Earticle

이 논문의 목적은 아리스토텔레스 철학의 이른바 ‘점진주의’를 논의하는 데 있다. 논의의 초점은 인간과 다른 동물들 사이의 양적인 정도 차이를 주장하는 두 가지 해석이다. 두 해석은 각각 동물과 인간의 인지 능력에 대한 아리스토텔레스 생물학 내의 생리학적-해부학적 설명에 호소하거나 덕의 생물학적 뿌리들에 대한 아리스토텔레스의 발언들에 의거해서 인간과 동물 사이에는 정도의 차이가 있을 뿐이라고 주장한다. 필자의 관심은 이 두 해석을 비판적으로 검토하면서 아리스토텔레스에게 있어서 동물의 인지 능력들은 모두 감각능력에 속하며 그런 점에서 인간의 지성적 인지 능력과는 본질적으로 다르다는 사실을 구체적인 사례들을 통해 논증하는 데 있다. 동물들의 인지 능력과 관련한 아리스토텔레스의 견해에 대한 이런 해석은 그의 동물행동학에 대한 보다 정교한 ‘차이론적’ 해석을 전개하는 데 첫걸음이 될 것이다.

The aim of this article is to discuss the so-called ‘gradualism’ in Aristotle's philosophy. It focuses on two interpretations which argue for the gradual difference between humans and other animals, each by appeal to the physiological and anatomical explanations for cognitive capacities in Aristotle' biology and to his remarks on the biological roots of virtue. My concern here is to deal critically with these approaches and to argue by means of examples that Aristotle ascribes the cognitive capacities of other animals to their aisthētikon and in this way differentiates them from human noetic capacities. My reading of Aristotle' view on animal cognition would be the first step in developing a more specified version of ‘differentialist’ understanding of Aristotle's ethology.

Environmentalism and ecocriticism argue that human societies and animals are intricately linked and that the health of one depends upon the health of the other. So, they emphasize the interdependence between humans and animals with respect to the specificity and living rights of the latter. This paper poses a question against the traditional conviction of our society toward the animals and offers a biocentric view of the interconnectedness of all living things on earth instead of the anthropocentric view of human dominance over nature and animals. Young readers with access to good quality environmental literature concerning humans and animals will grow into responsible citizens who truly care about sustaining animal life with both an intellectual understanding of ecology and an emotional bond with animals. And eventually they will be able to have a passion for applying their knowledge and sensibility to the fundamental redesign of the human and animal environment and the maintenance of the web of life on the earth.

이 논문은 근세를 대상으로 1990년대 이후 한국에서 발표된 논문 가운데 조선과 일본 사이의 물품교류와 직･간접적으로 관련된 연구 성과를 중심으로 연구의 현황과 특징, 그리고 앞으로의 과제를 소개하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 그동안의 물품교류 관련 연구는 통신사･문위행 등의 외교사행과 왜관에 도항하는 일본사신 관련 물품교류 및 공･사무역 등을 통한 연구가 주를 이루었다. 최근에는 그동안 연구가 진행되지 않은 개별 물품에 관한 연구로 확대되어 가고 있는데, 물품의 종류는 구체적으로는 약재류･동물류･음식류･문방구류･서적류･피물류･직물류･도자류･회화류 등으로 매우 다양하다. 본고에서는 주로 역사학계에서 이루어진 물품교류 현황에 대해 검토했지만, 사실 물품이라는 주제는 하나의 학문 영역으로 귀속되기 어렵다. 물품은 인간의 모든 생활과 상호 교류에 쓰인 도구의 총체로서, 물품에 내재된 특징과 역사성에 따라 다양한 학문분과 간의 연구 협력을 전개할 수 있는 주제가 된다. 따라서 물품을 키워드로 폭넓은 학제적 융합이 필요하다. 또한 한국과 일본이라는 단일지역에서 탈피해 한･중･일과 더 나아가서는 동유라시아 차원으로 연구 대상 지역을 확대할 필요가 있다. 그리고 단순한 생산 차원에서 한 단계 더 나아가 그것이 어떻게 생산되어 어떤 경로를 통해 교역･유통되고 어느 지역의 어느 계층을 중심으로 소비되었는지에 관한 총체적인 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the current status, characteristics, and future tasks of the research centered on the exchange of goods between Joseon and Japan directly and indirectly among the papers published in Korea after the 1990s. Until now, research on commodity exchange was mainly conducted through diplomatic envoys such as Tongshinsa(通信使) and Munuihaeng (問慰行), as well as commodity exchange and public and private trade related to Japanese envoys sailing to Waegwan(倭館). Recently, it has been expanding to research on individual items that have not been studied. Specifically, the types of goods vary widely from medicinal ingredients, animals, foods, stationery, books, leather, textiles, ceramics, and paintings. In this paper, I reviewed the current status of commodity exchanges in the historical community. In fact, however, it is difficult to attribute goods to one academic area. Goods are the aggregate of tools used in everything used in everyday life, and in every human life and interaction. Research cooperation between various academic divisions can be carried out according to the characteristics and historical characteristics inherent in the goods. Therefore, a wide range of academic convergence is needed for the keyword ‘goods’. It is also necessary to pay attention to the analysis of goods produced, traded, distributed, and consumed at the level of East Eurasia, moving away from a single region of Korea and Japan. Also I think a holistic study is needed on what goods are being distributed and consumed, how they are produced and traded through what channels, and where and what classes they are consumed around.

은유는 우리들의 일반 언어생활에서 없어서는 안되는 언어요소이며 이것은 언어생 활 뿐 만 아니라 우리들의 사유와 행위 중에서도 응용된다. 은유는 표면의 문자의미로만 구성되는 것이 아니라 사회, 문화와 상호 결합하여 상징이라는 의미로 인식되며 활용되 어진다. 또한 중국어에서 성어는 일상대화에서 사용될 뿐 아니라 이를 통해 선인들의 인 생의 역사적 형식을 반영하며 우리들에게 전해져 왔다. 따라서 성어에는 선인들의 지혜 와 교훈이 담겨져 있고 또한 그들의 살았던 시대의 정신이 담겨있다. 특히 선인들은 이러한 시대를 대표하는 사고들은 외부사물을 통해 나타내었다. 특히 이런 사고의탁 외부 사물에는 동물이 대다수를 차지하였고 이는 그림, 서적, 건축물 등 역사적 유물을 통해 선인의 생활상과 사고관을 알 수 있다. 이는 각 동물이 나타내는 개별 적 싱징성과 암시성이 있음을 유추할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 고대에서 현재까지도 인 간의 생활, 즉 의식주과 불가분의 관계에 있는 동물 중 소(牛)에 대해 이를 사용한 성어의 음유의 유형을 분석하고 분류해 보고자 한다. 소(牛)는 중국전통 농업사회에서 중요한 생산도구이자, 부의 상징이고, 제사의 제물이자 식재료가 되는 등 인간생활과 불가분의 관계에 있는 동물이다. 따라서 소(牛)가 상징하는 심층적 의미는 그 종류가 각기 다른데 즉 소(牛) 와 결합된 성어가 원래 소 (牛)가 가지고 있는 상징적 의미를 그대로 나타내는 지 아니면 파생되어 나타내는 지를 분석해 보았다. 소(牛)가 포함된 성어의 나타내는 의 미를 대분류하면 능력과 세력이 크다는 것과 사람이 우매하고 능력이 떨어진다는 것, 고 집이 세다는 것, 빈천한 것과 사회생활과 관련된 도구와 생활상태, 사물의 진리와 도리를 나타내는 것으로 분류 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 개념은유의 이론을 통해 소(牛)성어의 은유의 의미와 은유의 시각 으로 소(牛)성어들에서 서로 다른 파생된 의미와 그 배후의 사회문화를 연구하고 한어 소(牛)단어 자체의 의미에서 추상적 심층의미가 포함하는 의미의 특성을 살펴보고 문화 적 관점에서 소(牛)가 역사 발전과정에서의 단면적 상징의미와 나아가 소(牛) 성어 의미 가 언어, 문화 , 사회등과의 상호의존관계와 각자의 역할을 분석하여 중국어 성어와 중국 문화에 대해 좀 더 쉽게 이해할 수 있도록 기초적인 자료를 제공 하고자 한다.

Metaphor is not merely the rhetorical device, used to decorate literature and writing but is also a tool used in everyday life, subconsciously and automatically. It reflects human cognition, and how people can understand new concepts and determine how to see the world. Through cultural exchange, people can discove that different languages are associated with different customs, social patterns and histories, affecting why people have different insight, and perception, and, therefore, cognition regarding the same concepts. In Chinese culture, “Niu” are considered the most crucial labor source in traditional agricultural society, and as the working partners. “Niu” has a rich cultural connotation and are related to the language. This research uses "Conceptual Metaphor theory developed by Lakoff and Johnson as the foundation for determining the connection between idioms, and metaphor involving “Niu” as well as the surface and underlying meanings of these idioms. In the present chapter the "Conceptual Metaphor Theory” address the relationship between idioms and metaphor involving “Niu”, analyze the history of “Niu” and explores the evolution of symbolism of “Niu”. Metaphor, culture and language, influence each other. The relationship among language, culture and society are explored on the basis of semantic moleclues. This essay mainly focuses on the research on the metaphors of idioms related to "Niu", except for the related idioms of "Niu". In addition to the research, the author also briefly talks about the tracing of the culture of cattle and what the cattle in the society are bestowed by people.

The essentiality of zinc for animals has been recognized over 80 years. Zinc is an essential trace element that is a component of many enzymes and is associated with the various hormones. Apart from the nutritional function, zinc has antimicrobial property and often be supplemented in diets in the quantities greater than which is required to meet the nutritional requirement, especially for weaning pigs. This review will focus on the application of pharmacological zinc and its mechanisms which may be responsible for the effects of zinc on performance and health of monogastric animals. Various novel sources of zinc in non-ruminant animal production will also be discussed. These should assist in more precisely formulating feed to maximize the production performance and to maintain the health condition of monogastric animals.

In a global context, bacterial diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria have inflicted sustained damage on both humans and animals. Although antibiotics initially appeared to offer an easy treatment for most bacterial infections, the recent rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria, stemming from antibiotic misuse, has prompted regulatory measures to control antibiotic usage. Consequently, various alternatives to antibiotics are being explored, with a particular focus on bacteriophage (phage) therapy for treating bacterial diseases in animals. Animals are broadly categorized into livestock, closely associated with human dietary habits, and companion animals, which have attracted increasing attention. This study highlights phage therapy cases targeting prominent bacterial strains in various animals. In recent years, research on bacteriophages has gained considerable attention, suggesting a promising avenue for developing alternative substances to antibiotics, particularly crucial for addressing challenging bacterial diseases in the future.

Cortisol and corticosterone, hormones traditionally considered biomarkers of stress, can be measured in fluid biomatrices (e.g., blood, saliva) from live animals to evaluate conditions at sampling time, or in solid biomatrices (e.g., hair, feather) from live or dead animals to obtain information regarding long-term changes. Using these biomarkers to evaluate physiological stress responses in domestic animals may be challenging due to the diverse characteristics of biomatrices for potential measurement. Ideally, a single measurement from the biomatrix should be sufficient for evaluating chronic stress. The availability of appropriate and cost-effective immunoassay methods for detecting the biomarkers should also be considered. This review discusses the strengths and limitations of different biomatrices with regard to ensuring the highest possible reliability for chronic stress evaluation. Overall, solid biomatrices require less frequent sampling than other biomatrices, resulting in greater time- and cost-effectiveness, greater ease of use, and fewer errors. The multiplex immunoassay can be used to analyze interactions and correlations between cortisol and other stress biomarkers in the same biomatrix. In light of the lack of information regarding appropriate biomatrices for measuring chronic stress, this review may help investigators set experimental conditions or design biological research.

As the number of households that raise dogs and cats is increasing, there is growing interest in animal health. The gut plays an important role in animal health. In particular, the microbiome in the gut is known to affect both the absorption and metabolism of nutrients and the protective functions of the host. Using probiotics on pets has beneficial effects, such as modulating the immune system, helping to reduce stress, protecting against pathogenic bacteria and developing growth performance. The goals of this review are to summarize the relationship between probiotics/the gut microbiome and animal health, to feature technology used for identifying the diversity of microbiota composition of canine and feline microbiota, and to discuss recent reports on probiotics in canines and felines and the safety issues associated with probiotics and the gut microbiome in companion animals.

This study investigated the effects of music combined with heartbeat sounds played through stuffed animals for 4 weeks on children’s emotional-regulation ability, parent-child attachment, and parenting stress. We randomly allocated 63 healthy 5- to 6-year-olds (33 boys and 30 girls) to a music training (n = 31) or a waiting-list control (n = 32) group. Each training-group subject was given a soft stuffed animal with an inbuilt speaker. For 4 weeks, subjects listened to four types of music combined with heartbeat sounds (two children’s songs and two instrumental pieces) daily. Pre- and post-training assessments included ratings from parent reports. The outcome measures were Emotion Regulation Checklist, Inventory of Parents and Peer Attachment, and Parenting Stress Index?Short Form. Results indicated an improvement in adaptive emotion regulation in children, parent-child attachment, and positive parent-child interactions in the training group. We discussed the implications of the use of music combined with heartbeat sounds on the improvement of children’s emotional regulation and parent-child relationship.

In female tract, mammalian sperm develop hyperactivated motility which is a key physiological event for sperm to fertilize eggs. This motility change is triggered by Ca2+ influx via the sperm-specific Ca2+ channel, CatSper. Although previous studies in human and mice largely contributed to understanding CatSper and Ca2+ signaling for sperm hyperactivation, the differences on their activation mechanisms are not well understood yet. There are several studies to examine expression and significance of the CatSper channel in non-human and nonmouse models, such as domestic animals. In this review, I summarize key knowledge for the CatSper channel from previous studies and propose future aspects for CatSper study using sperm from domestic animals.

Livestock species experience several stresses, particularly weaning, transportation, overproduction, crowding, temperature, and diseases in their life. Heat stress (HS) is one of the most stressors, which is encountered in livestock production systems throughout the world, especially in the tropical regions and is likely to be intensified due to global rise in environmental temperature. The gut has emerged as one of the major target organs affected by HS. The alpha- and beta-diversity of gut microbiota composition are altered due to heat exposure to animals with greater colonization of pathogenic microbiota groups. HS also induces several changes in the gut including damages of microstructures of the mucosal epithelia, increased oxidative insults, reduced immunity, and increased permeability of the gut to toxins and pathogens. Vulnerability of the intestinal barrier integrity leads to invasion of pathogenic microbes and translocation of antigens to the blood circulations, which ultimately may cause systematic inflammations and immune responses. Moreover, digestion of nutrients in the guts may be impaired due to reduced enzymatic activity in the digesta, reduced surface areas for absorption and injury to the mucosal structure and altered expressions of the nutrient transport proteins and genes. The systematic hormonal changes due to HS along with alterations in immune and inflammatory responses often cause reduced feed intake and production performance in livestock and poultry. The altered microbiome likely orchestrates to the hosts for various relevant biological phenomena occurring in the body, but the exact mechanisms how functional communications occur between the microbiota and HS responses are yet to be elucidated. This review aims to discuss the effects of HS on microbiota composition, mucosal structure, oxidant-antioxidant balance mechanism, immunity, and barrier integrity in the gut, and production performance of farm animals along with the dietary ameliorations of HS. Also, this review attempts to explain the mechanisms how these biological responses are affected by HS.

The analysis, recognition and perception of behavior has usually been a crucial task for researchers. The goal of this paper is to address the problem to recognize animal species, which has numerous applications in zoology, ecology, biology, and entertainment. Researchers used different machine learning approach for animal species recognition, however the researchers mostly used image data for this purpose and ignore the importance of audio data. In this work, our focus is to process multi modality (image and voice) dataset for animal species recognition. We proposed two different networks for animals’ audio and visual representation to recongize animals’ species. First network for animals’ audios classification that extract MFCC features, and these features is passed from four VGG style blocks while the second network extract visual features from images to classify according to their species. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed model of achieved better performance in terms of classification accuracies.

Minipigs are regarded as one of the most important laboratory animal in that anatomical and physiological properties are similar to human and their reproduction efficiency is relatively higher compared to other large animal species. Particularly, several diseases that cannot be mimicked in rodent models are successfully occurred or induced in pig models therefore it has been interested in a valuable model for human diseases. Pigs are also ‘standard’ species in xenotransplantation research. To maximize experimental outcome using minipigs, establishment and management of proper animal facility, right animal husbandry and control of pathogens are very important. In this review, we summarized several international guidelines related with minipigs published by several companies or governments and discuss optimal conditions for providing informative ideas to the researchers who want to use minipigs in their future studies.

본고는 공연, 철학, 동물 그리고 평등 사이의 관계에 대해 마치 원의 형상을 따라 춤을 추듯이 사유해본다. 이는 존재론적, 인식론적, 미학적, 정치적, 윤리적 질문으로도 이해되는 평등의 문제와 비인간 동물과의 관계를 춤으로서 사유하고, 사유로서 춤을 추는 것이라고도 할 수 있다. 본고는 이러한 평등의 실천이 이루어지는 현장으로서 종간 교차 퍼포먼스를 제안하며 종간 공연은 크게 세가지 방식으로 공연을 동물화 하는 것을 보여준다: 첫째, 동물과의 만남은 공연의 개념 자체를 변형시킬 수 있다. 둘째, ‘동물을 위한 공연’을 만들면서, 종간 공연은 관람과 관객이라는 규범적 개념을 동물화 한다. 셋째, 인간 공연자가 다양한 방식의 동물화, 혼종화 하는 방식을 통해서 이루어질 수 있다. 본고는 흑인 채식주의(Black vegan)와 장애의 정의에 관한 문헌을 바탕으로 취리히에 기반을 둔 퀴어 장애예술단체 ‘Criptonite’가 2020년에 선보인 무용 극 “Slow Animals” 작품에서, 느리고 바닥을 기어가는 것과 같은 동작을 통해 장애인의 신체와 동물화의 억압과 해방의 역학을 탐구한다.

This study deduced improvement measures such as institutional deficiencies and improvement points for accompanying animals during disaster evacuation. As a result of using the AHP analysis technique for experts, the most important factors were factors that improved public awareness, such as developing promotional contents for companion animals and strengthening trust in the government. The population living with companion animals in Korea is continuously increasing, and it is judged that the issue of companion animals accompanying disaster shelters in the event of a disaster will become an issue in the future disaster and response field. Social consensus on companion animal standards is needed, and it is necessary to establish the concept of livestock and companion animal ranges and boundaries. This study is meaningful in that it presents the direction of experts' perceptions and the government's direction for measuring items of system and policy improvement, operational plan improvement, and public awareness improvement in companion animal accompaniment in disaster evacuation following a disaster.

In this study, an experiment was conducted in order to determine what cryopreservatives (CPVs) were more effective in supporting the motility and viability of sperm from experimental animals. The sperm of mice, rats, beagle dogs, and rabbits were frozen using different CPVs, including DMSO, TYB, and Sperm CryoProtec. The results from freezing the sperm of each laboratory animal in Sperm CryoProtec showed a high level of sperm motility and viability in sperm samples from mice, rats, and beagle dogs melted at the end of the first week. For rabbits, a high level of motility was observed in sperm thawed during the first week, whereas a high level of viability was observed in sperm thawed during the second week. The results of analysis of sperm motility and viability using different CPVs according to laboratory animals showed a significantly higher level of sperm motility (26.28%) and viability (36.20%) for mice in Sperm CryoProtec and the lowest levels of motility and viability were observed in DMSO (p < 0.05). Significantly higher levels of motility (27.94%) and viability (37.94%) were observed for rats in Sperm CryoProtec compared with TYB, which showed the lowest levels of motility and viability (p < 0.05). The study findings described above suggest that the selection of appropriate cryopreservatives is required for each experimental animal. This is because there are differences in the levels of sperm motility and viability of experimental animals depending on the CPVs that are typically used for freezing human sperm, including Sperm CryoProtec and TYB.

One of the most prominent second-generation women composers in Korea, Kim Eunhye (b. 1956) studied at Seoul National University, then distinguishing herself by becoming one of the few Korean women composers to study in France. Kim exhibits considerable variety in her compositional approach, creating works integrating Korean with Western styles, using borrowed material in an original manner, and deriving inspiration from the signs of the zodiac in Korean cosmology. Inspired by the Korean traditional genre gagok, Kayagum is her first composition clearly showing Korean influences upon her music. Dualistic borrowing is seen in her series of pieces entitled Arari, which are based on the best-known Korean folk song Arirang and yet also borrow material from a multitude of Western sources. Seeking inspiration from nonmusical sources, Kim has also composed cycles of works exhibiting her interest in the signs of the zodiac, along with the animals and their corresponding character traits identified with respective birth years. Kim Eunhye’s intercultural tendencies, interest in transformations of Arirang, and fascination with cosmology have helped her to achieve status as one of the most important women composers in Korea.