하여 밝혔다. (1) 인출의 전반적인 과정으로 우선 墨汁․冊紙․工具 등의 자재를 준비하고, 인판 을 인출대에 고정시킨 후, 인출면에 묵즙 칠하기․책지 얹기․밀대로 인출하기․책지 걷어내기 등의 작업을 차례로 반복하여 필요한 양만큼의 인쇄물을 생산하며, 인판은 해판하여 재사용하는 등의 기술적 과정을 구체적으로 밝혔다. (2) 인출 공구는 먹솔과 밀대가 사용되었다. 먹솔은 벼이삭의 穗로 만들었고, 밀대 는 말총이나 사람의 머리카락에 밀랍을 입힌 印髢가 사용되었다. (3) 인쇄용 묵즙은 입자가 굵은 저급품 그을음을 사용하되 액체로 조제하였다. 고 체 상태의 먹을 사용할 경우는 물에 2～3일 담그거나 끓여서 조제하였다. (4) 책지는 인판의 크기․서적의 크기․本紙의 크기를 참작하여 여백을 둘 수 있도 록 재단하였다. (5) 우수한 書品의 인쇄물을 얻기 위하여는 인출면의 균일도・먹물의 농도와 인출 면에 칠하는 양・책지의 吸水性과 吸水量・밀거나 두드리는 인출기술 등이 유기적으 로 조화를 이루어야 가능하였다. 이는 이론적 연구보다 숙련된 경험적 기술만이 가능 하였다. 이러한 실험적 연구는 묵즙과 책지의 印刷適性․인출기술과의 관계를 최초로 분석한 것이다.

This study explored the technical aspects of brushing process of metal types printing through veteran's testimony and actual experiment. (1) In general, the brushing process was conducted by preparing materials such as chinese ink, book paper and tools, followed by fixation of printing board into the frame, painting chinese ink on the printing face, placing book paper, wax brushing, and removing the book paper. This process was repeated in order until the necessary quantities of printing were produced, and then, the printing board was disjointed for the next usage. This study thoroughly investigated these processes. (2) Ink brush and brush were both used as the brushing tool. Ink brush was made from ear of grain, and brush was developed by waxing hairs of horse or human. (3) Printing ink was made by liquefying thick soots of low quality. When using ink in solid form, it was soaked in water for 2-3 days, or boiled prior to usage. (4) Sizes of printing board, printed book, and handmade paper were counted prior to trimming margins of book paper. (5) In oder to obtain printed outputs of high book-quality, it was essential to carefully control various factors of the brushing process systematically, such as evenness of printing face, thickness of ink, amount of ink on the printing face, absorptiveness of book paper, absorbing amount of book paper, and brushing techniques of rolling and pounding. Theses processes could be successfully conducted through repeated practices rather than theoretical knowledge. This study is the first attempt to experimentally examine the relationships among ink characteristics, printing aptitude of book paper, and brushing techniques.

An adenoid cystic carcinoma is a very rare primary pulmonary neoplasm. Bronchial washing and brushing cytological findings of pulmonary adenoid cystic carcinoma have rarely been described. Here, we report the bronchial brushing cytological findings of an adenoid cystic carcinoma, finally diagnosed in a 71-year-old female patient. The low-power view showed moderate cellularity and cohesive clusters of small to medium-sized cells. The high-power view revealed distinct nuclear moldings, a coarse chromatin pattern, and inconspicuous nucleoli, which was favorable to a diagnosis of small cell carcinoma. However, apoptotic bodies, nuclear debris, and mitoses were not seen frequently. The bronchial biopsy showed solid, trabecular, and cribriform patterns in small cells. Periodic acid Schiff staining disclosed globular basement membrane-like materials, and the immunohistochemical staining revealed the presence of myoepithelial cell components, strongly suggestive of a salivary gland type tumor, compatible with an adenoid cystic carcinoma. In this report, we describe the exfoliative cytological features of a pulmonary adenoid cystic carcinoma with emphasis on some diagnostic pitfalls.

새싹이나 어린잎과 같이 싹을 길러 이용할 수 있는 채소에 대한 관심이 커지고 있으나, 조직이 연해 수확 후 급격히 품질이 저하되어, 품질을 유지할 수 있도록 수확 전 재배에서부터 개선방법을 강구하고자 하였다. 본 실험에서는 다채의 어린잎 채소를 재배 중에 brushing처리를 주어 생육 및 재배 후 포장하여, 중량감소, 선도와 SPAD 등의 수확 전 요인에 따른 수확 후 변화 요인을 조사하였다. 수확 시 다채의 생육은 무처리구에 비해 물리적 brushing처리구에서 초장이나 생체중은 적었으나, 조직이 치밀한 것으로 나타났다. 재배 중 brushing처리한 어린 다채 잎은 저장 중 생체중량 변화, $O_2$ 소모나 $CO_2$ 축적 정도, 색차 변화가 적은 경향을 보였다. 그러나 SPAD값이나 선도에서는 처리간의 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 어린 다채 잎은 재배 중 물리적 brushing처리로 식물 조직이 치밀해지고, 생육은 적어졌으나, 포장 후 저장 특성은 다소 차이가 있었으나, 선도에는 큰 차이를 보이지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 어린잎 채소 다채는 재배 중 brushing처리에 의한 물리적 처리가 수확 후 미치는 영향이 크지 않아, 다른 방법으로 품질을 개선할 수 있는 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of brushing treatment during cultivation on the postharvest quality of the baby leaf vegetable, specifically tah tasai Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris var. narinosa). The effect of mechanical brushing during cultivation on the postharvest quality was determined in terms of the quality changes in weight loss, gas partial pressure, leaf color, and appearance during storage using a 30-${\mu}m$-thick polypropylene film at $16^{\circ}C$. The brushing treatment included brushing with A4 paper back and forth 50 times a day. The study revealed that the growths on the brushing-treated plant group were less than those on the control group. The structure of the leaf tissue of the brushing-treated plant also tended to be less compact than that of the non-treated plant. The brushing treatment resulted in less growth and denser plant tissues as well as in differences in the gas $O_2$ consumption and $CO_2$ accumulation after packaging. For the gas partial pressure, the $O_2$ consumption and $CO_2$ accumulation of the brushing-treated plant tended to be less than those of the non-treated plant. There were no differences, however, between the brushing-treated plant and control groups in the SPAD value and appearance. The study results also suggested that after packaging, the effects of the brushing treatment during cultivation on the quality of the tah tasai Chinese cabbage baby leaf vegetable was not significant. As such, it is recommended that effective post-harvest methods of improving the product quality of the baby leaf vegetable be further investigated.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the modified plaque score (MPS) for assessing the oral hygiene status of periodontitis patients. Methods: A total of 116 patients were included in this study. After evaluation of the $L{\ddot{o}}e$ and Silness gingival index (GI), Silness and $L{\ddot{o}}e$ plaque index (PlI), O'Leary plaque control record (PCR), and MPS, patients were randomly assigned to either a conventional tooth brushing instruction (C-TBI) group (n=56) or a professional intraoral tooth brushing instruction (P-TBI) group (n=60). The MPS and clinical parameters were re-evaluated after scaling and a series of root planing. The convergent validity of MPS with the PlI and PCR was assessed. The measurement time for MPS and PCR was compared according to the proficiency of the examiner. Results: After root planing, the GI, PlI, PCR, and MPS improved from their respective baseline values in both groups. Three different plaque indices including the MPS, showed significant differences between the C-TBI group and the P-TBI group after root planing. The MPS showed significant concurrence with the PCR and PlI. The mean time for PCR measurement was $2.76{\pm}0.71$ times longer than that for MPS measurement after 2 weeks of training. Conclusions: MPS seems to be a practical plaque scoring system compared with the PlI and PCR. These findings suggest that repetitive plaque control combined with an easily applicable plaque index (MPS) may facilitate more effective oral hygiene education and improved periodontal health.

Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial effect of different frequencies of brushing with fluoride toothpaste on the levels of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in children undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Methods: The study included 22 patients scheduled for fixed orthodontic therapy distributed between 2 groups with different hygiene regimes. All the subjects received identical braces, bands, and brackets bonded with the same material. Stimulated saliva samples were obtained before placement of the appliance and at 6, 12, and 18 weeks during the therapy. Saliva samples were cultured on selective microbial agar for the detection of microorganisms. Results: Salivary mutans streptococci were significantly suppressed throughout the experimental period in the group that brushed 4 times a day as compared to the group that brushed twice a day. Salivary lactobacilli were not significantly affected by the frequency of brushing with 0.32% sodium fluoride (NaF) toothpaste. Conclusions: The use of 0.32% NaF-containing toothpaste more than 3 times a day has effective antimicrobial activity on mutans streptococci but not lactobacilli in the saliva of children with fixed orthodontic appliances.